Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 537 (2021) 168166

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Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials

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Spin wave modes of skyrmioniums in the presence of

Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction
H. Vigo-Cotrina
Carrera de Ingeniería Ambiental, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Keywords: A skyrmionium or 2π skyrmion is an exotic magnetic configuration that can be stabilized in ferromagnetic
Target skyrmion nanostructures, e.g., nanodisks. Differently from the standard (or π) skyrmion, it can move without suffering
Skyrmionium deflections due to the skyrmion Hall effect (SkHE), a property that is desirable for potential applications in
Micromagnetic simulation
spintronics. In this work, using micromagnetic simulations, it is investigated the influence of the Dzyaloshinskii-
Spin waves
2π skyrmion
Moriya interaction on the azimuthal and radial spin wave spectra of the skyrmionium. First, the ground state of
Skyrmion the ferromagnetic disk is obtained for several values of Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya exchange constant Dint and a fixed
value of perpendicular anisotropy constant Kz. The spin wave modes of the skyrmionium were obtained using in-
plane and out-of-plane magnetic pulses. The results show that the values of the frequencies of the spin wave
modes depend on the values of Dint. Additionally, it is shown that it is possible to create a skyrmionium using in-
plane rotating magnetic fields, by tuning parameters such as the intensity of the applied perpendicular magnetic
fields, and their duration.

1. Introduction a perpendicular magnetic field [2,32], it is also necessary to study the

Skyrmioniums, or 2π skyrmions, or target skyrmions, were predicted
and studied theoretically by Bogdanov [1] and have gained interest in
recent years [2–20].
A skyrmionium is a combination of a skyrmion, with topological
charge Q = +1 and a skyrmion with Q = − 1, resulting in a magnetic
configuration with total topological charge Q = 0 [5].
Several works show that a skyrmionium can be created in ferro­
magnetic nanostructures using an external perturbation, e.g., spin
polarized current [5,6,15,16], magnetic field pulses [7,13,21,22], static
magnetic field [4,23] or strain-mediated electric fields [8].
The spin wave modes in ferromagnetic nanostructures are a subject
of intense research activity, since they can be information carriers with
low power consumption, in applications in magnonics [24–27]. Exotic
magnetic configurations, such as magnetic vortices and skyrmions, can
be used as emitters of spin waves [28–31]. Recently Zhao et al. [9] have
shown that skyrmioniums can present persistent excitations of spin
waves when under the influence of a spin polarized current. These facts
indicate the need of further studies on the behavior of the spin waves in
ferromagnetic nanostructures with exotic magnetic configurations.
Although there are in the literature some works that deal with the
dependence of the spin wave modes of skyrmioniums on the intensity of
dependence of these modes on the intensity of the Dzyaloshinskii-
Moriya interaction, which is the main interaction responsible for the
stabilization of skyrmions and skyrmioniums [33].
The main goal of this work is to study how the intensity of the
Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction modifies the spatial profile and the
frequencies of these modes. Additionally, it is shown that in-plane
rotating magnetic fields with frequencies equal to those of the spin
wave modes can be used in order to create skyrmioniums in a nanodisk.
For the micromagnetic simulations it was used the open source GPU-
accelerated micromagnetism code Mumax3 [34] with 1 nm × 1 nm × L
nm cell size, where L is the thickness of the nanodisk.
2. Results and discussion
It was simulated a Cobalt ferromagnetic nanodisk, with diameter D
= 120 nm and thickness L = 0.4 nm, coupled to a Pt nonmagnetic layer
(Co/Pt). Typical parameters for Co/Pt were used [35–37]: exchange
stiffness Aex = 15 pJ, saturation magnetization Ms = 5.8 × 105 A/m and
damping constant α = 0.3. It was used a fixed value of perpendicular
uniaxial anisotropy constant Kz = 0.8 MJ/m3 and the Dzyaloshinskii-
Moriya exchange constant1 Dint was varied from Dint = 3.4 mJ/m2 to
Dint = 5 mJ/m2.

1
These values of Dint were used in several works, see for example references [35,5,36,38].

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2021.168166
Received 11 March 2021; Received in revised form 6 May 2021; Accepted 29 May 2021
Available online 2 June 2021
0304-8853/© 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
H. Vigo-Cotrina
The first step was to obtain the ground state of the nanodisk. For this
purpose, it was considered in the micromagnetic simulations three
initial magnetic configurations: single domain with perpendicular
magnetization, skyrmion and skyrmionium. The final magnetic states
are always equal to the initial ones. However, the skyrmionium is the
lowest energy configuration only for Dint ranging from 4.3 mJ/m2 to 5
mJ/m2. For all other values of Dint, the ground states are either single-
domain with perpendicular magnetization, or skyrmion.
The profile of the z-component of the magnetization mz of the sky­
rmionium along the diameter of the nanodisk is shown in Fig. 1(a) for
several values of Dint. In this figure, we can see that the diameters of the
region where mz = ±1 increase with the increase of Dint. In Fig. 1(b) are
shown the dependences of the inner diameter (D1) and outer diameter
(D2) on Dint. In this figure, we can see that both diameters increase with
the increase of Dint. The inner diameter increases from approximately
11 nm for Dint = 3.4 mJ/m2, to approximately 47.4 nm for Dint = 5 mJ/
m2, whereas the outer diameter increases from approximately 53 nm for
Dint = 3.4 mJ/m2, to approximately 89 nm for Dint = 5 mJ/m2. Note that
for Dint above 4.8 mJ/m2, both diameters saturate.
Kim et al. [39] found a similar behavior for skyrmions in a magnetic
nanodisk. In that case, the region where mz = ±1 also increases with the
increase of Dint.
In order to obtain the spin wave modes, the simulation starts by
assuming a skyrmionium as initial configuration for the nanodisk and
allowing it to relax. Next, in order to obtain the spin wave modes in the
azimuthal direction, it was applied an in-plane sinc magnetic field pulse
Bx = B0Sinc(2πf(t-t0)). The temporal evolution of the spatial x-compo­
nent and y-component of the magnetization are stored every 5 ps for a
total of 10 ns. The same procedure was repeated for all the values of Dint.
In a similar way, in order to obtain the spin wave modes in the radial
direction, it was applied an out-of-plane sinc magnetic field pulse Bz =
B0Sinc(2πf(t-t0)). In this case, the temporal evolution of the spatial z-
component of the magnetization was stored every 5 ps for a total of 10
Fig. 1. a) Profiles of the z-component of the magnetization along the x direc­
tion, for different values of Dint, b) inner and outer diameters of the target
skyrmions, and c) in-plane view of the z-component of the magnetization for a
target skyrmion.
2
Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 537 (2021) 168166
ns.
In both stages it was considered B0 = 5 mT, f = 40 GHz, t0 = 1 ns and
a lower damping constant, α = 0.01, for better resolution of the spin
wave modes.
The power spectra were calculated by a fast Fourier transform (FFT)
of the z-component of the magnetization (for radial modes) and of the x-
component of the magnetization (for azimuthal modes), using all cells of
the nanodisk from the temporal evolution of the spatial profile of both
components of the magnetization obtained in the previous step. In Fig. 2
are shown the power spectra of a skyrmionium for radial (Fig. 2(a)) and
azimuthal (Fig. 2(b)) spin wave modes. Two modes were identified for
the radial spin waves (Fig. 2(a)). The frequency of mode 1 increases
monotonically with the increase of Dint, from f = 4.49 GHz (Dint = 3.4
mJ/m2) to f = 11.49 GHz (Dint = 5 mJ/m2). On the other hand, the
frequency of mode 2 decreases from f = 28.59 GHz (Dint = 3.4 mJ/m2) to
f = 17.89 GHz (Dint = 4.0 mJ/m2) and then increases with the increase
of Dint up to f = 24.69 GHz (Dint = 5.0 mJ/m2).
For azimuthal spin waves, there are three modes (Fig. 2(b)): lower,
intermediate and higher mode. In order to determine the direction of
rotation of these modes, an in-plane alternating magnetic field, Bx = B0
sin(2π ft), was used, where f is the frequency of the spin wave mode. The
lower and higher modes have counter-clockwise rotation (m = +1), and
the intermediate mode turns in the clockwise direction (m = − 1). The
splitting frequency between lower and intermediate modes increases
with the increase of Dint. The frequency of the lower mode increases
from f = 0.79 GHz (Dint = 3.4 mJ/m2) to f = 4.79 GHz (Dint = 5 mJ/m2)
and the frequency of the intermediate mode increases from f = 0.99 GHz
(Dint = 3.4 mJ/m2) to f = 10.09 GHz (Dint = 5 mJ/m2). The frequency of
the higher mode decreases with the increase of Dint, from f = 22.19 GHz
Fig. 2. Power spectra of the skyrmionium as a function of the Dzyaloshinskii-
Moriya exchange constant Dint for a) radial modes and b) azimuthal modes.
H. Vigo-Cotrina
(Dint = 3.4 mJ/m2) to f = 19.59 GHz (Dint = 3.7 mJ/m2) and then in­
creases as Dint increases from f = 19.79 GHz (Dint = 3.8 mJ/m2) to f =
28.59 GHz (Dint = 5 mJ/m2).
In Fig. 3 are shown the spatial distribution profiles of the Fourier
power of the radial spin wave modes. These modes arise due to the su­
perposition between two waves travelling in opposite directions in the
radial direction.
For mode 1 (Fig. 3(a)), smallest and maximum oscillation amplitudes
are distributed in rings around the center of the disk. For values of Dint
between 3.4 mJ/m2 and 4.1 mJ/m2 the ring formed by the distribution
of the maximum oscillation amplitude has a larger diameter than the
ring formed by the small oscillations, and as Dint increases, the diameter
of the ring formed by the maximum oscillations amplitude increases and
these approach the edges of the disk up to Dint = 4.1 mJ/m2. The ring
formed by the small oscillations increases its diameter and its intensity
as Dint increases. For higher values of Dint, the ring formed by the dis­
tribution of the small oscillations has a larger diameter than the ring
formed by the maximum oscillation amplitude, and its intensity de­
creases as Dint increases, whereas the diameter of the ring formed by the
distribution of the maximum oscillation amplitude increases as Dint in­
creases, keeping its intensity almost constant.
For mode 2, the smallest and maximum oscillation amplitudes are
distributed in rings around the center of the disk, but unlike mode 1, the
diameter of the ring formed by the small oscillation amplitudes is larger
Fig. 3. Spatial distribution profiles of the Fourier power and phase of the radial
spin wave modes as a function of the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya exchange constant
Dint for a) mode 1 and b) mode 2.
3
Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 537 (2021) 168166
than the diameter of the ring formed by the maximum oscillation
amplitude2 for all range of values of Dint used in this work (Fig. 3(b)).
With the increase of Dint, the diameter of the ring formed by the small
oscillation amplitudes and their corresponding intensities both increase,
whereas the diameter of the ring formed by the maximum oscillation
amplitudes increases, keeping their intensities almost constant.
The spatial distribution of the phases of the oscillations of the radial
spin waves, for mode 1 and mode 2, are also shown in Fig. 3. As ex­
pected, due to the nonreciprocity induced by the presence of the
Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction, there are phase jumps along the
radial direction. For mode 1, the regions of small and high oscillation
intensity oscillate in their respective phases, but they are out-of-phase
with one another. On the other hand, for mode 2, the regions of small
and high oscillation intensity oscillate in phase.
The spatial distribution profile of the Fourier power of the azimuthal
spin wave modes are shown in Fig. 4. For the lower mode (first column
of Fig. 4), when Dint = 3.4 mJ/m2 the maximum oscillation amplitude is
located in a small region in the center of the disk. For higher values of
Dint, the maximum oscillation amplitudes are distributed in two small
rings around the center of the nanodisk and their diameters increase
with the increase of Dint. For the intermediate mode (second column of
Fig. 4), when Dint = 3.4 mJ/m2, the maximum oscillation amplitude is
located in a small region in the center of the disk, similar to the lower
mode. However, this time when Dint increases, the maximum oscillation
amplitudes are distributed in larger diameter rings, when compared to
Fig. 4. Spatial distribution profiles of the Fourier power of the azimuthal spin
wave modes as a function of the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya exchange constant Dint
for lower, intermediate and higher mode.
2
This behavior was also observed in skyrmions. For example, in Ref. [39],
the maximum oscillation amplitude has a larger diameter than the ring formed
by the small oscillations for a radial mode, but for the other radial mode, the
opposite happens. Similar behaviors some properties of skyrmions and sky­
rmioniums are expected, since they belong to a general family of skyrmions, the
kπ skyrmions [1].
H. Vigo-Cotrina Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 537 (2021) 168166

mode 1 rings, and their diameters also increase with the increase of Dint.
For the higher mode (third column of Fig. 4), the maximum oscillation
amplitudes are distributed in larger diameter rings for all values of Dint
used in this work, and their diameters also increase with the increase of
Dint.
In Fig. 5 are shown the spatial distribution profiles of the phase for
azimuthal modes. Lower (first column of Fig. 5) and intermediate (sec­
ond column of Fig. 5) mode oscillate with different phases according to
their positions on the disk. For the higher mode, from Dint = 3.4 mJ/m2
to Dint = 4.0 mJ/m2, the regions of high oscillation intensity oscillate in
phase, and for higher values of Dint, the phase of these oscillations de­
pends on their positions on the disk.
Next, it is shown that it is possible to create a skyrmionium in a
nanodisk that has as its minimum energy configuration a single domain
with perpendicular magnetization. In order to create a skyrmionium in
→
the nanodisk, it was used an in-plane rotating magnetic field3 B (t) = B0
cos(2π ft) ̂
x + B0 sin(2πft)̂
y (+f for CCW and -f for CW), where B0 is the
magnetic field intensity, and f is the frequency of the azimuthal spin
wave modes previously obtained. In this stage, a realistic value of the
damping constant α = 0.3 [35] and Dint = 3.8 mJ/m2 [35] were used.
Using f = 3.29 GHz (clockwise intermediate mode), it was obtained a
skyrmionium applying a magnetic field intensity of B0 = 790 mT during
t = 872 ps. Once the magnetic field is turned off, the system is allowed to
relax until the skyrmionium is created. This process is shown in Fig. 6.
Similar results were obtained for different values of Dint or using other
frequencies of azimuthal spin wave modes. For example, using f = 19.79
GHz (counter-clockwise higher mode) and a magnetic field intensity of
Fig. 5. Spatial distribution profiles of the phase of the azimuthal spin wave
B0 = 745 mT during t = 48 ps, it is possible to create a skyrmionium as
modes as a function of the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya exchange constant Dint for
final magnetic configuration.4 The values of B0 and time t are in the
lower, intermediate and higher mode.
same range of values as those used in a previous work [13], where it was
shown that a skyrmion or skyrmionium can be created using perpen­
dicular magnetic field pulses with a frequency equal to that of the radial
spin wave modes.

3. Conclusions

In this work, it was studied the influence of the Dzyaloshinskii-

Moriya interaction on the spatial distribution of the radial and
azimuthal spin waves in a Co/Pt nanodisk with a magnetic skyrmionium
configuration. Our results show that depending of the value of Dint, the
spatial distribution of the oscillation amplitudes of the azimuthal and
radial spin wave modes change. For both spin wave modes the maximum
oscillation amplitude tends to move towards the edges of the nanodisk
when Dint increases.
Our results also show that for radial spin wave modes the maximum
and smaller oscillations can oscillate in-phase or out-phase depending
on the mode. On the other hand, for the lower and intermediate
azimuthal modes, the phase of oscillation depends on the position of
these in the nanodisk, and for higher azimuthal mode the maximum
oscillation amplitudes can oscillate in-phase or out-phase depending on
the value of Dint.
It is also shown that using an in-plane rotating magnetic field with a Fig. 6. Images of the nanodisk exhibiting the spatial variation of the magne­
frequency equal to the frequencies of the azimuthal spin wave modes tization for different times, for Mode 1. Black and white color mean magneti­
and tailoring its intensity and duration of application, it is possible to zation pointing in the − z and +z direction, respectively, and full colors mean
in-plane magnetization.
create a skyrmionium in a Co/Pt nanodisk.

Credit authorship contribution statement Declaration of Competing Interest

H. Vigo-Cotrina: Conceptualization, Methodology, Software, The authors declare that they have no known competing financial
Writing - original draft, Writing - review & editing. interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence
the work reported in this paper.

Acknowledgments
3
An in-plane rotating field can be generated experimentally. See References
[40,?] for details. The author kindly thanks professor A.P. Guimarães for his
4
See video in the supplementary material.

4
H. Vigo-Cotrina
stimulating discussion during the elaboration of this manuscript.
Appendix A. Supplementary data
Supplementary data associated with this article can be found, in the
online version, athttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2021.168166.
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