Transparent Solar Panels Seminar Report

Transparent Solar Panels Seminar Report
A
SEMINAR REPORTON
TRANSPARENT SOLAR PANELS
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for award of the degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
BY
ADITYA LUTHRA
(09ELDEC009)
Submitted By : Submitted To:
ADITYA LUTHRA Mr. ANUJ JAIN
LAXMI DEVI INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
ALWAR-TIJARA-DELHI HIGHWAY, CHIKANI, ALWAR (RAJ)-301028
(2012-2013)
LIET, Alwar Page 1

CERTIFICATE
This to certify that the dissertation report entitled “TRANSPARENT SOLAR PANELS” being
submitted by:
ADITYA LUTHRA
(09ELDEC009)
In the partial fulfillment for the award of degree of Bachelor of technology in ―ELECTRONICS &
COMMUNICATION‖ at the department of electronics & communication, LAXMI DEVI
INSITITUE OF ENGG.& TECH. ALWAR are Record students, their work is carried by them
under our supervision and guidance.
MR. ANUJ JAIN
(Seminar incharge)
LIET, Alwar Page 2

Contents
1. Introduction
2. Energy Scenario
3. Environmental Impact Of Solar Power
4. Principle Of Operation Of Solar Photovoltaic
5. Solar Panels
6. Advantages Of Solar Energy
7. Disadvantages Of Conventional Solar Panels
8. Transparent Solar Panels
9. Advantages Of Transparent Solar Panels
10. Conclusion
LIET, Alwar Page 3

INTRODUCTION
Sun is the primary source of Energy. The earth receives 16 x 1018 units of energy from the sun
annually, which is 20,000 times the requirement of mankind on the Earth. Some of the Solar Energy
causes evaporation of water, leading to rains and creation of rivers etc. Some of it is utilized in
photosynthesis which is essential for sustenance of life on earth. Man has tried from time
immemorial to harness this infinite source of energy. But has been able to tap only a negligibly
fraction of this energy till today.
The broad categories of possible large scale applications of solar power are the heating and cooling
of residential and commercial buildings.
A. The chemical and Biological conversion of organic material to liquid solid and gaseous fuels.
B. Conversion of solar energy to Electricity.
In this project we use the solar energy for the generation of electrical energy, by using solar cells.
The solar cell receives the solar energy. The solar cells operate on the principle of photovoltaic
effect, by using solar cells. Basically the cells are placed in an open and fixed manner.
LIET, Alwar Page 4

1.1 ENERGY SCENERIO

Drastic changes in energy conversion system are anticipated due to shortage of conventional fuels.
Fuel deposit in the world will soon deplete by the end of 2020. Fossil fuel scarcity will be
maximum. The main reasons for the above are due to increasing demand for electricity, rising
population, rapid advance in technology.
It is worth while to mention here that indiscriminate use of commercial energy has lead to serious
environment problems like air and water pollutions. Man, when he is embarking on use of alternate
sources of energy should bear in mind, his environment. The creation of new source of perennial
environmentally acceptable, low cost electrical energy as a replacement for energy from rapidly
depleting resources of fossil fuels is the fundamental need for the survival of mankind.
1.2 SOLAR ENERGY OPTIONS

Solar energy has the greatest potential of all the sources of renewable energy and it will be one of
the most important source of energy especially when other sources in the country have depleted.
Solar energy could supply all the present and future energy needs of the world on a connecting
basis. This makes it one of the most promising of the nonconventional energy sources.
Solar Energy can be a major source of power. Its potential is 178 billion MW which is about
20,000 times the worlds demand. The energy radiated by the sun on a bright sunny day is
approximately 1kw/m2. The problem associated with the use of solar energy is that its availability
varies widely with time. The variations in availability occur daily, because of the day-night cycle
and also seasonally because of Earth‟s orbit around the sun. In addition variations occur at a
specific location because of local weather conditions. Consequently the energy collected with the
sun is shining must be stored for use during periods when it is not available.
Attempts have been made to make use of this energy in raising steam which may be used in driving
the prime movers for the purpose of generation of electrical energy. However due to large space
requirement and uncertainty of availability in constant rate this method becomes ineffective.
Photovoltaic cell is an alternate device used for power generation which converts suns radiation
directly into electrical power. Thus power generated can be stored and utilized.
LIET, Alwar Page 5

1.3 GENERAL CONCEPT

In 1968 Dr. Peter Glaser in the U.S. Published an idea that centered on the fact that in orbit close to
earth, 1.43 KW of solar energy illuminates may one square meter which is considerably greater
and one more continuous than an anyone square meter on the Earth which, even when
perpendicular to the sun can receive only a maximum of 1 kw. His idea was, converting sunlight to
electricity to convert to a radio frequency signal and beamed down to the earth carrying
significant levels of energy. This electricity is by establishing a very large array of solar cells in
geostationary orbit. A receiving antenna station on the earth would convert this radio frequency
back into an alternate current which would be fed into a local grid.
The applications of solar energy which are enjoying most success today are:
1) heating and cooling of residential buildings
2) Solar water heating
3) Solar drying of agriculture and animal products
4) Solar distillation on a small community scale
5) Salt production by evaporation of seawater or inland brines
6) Solar cookers
7) Solar engines for water pumping
8) Food refrigeration
9) Bio conversion and wind energy, which are indirect source of solar energy
10) Solar furnaces
11) Solar electric power generation
LIET, Alwar Page 6

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF SOLAR POWER
1.3.1 Air Pollution

This can be caused by chemical reactants used in storage or organic fluids for heat transport. The
release of CO, SO2, SO3, hydrocarbon vapors and other toxic gases should be accounted, through
their magnitude is not high. The fire hazard associated with over heated organic working fluids
exists. Human tissues when exposed would be destroyed because of high energy flux densities.
1.3.2 Land Use

Solar plants require large land and the collection field produce shading not normally present over
large areas. This may cause disturbance in local ecosystem.
1.3.3 Noise and Thermal Effect

The thermal effects of solar plants are minimal. Actually these systems eliminate local thermal
pollution associated with fossil fuel combustion. Some reduction in local environmental heat
budget or balance will occur if electricity produced is exported elsewhere. Solar systems do not
add any new noise to that already existing in the present industrial or utility areas.
1.3.4 Major Advantages Of Solar Cells

1) Solar cells directly convert the solar radiation into electricity using photovoltaic effect
without going through a thermal process.
2) Solar cells are reliable, modular, durable and generally maintenance free and therefore, suitable
even in isolated and remote areas.
3) Solar cells are quiet, benign, and compatible with almost all environments, respond
instantaneously with solar radiation and have an expected life time of 20 or more years.
4) Solar cells can be located at the place of use and hence no distribution network is required.
LIET, Alwar Page 7

1.3.5 Major Disadvantages Of Solar Cells

1) The conversion efficiency of solar cells is limited to 10 percent. Large areas of solar cell
modular are required to generate sufficient useful power.
2) The present costs of solar cells are comparatively high, making them economically
uncompetitive with other conventional power generation methods for terrestrial applications,
particularly where the demand of power is very large.
3) Solar energy is intermittent and solar cells produce electricity when sun shines and in proportion
to solar intensity. Hence, some kind of electric storage is required making the whole system more
costly. However, in large installations, the electricity generated by solar cells can be fed directly
into the electric grid system.
PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION OF SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAICS

The solar energy can be directly converted into electrical energy by means of photovoltaic effect,
i.e. conversion of light into electricity. Generation of an electromotive force due to absorption
of ionizing radiation is known as photovoltaic effect.
The energy conversion devices which are used to convert sunlight to electricity by use of the
photovoltaic effect are called solar cells.
Photo voltaic energy conversion is one of the most popular nonconventional energy source. The
photovoltaic cell offers an existing potential for capturing solar energy in a way that will provide
clean, versatile, renewable energy. This simple device has no moving parts, negligible maintenance
costs, produces no pollution and has a lifetime equal to that of a conventional fossil fuel.
Photovoltaic cells capture solar energy and convert it directly to electrical current by separating
electrons from their parent atoms and accelerating them across a one way electrostatic barrier
formed by the function between two different types of semiconductor material.
2.1 Photo Voltaic Effect On Semiconductors

Semi conductors are materials which are neither conductors nor insulators. The photo voltaic effect
can be observed in nature in a variety of materials but semiconductors has shown best
LIET,Alwar Page 8
performance.When photons from the sun are absorbed in a semiconductor they create for electrons
with higher energies than the electrons which provide the boarding in the base crystal.
Once these electrons are created, there must be an electric field to induce these higher energy
electrons to flow out of the semiconductor to do useful work. The electric field in most solar cells
is provided by a junction of materials which have different electrical properties.
To understand more about the functioning and properties of semiconductors, let us briefly
discuss.Semi conductors are classified into
1)Extrinsic semiconductor
2) Intrinsic semiconductor.
Semiconductors in its purest form are called intrinsic and when impurities are added it is
called extrinsic. Further extrinsic semiconductors are divided into p type and N type
semiconductor.
2.2 P-Type Semiconductor

When a small amount of pentavalent impurities (e.g. Gallium, Indium, Aluminum, and
Boron) are added to intrinsic semiconductor, it is called as p type semiconductor.
In p type semiconductor, when an electric potential is applied externally, the holes are directed
towards the negative electrode. Hence current is produced.
2.3 N- Type Semiconductor

When a small amount of pentavalent impurities (e.g. Antimony, Arsenic, Bismuth, Phosphorus) are
added to intrinsic semiconductors it is called N type semiconductor.
When an external electrical field is applied the free electrons are directed towards positive
electrode. Hence current is produced.
LIET,Alwar Page 9
2.4 PN Junction Silicon Solar Cell

A PN junction is formed from a piece of semiconductor by diffusing p type materials to one half
side and N type materials to other half side.
It consists of both types of semiconductor materials. The N type layer is situated towards the
sunlight. As N type layer is thin, light can penetrate through it.
The energy of the sunlight will create free electron in the N type material and holes in the p type
material. This condition built up the voltage with in the crystal. Because the holes will travel to the
+ve region and the holes will travel to the –ve region. This conduction ability is one of the main
technical goals in fabricating solar cells.
2.5 Purification And Reformation Into Wafers

The purification process basically entails high temperature melting of the sand and simultaneous
reduction in the presence of hydrogen. This results in a very pure polycrystalline form of silicon.
The next step is to reform this silicon into a single crystal and then cut the crystal into a single
crystal and then cut the crystal into individual wafers. There are two methods namelyczochralski
growth method and film fed growth. The former method produces single, cylindrical crystals
and later produces continuous ribbon of silicon crystals.
Then this cylindrical crystal and ribbon crystal is transformed into disc shaped cells and
rectangular cells by slicing. After that one side is doped by exposure to high temperature
phosphorus, forming a thin layer of N type material. Similarly p type is made. Electrical contacts
are applied to the two surfaces, an anti-reflection coating is added to the entire surface and the
entire cell is then sealed with protective skin.
LIET,Alwar Page 10
2.6 Antireflective Coating

Antireflective coating (arc) is an important part of a solar cell since the bare silicon has a reflection
coefficient of 0.33 to 0.54 in the spectral range of 0.35 to1.1 cm. The arc not only reduces the
reflection losses but also lowers the surface recombination velocity. A single optimal layer of ARC
can reduce the reflection to10 percent and two layers can reduce the reflection up to 3 percent in
desired range of wavelengths.
Generally, Arcs are produced on the solar cell by vacuum evaporation process and the coatings
which are tried are SiO2, SiO, Al2O3, TiO2, Ta2O5 and Si3N4. Other methods of deposition are
sputtering, spin-on, spray-on or screen printing. Only the vacuum evaporation sputtering give good
results but are expensive. The average reflection can be further reduced by using two
antireflective coatings instead of one where the outside (exposed side) coating has an index of
refraction1.3 to 1.6 and the second layer between silicon and the first layer has an index of
refraction 2.2 to 2.6. This two layer ARC gives a better impedance match betweenthe index of
silicon and the index of air.
LIET,Alwar Page 14
Fig 2.1 reflective coating
LIET,Alwar Page 15
Solar Panels
A solar panel (also solar module, photovoltaic module or photovoltaic panel) is a packaged,
connected assembly of photovoltaic cells. The solar panel can be used as a component of a larger
photovoltaic system to generate and supply electricity in commercial and residential applications.
Each panel is rated by its DC output power under standard test conditions, and typically ranges
from 100 to 320 watts. The efficiency of a panel determines the area of a panel given the same
rated output - an 8% efficient 230 watt panel will have twice the area of a 16% efficient 230 watt
panel. Because a single solar panel can produce only a limited amount of power, most
installations contain multiple panels. A photovoltaic system typically includes an array of solar
panels, an inverter, and sometimes a battery and or solar tracker and interconnection wiring.
Theory and Construction:

Solar panels use light energy (photons) from the sun to generate electricity through the
photovoltaic effect. The majority of modules use wafer-based crystalline silicon cells or thin-film
cells based on cadmium telluride or silicon. The structural (load carrying) member of a module
can either be the top layer or the back layer. Cells must also be protected from mechanical
damage and moisture. Most solar panels are rigid, but semi-flexible ones are available, based on
thin-film cells. These early solar panels were first used in space in 1958.
Electrical connections are made in series to achieve a desired output voltage and/or in parallel to
provide a desired current capability. The conducting wires that take the current off the panels
may contain silver, copper or other non-magnetic conductive transition metals. The cells must be
connected electrically to one another and to the rest of the system. Externally, popular terrestrial
usage photovoltaic panels use MC3 (older) or MC4 connectors to facilitate easy weatherproof
connections to the rest of the system.
Bypass diodes may be incorporated or used externally, in case of partial panel shading, to
maximize the output of panel sections still illuminated. The p-n junctions of mono-crystalline
silicon cells may have adequate reverse voltage characteristics to prevent damaging panel section
reverse current. Reverse currents could lead to overheating of shaded cells. Solar cells become
less efficient at higher temperatures and installers try to provide good ventilation behind solar
panels.
Some recent solar panel designs include concentrators in which light is focused by lenses or
mirrors onto an array of smaller cells. This enables the use of cells with a high cost per unit area
(such as gallium arsenide) in a cost-effective way.
LIET,Alwar Page 16
Efficiencies
Depending on construction, photovoltaic panels can produce electricity from a range of

frequencies of light, but usually cannot cover the entire solar range (specifically, ultraviolet,
infrared and low or diffused light). Hence much of the incident sunlight energy is wasted by
solar panels, and they can give far higher efficiencies if illuminated with monochromatic light.
Therefore, another design concept is to split the light into different wavelength ranges and direct
the beams onto different cells tuned to those ranges. This has been projected to be capable of
raising efficiency by 50%.
Currently the best achieved sunlight conversion rate (solar panel efficiency) is around 17.4% in
new commercial products typically lower than the efficiencies of their cells in isolation. The
most efficient mass-produced solar panels[disputed – discuss] have energy density values of up
to 16.22 W/ft2 (175 W/m2).
Thin Film Modules:

Third generation solar cells are advanced thin-film cells. They produce high-efficiency
conversion at low cost.
Rigid Thin-film Modules:

In rigid thin film modules, the cell and the module are manufactured in the same production
line.The cell is created on a glass substrate or superstrate, and the electrical connections are
created in situ, a so-called "monolithic integration". The substrate or superstrate is laminated
with an encapsulant to a front or back sheet, usually another sheet of glass.
The main cell technologies in this category are CdTe, or a-Si, or a-Si+uc-Si tandem, or CIGS (or
variant). Amorphous silicon has a sunlight conversion rate of 6-12%.
Flexible thin film Modules:
Flexible thin film cells and modules are created on the same production line by depositing the
photoactive layer and other necessary layers on a flexible substrate.If the substrate is an insulator
(e.g. polyester or polyimide film) then monolithic integration can be used.If it is a conductor then
another technique for electrical connection must be used.
The cells are assembled into modules by laminating them to a transparent

colourlessfluoropolymer on the front side (typically ETFE or FEP) and a polymer suitable for
bonding to the final substrate on the other side. The only commercially available (in MW
quantities) flexible module uses amorphous silicontriple junction (from Unisolar).
LIET,Alwar Page 17
So-called inverted metamorphic (IMM) multijunction solar cells made on compound-
semiconductor technology are just becoming commercialized in July 2008. The University of
Michigan's solar car that won the North American Solar Challenge in July 2008 used IMM thin-
film flexible solar cells.
The requirements for residential and commercial are different in that the residential needs are
simple and can be packaged so that as solar cell technology progresses, the other base line
equipment such as the battery, inverter and voltage sensing transfer switch still need to be
compacted and unitized for residential use. Commercial use, depending on the size of the service
will be limited in the photovoltaic cell arena, and more complex parabolic reflectors and solar
concentrators are becoming the dominant technology.The global flexible and thin-film
photovoltaic (PV) market, despite caution in the overall PV industry, is
expected to experience a CAGR of over 35% to 2019, surpassing 32 GW according to a major

new study by IntertechPira.
Module Performance and Aging :

Module performance is generally rated under standard test conditions (STC): irradiance of 1,000
W/m², solar spectrum of AM 1.5 and module temperature at 25°C.Electrical characteristics
include nominal power (PMAX, measured in W), open circuit voltage (VOC), short circuit
current (ISC, measured in amperes), maximum power voltage (VMPP), maximum power current
(IMPP), peak power, Wp, and module efficiency (%).
Nominal voltage refers to the voltage of the battery that the module is best suited to charge; this
is a leftover term from the days when solar panels were only used to charge batteries. The actual
voltage output of the panel changes as lighting, temperature and load conditions change, so there
is never one specific voltage at which the panel operates. Nominal voltage allows users, at a
glance, to make sure the panel is compatible with a given system.Open circuit voltage or VOC is
the maximum voltage that the panel can produce when not connected to an electrical circuit or
system. VOC can be measured with a meter directly on an illuminated panel's terminals or on its
disconnected cable.
The peak power rating, Wp, is the maximum output according under standard test conditions (not
the maximum possible output). Typical panels, which could measure approximately 1x2 meters
or 2x4 feet, will be rated from as low as 75 Watts to as high as 350 Watts, depending on their
efficiency. At the time of testing, the test panels are binned according to their test results, and a
typical manufacturer might rate their panels in 5 Watt increments, and either rate them at +/- 3%,
+/-5%, +3/-0% or +5/-0%. Solar panels must withstand rain, hail, and cycles of heat and cold for
many years. Many crystalline silicon module manufacturers offer a warranty that guarantees
electrical production for 10 years at 90% of rated power output and 25 years at 80%. The output
power of many panels slowly degrades at about 0.5%/year.
LIET,Alwar Page 18
Production:
In 2010, 15.9 GW of solar PV system installations were completed, with solar PV pricing survey
and market research companyPVinsights reporting growth of 117.8% in solar PV installation on
a year-on-year basis. With over 100% year-on-year growth in PV system installation, PV module
makers dramatically increased their shipments of solar panels in 2010. They actively expanded
their capacity and turned themselves into gigawattGW players. According to PVinsights, five of
the top ten PV module companies in 2010 are GW players. Suntech, First Solar, Sharp, Yingli
and Trina Solar are GW producers now, and most of them doubled their shipments in 2010.
Recycling:
Most parts of a solar module can be recycled including up to 95% of certain semiconductor
materials or the glass as well as large amounts of ferrous and non-ferrous metals. Some private
companies and non-profit organizations are currently engaged in take-back and recycling
operations for end-of-life modules.
Recycling possibilities depend on the kind of technology used in the modules:
 Silicon based modules: aluminium frames and junction boxes are dismantled manually at
the beginning of the process. The module is then crushed in a mill and the different
fractions are separated - glass, plastics and metals. It is possible to recover more than
80% of the incoming weight. This process can be performed by flat glass recyclers since
morphology and composition of a PV module is similar to those flat glasses used in the
building and automotive industry. The recovered glass for example is readily accepted by
the glass foam and glass insulation industry.
 Non-silicon based modules: they require specific recycling technologies such as the use
of chemical baths in order to separate the different semiconductor materials. For
cadmium telluride panels, the recycling process begins by crushing the module and
subsequently separating the different fractions. This recycling process is designed to
recover up to 90% of the glass and 95% of the semiconductor materials contained. Some
commercial-scale recycling facilities have been created in recent years by private
companies.
Since 2010, there is an annual European conference bringing together manufacturers, recyclers
and researchers to look at the future of PV module recycling.
LIET,Alwar Page 19
Top 10 Producers:
The top ten solar panel producers (by MW shipments) in 2011 were:
1. Suntech
2. First Solar
3. Sharp Solar
4. Yingli
5. Trina Solar
6. Canadian Solar
7. Hanwha Solarone
8. Sunpower
9. Renewable Energy Corporation
10. Solarworld
Solar energy is becoming increasingly popular as the world begins to take notice of the
burgeoning carbon emission problems that come with burning fossil fuels. But why all the fuss?
Nay-sayers have become less and less vocal as solar energy‘s popularity has grown increasingly
unhindered. Below I will discuss the advantages and disadvantages of solar energy.
Advantages Of Solar Energy:
No green house gases
LIET,Alwar Page 20
Advantages and disadvantages of solar energy: The major benefit of solar is avoiding green
house gases that fossil fuels produce.The first and foremost advantage of solar energy is that it
does not emit any green house gases.
Solar energy is produced by conducting the sun‘s radiation – a process void of any smoke, gas,
or other chemical by-product.This is the main driving force behind all green energy technology,
as nations attempt to meet climate change obligations in curbing emissions.
Italy‘s Montalto di Castro solar park is a good example of solar‘s contribution to curbing
emissions. It avoids 20,000 tonnes per year of carbon emissions compared to fossil fuel energy
production.
Infinite Free Energy

Another advantage of using solar energy is that beyond initial installation and maintenance, solar
energy is one hundred percent free.Solar doesn‘t require expensive and ongoing raw materials
like oil or coal, and requires significantly lower operational labor than conventional power
production.
Lower costs are direct as well as indirect – less staff working at the power plant as the sun and
the solar semi conductors do all the work, as well as no raw materials that have to be extracted,
refined, and transported to the power plant.
Decentralization of power
Solar energy offers decentralization in most (sunny) locations, meaning self-reliant societies.Oil,
coal, and gas used to produce conventional electricity is often transported cross-country or
internationally. This transportation has a myriad of additional costs, including monetary costs,
pollution costs of transport, and roading wear and tear costs, all of which is avoided with solar.
Of course, decentralization has its limits as some locations get more sunlight than others.
LIET,Alwar Page 21
Going off the grid with solar
Solar Barn
Going off grid is a huge advantage of solar power for people in isolated locations.Solar energy
can be produced on or off the grid.
On grid means a house remains connected to the state electricity grid. Off grid has no connection
to the electricity grid, so the house, business or whatever being powered is relying solely on the
solar or solar-hybrid.The ability to produce electricity off the grid is a major advantage of solar
energy for people who live in isolated and rural areas. Power prices and the cost of installing
power lines are often exorbitantly high in these places and many have frequent power-cuts.
Many city-dwellers are also choosing to go off the grid with their alternate energy as part of a
self-reliant lifestyle.
LIET,Alwar Page 22
Solar jobs
A particularly relevant and advantageous feature of solar energy production is that it creates
jobs.The EIAA states that Europe‘s solar industry has created 100,000 jobs so far.
Solar jobs come in many forms, from manufacturing, installing, monitoring and maintaining
solar panels, to research and design, development, cultural integration, and policy jobs.The book
Natural Capitalism has a very appropriate view of the employment benefits of green design and
a prudent approach to using resources.The book proposes that while green technology and
increased employment cost alot of money, much greater money can be saved through simple but
drastically improved resource efficiency.
With solar energy currently contributing only an estimated 4% of the world‘s electricity, and an
economic-model where raw materials don‘t have to be indefinitely purchased and transported,
it‘s reasonable so assume solar jobs are sustainable if the solar industry can survive the recession.
Solar’s avoidance of politics and price volatility
One of the biggest advantages of solar energy is the ability to avoid the politics and price
volatility that is increasingly characterizing fossil fuel markets.The sun is an unlimited
commodity that can be adequately sourced from many locations, meaning solar avoids the price
manipulations and politics that have more than doubled the price of many fossil fuels in the past
decade.
While the price of fossil fuels have increased, the per watt price of solar energy production has
more than halved in the past decade – and is set to become even cheaper in the near future as
better technology and economies of scale take effect.Furthermore, the ever-abundant nature of
the sun‘s energy would hint at a democratic and competitive energy market – where wars aren‘t
fought over oil fields and high-demand raw materials aren‘t controlled by monopolies.
Of course, a new form of politics has emerged with regard to government incentives and the
adoption of solar, however these politics are arguably incomparable to the fossil fuel status quo.
Saving eco-systems and livelihoods

Because solar doesn‘t rely on constantly mining raw materials, it doesn‘t result in the destruction
of forests and eco-systems that occurs with most fossil fuel operations.Destruction can come in
many forms, from destruction through accepted extraction methods, to more irresponsible
practices in vulnerable areas, to accidents.Major examples include Canada‘s tar sands mining
which involves the systematic destruction of the Boreal Forest (which accounts for 25% of the
world‘s intact forest land), and creates toxic by-product ponds large enough to see from space .
LIET,Alwar Page 23
The Niger Delta is an example where excessive and irresponsible oil extraction practices have
poisoned fishing deltas previously used by villagers as the main source of food and employment,
creating extremely desperate poverty and essentially decimating villages .A more widely known,
but arguably lower human-cost incident is the 2010 BP oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico. It killed
11 people and spilled 780 thousand cubic meters of crude oil into the sea.
The best is yet to come
Solar technology is currently improving in leaps and bounds. Across the world, and particularly
in Europe, savvy clean technology researchers are making enormous developments in solar
technology.What was expensive, bulky, and inefficient yesterday, is becoming cheaper, more
accessible, and vastly more efficient each week.
Disadvantages of Conventional Solar Panels:
Solar doesn’t work at night
Obviously the biggest disadvantages of solar energy production revolve around the fact that it‘s
not constant. To produce solar electricity there must be sunlight. So energy must be stored or
sourced elsewhere at night.
Beyond daily fluctuations, solar production decreases over winter months when there are less
sunlight hours and sun radiation is less intense.
Solar Inefficiency
A very common criticism is that solar energy production is relatively inefficient.Currently,
widespread solar panel efficiency – how much of the sun‘s energy a solar panel can convert into
electrical energy – is at around 22%. This means that a fairly vast amount of surface area is
required to produce a lot of electricity.However, efficiency has developed dramatically over the
last five years, and solar panel efficiency should continue to rise steadily over the next five
years.For the moment though, low efficiency is a relevant disadvantage of solar.
Solar inefficiency is an interesting argument, as efficiency is relative. One could ask ―inefficient
compared to what?‖ And ―What determines efficiency?‖ Solar panels currently only have a
radiation efficiency of up to 22%, however they don‘t create the carbon by-product that coal
produces and doesn‘t require constant extraction, refinement, and transportation – all of which
surely carry weight on efficiency scales.
LIET,Alwar Page 24
Storing Solar
Solar electricity storage technology has not reached its potential yet.While there are many solar
drip feed batteries available, these are currently costly and bulky, and more appropriate to small
scale home solar panels than large solar farms.
Solar panels are bulky
Solar panels are bulky. This is particularly true of the higher-efficiency, traditional silicon
crystalline wafer solar modules. These are the large solar panels that are covered in glass.New
technology thin-film solar modules are much less bulky, and have recently been developed as
applications such as solar roof tiles and ―amorphous‖ flexible solar modules. The downfall is that
thin-film is currently less efficient than crystalline wafer solar.
One of the biggest disadvantages of solar energy – COST

The main hindrance to solar energy going widespread is the cost of installing solar panels.
Capital costs for installing a home solar system or building a solar farm are high.Particularly
obstructive is the fact that installing solar panels has large upfront costs – after which the energy
trickles in for free.
Imagine having to pay upfront today for your next 30 years worth of power.That‘s an incredibly
disadvantageous feature of solar energy production, particularly during a time of recession.
Currently a mega watt hour of solar energy costs well over double a mega watt hour of
conventional electricity (exact costs vary dramatically depending on location).All is not lost
though – nuclear is a good example (economically) of energy production that was initially
incredibly expensive, but became more feasible when appropriate energy subsidies were put in
place.
Transparent Solar Panels

Over the past few years, the U.S. has already become a growing player in the solar energy
industry, with states like New Jersey and California seeing solar panels cropping up on rooftops
from houses to warehouses.Researchers at the University of California at Los Angeles are hoping
to bring this revolutionary new power source down off the roofs specifically to where people will
not see them - windows.
LIET,Alwar Page 25
Seeing through solar
The UCLA group, led by professor of materials science and engineering Yang Yang, has further
developed a new breed of solar technology known as polymer solar cells, which rely on complex
large molecules to absorb light and transform it into an electrical charge.Polymer solar cells offer
a variety of interesting potential advantages over traditional crystalline silicon solar cells, or even
thin-film solar cells made from elements like gallium or amorphous silicon.
Chief among these advantages is that polymers, a broad category of molecules that encompasses
plastics and a range of other natural and synthetic substances, can be specifically tailored to
target certain attractive traits.In general, this has meant creating lighter-weight, more flexible
solar cells than the heavy, rigid crystalline silicon allows. But Yang's team also focused on
creating polymers that would pointedly target infrared light instead of the visible spectrum that
gets absorbed by most traditional solar panels.
What resulted was a thin film that incorporates transparent polymers capable of absorbing
entirely invisible parts of sunlight along with a mesh of fine silver nanowire that serves as the
one electrode for the device and a layer of titanium dioxide as another. According to Bloomberg,
these wires are only around 0.1 micrometers thick.
Spreading solar as far as possible
This new type of solar cell offers a wide range of interesting possibilities for the future of solar
power, highlighted first and foremost by the idea that every building could be designed with
south-facing windows that would absorb some amount of electricity without impeding peoples'
views.
If the process were made cheap or ubiquitous enough, such windows could conceivably be
installed throughout a building, absorbing infrared from the surrounding landscape.These types
of applications would not necessarily require huge renovations either, simply requiring owners to
apply the film on top of the existing glass window.
"It‘s my dream that everyone‘s window can be a solar panel in the future," Yang told
Bloomberg. "It could be potentially very cheap."
However, windows are not the only possible application for this technology. Transparent solar
cells could also be applied to all sorts of consumer electronics, helping to recharge batteries with
wasted energy from the backlight even as the devices are in use.
"These results open the potential for visibly transparent polymer solar cells as add-on
components of portable electronics, smart windows and building-integrated photovoltaics and in
other applications," said Yang.
LIET,Alwar Page 26
Improving cost-benefit picture

One of the biggest knocks against solar power is that it is generally not cost-effective at current
electricity prices, but that picture has been steadily improving as the technology improves and
efficiencies rise.By emphasizing making these solar cells transparent, the UCLA team took a
step back on efficiency going from between 10 and 20 percent for most on-market technologies,
depending on which technology customers choose, to around 4 percent.
However, the group has already tested similar technologies that could bring that number as high
as 11 percent, in the range currently on the market. Yang told Bloomberg he hopes to eventually
reach a cost of between $10 and $15 per window, with even cheaper spray-on applications
possible for large-scale manufacturing.
ExtremelyThin
The polymer molecules which are in the plastic solar cell, makes that the sunlight is converted
into electricity. They form an extremely thin layer, as thick as one out of ten thousand parts of a
millimetre. This layer of polymer can only convert a small part of the color spectrum, for
instance blue light, into energy. That's why Hadipour has tried to make solar cells wich are made
of two layers; a layer which can absorb blue light, and on top of it a layer which can absorb
another color of the spectrum, for example red light. This makes the profit of the solar cell
LIET,Alwar Page 27
higher. The piling up of the plastic solar cells is an esay thing to say, because you have to find a
way to keep the layers separately. Still Hadipour succeeded eventually, by using a special
separation layer. He has been one of the first researchers in the world who succeeded in making
such a'polymer tandem solar cell'.
SolarCellAsAWindow:
Hadipour has also been working on a transparent solar cell. A normal solar cell contains a thin
layer which reflects the light and increase the light absorption, but you can't look through it.
Hadipour looked for a transparent material that still absorbs enough light. Eventually he found a
fluorescing material which is capable of capturing the light, so you can use the solar cell as a
window. Large offices with a lot of windows could generate a lot of energy thanks to this kind of
solarcells.
Rapid
According to Hadipour, the possibilities of plastic solar cells are endlessly. ‗Plastic solar cells are
light and flexible. We can make them in all kinds of sizes and forms and in different colors. You
can attach them to you coat for instance, so that you can recharge you mp3 player with solar
energy. We could also combine solar cells with a LED (Light Emitting-Diode). Then you can
generate energy during the day and shine during the night.' Hadipour estimates that the first
plastic solar cells will appear on the market within two years. ‗The developement has now com
into a rapid.
LIET,Alwar Page 28
New Energy‘s solution is unique to our SolarWindow™ coatings, which:
 Make use of the world‘s smallest functional organic solar cells, which measure less than
¼ the size of a grain of rice, and have been shown to successfully produce electricity in a
published peer-reviewed study in the Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy of the
American Institute of Physics;
 Are sprayed on to see-through glass using a novel, patent-pending process presented in
AZoNano‘s (peer-reviewed, Journal of Nanotechnology Online; Dec. 20, 2009),
―Nanotechnology Thought Leaders‖ series;
 Do not require expensive high-temperature or high-vacuum production methods, but
rather, can be sprayed on to glass at room temperature;
 Generate electricity from both natural and artificial light sources, outperforming today‘s
commercial solar and thin-film technologies by as much as 10-fold; and
 Measure less than 1/10th the thickness of ‗thin‘ films (only 1/1000th the thickness of
human hair).
LIET,Alwar Page 29
Our SolarWindow™ technology — capable of generating electricity on see-through glass
windows — is under development for potential application in the estimated 5 million
commercial buildings in America (Energy Information Administration) and more than 80 million
single detached homes.
First Of Its Kind Organic Solar Array:

Our SolarWindow™ technology utilizes an organic solar array composed of a series of ultra-
small solar cells measuring less than ¼ the size of a grain of rice each. They are fabricated using
environmentally-friendly hydrogen-carbon based materials, and successfully produce electricity,
as demonstrated in a published peer-reviewed study in the Journal of Renewable and Sustainable
Energy of the American Institute of Physics.
New Energy‘s organic solar array has:
 The same desirable electrical properties as silicon, yet boasts a considerably better
capacity to ‗optically absorb‘ photons from light to generate electricity, and achieves
transparency through the innovative use of conducting polymers;
 Superior optical absorption properties inherent to New Energy‘s ultra-small solar cells,
enabling development of an ultra-thin film, only 1/1000th the thickness of a human hair,
or 1/10th of a micrometer; and
 A key advantage over conventional thin films which are exponentially thicker, measuring
several micrometers thick, thus inhibiting transparency.
LIET,Alwar Page 30
Conclusion
The need for energy is growing. Therefore solar energy is a hot item the last few years. Solar
panels made of silicons are however still quite expensive. In Groningen researchers are working
on the developement of of a cheaper solar cell which can be made of plastic. AfshinHadipour
found a way to make semi-transparent solar cells made of plastic which can function as a
window at the samen time. Moreover he developed a way to increase the effectiveness of the
plastic solar cells.
This technology can be a breakthrough in terms of generating electricity from renewable sources
of energy and can be a future of electricity generation.
LIET,Alwar Page 31

Transparent Solar Panels Seminar Report

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Transparent Solar Panels Seminar Report

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Transparent Solar Panels Seminar Report

TRANSPARENT SOLAR PANELS

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for award of the degree of

Submitted By : Submitted To:

ADITYA LUTHRA Mr. ANUJ JAIN

LAXMI DEVI INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

ALWAR-TIJARA-DELHI HIGHWAY, CHIKANI, ALWAR (RAJ)-301028

LIET, Alwar Page 1

MR. ANUJ JAIN

LIET, Alwar Page 2

LIET, Alwar Page 3

B. Conversion of solar energy to Electricity.

LIET, Alwar Page 4

1.1 ENERGY SCENERIO

1.2 SOLAR ENERGY OPTIONS

LIET, Alwar Page 5

1.3 GENERAL CONCEPT

1) heating and cooling of residential buildings

2) Solar water heating

3) Solar drying of agriculture and animal products

4) Solar distillation on a small community scale

5) Salt production by evaporation of seawater or inland brines

7) Solar engines for water pumping

10) Solar furnaces

11) Solar electric power generation

LIET, Alwar Page 6

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF SOLAR POWER

1.3.1 Air Pollution

1.3.2 Land Use

1.3.3 Noise and Thermal Effect

1.3.4 Major Advantages Of Solar Cells

LIET, Alwar Page 7

1.3.5 Major Disadvantages Of Solar Cells

PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION OF SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAICS

2.1 Photo Voltaic Effect On Semiconductors

2.2 P-Type Semiconductor

2.3 N- Type Semiconductor

2.4 PN Junction Silicon Solar Cell

2.5 Purification And Reformation Into Wafers

2.6 Antireflective Coating

Fig 2.1 reflective coating

Theory and Construction:

Depending on construction, photovoltaic panels can produce electricity from a range of

Thin Film Modules:

Rigid Thin-film Modules:

Flexible thin film Modules:

The cells are assembled into modules by laminating them to a transparent

expected to experience a CAGR of over 35% to 2019, surpassing 32 GW according to a major

Module Performance and Aging :

Recycling possibilities depend on the kind of technology used in the modules:

Advantages Of Solar Energy:

No green house gases

Infinite Free Energy

Going off the grid with solar

Solar’s avoidance of politics and price volatility

Saving eco-systems and livelihoods

The best is yet to come

Disadvantages of Conventional Solar Panels:

Solar doesn’t work at night

Solar panels are bulky

One of the biggest disadvantages of solar energy – COST

Transparent Solar Panels

Spreading solar as far as possible