BONDING [Document subtitle]

Ionic and covalent bonding

 Chemical Bonding
• Chemical bond is a mutual electrical attraction between the
nuclei & valence electrons of different atoms that binds the
atoms together.
• When atoms bond, their valence electrons are redistributed
in a way that makes the atoms more stable.
• The way in which they are redistributed determines the type
of chemical bonding
Ionic Bond & Covalent Bond

• Ionic Bond is a chemical bond that results from transfer of

electrons from one atom to the other.

• Covalent Bond is a chemical bond that results from

sharing of electron pairs between 2 atoms.
• To decide whether a bond is covalent or ionic find the
difference in electronegativities between the 2 elements
bonded together
 • Example: the electronegativity difference between Fluorine &
Cesium is 4.0 – 0.7 = 3.3 ionic bond.

IONIC BOND
Bond formed between two ions by the transfer of electrons.

Formation of Ions from Metals

 Ionic compounds result when metals react with
nonmetals
 Metals lose electrons to achieve the nearest noble gas
configuration forming positive ions “CATIONS’’
 Positive ions are formed as the number of electrons are
less than the number of protons
Group 1 metals → ion 1+
Group 2 metals → ion 2+
• Group 13 metals → ion 3+
Formation of Sodium Ion
Sodium atom Sodium ion

11Na – e− → Na +
2-8-1 2-8 ( = Ne)
11 p+ 11 p+
11 e- 10 e-
0 1+
Formation of Magnesium Ion
Magnesium atom Magnesium ion

12Mg – 2e− → Mg2+

2-8-2 2-8 (=Ne)

12 p+ 12 p+
12 e- 10 e-
0 2+
Some Typical Ions with Positive Charges (Cations)
Group 1 Group 2 Group 13
H+ Mg2+ Al3+
Li+ Ca2+
Na+
K+

Ions from Nonmetal Ions

 In ionic compounds, nonmetals in groups 15, 16, and 17
gain electrons from metals
 Nonmetal s gain electrons to achieve the nearest noble
gas configuration.
 Nonmetal ionic charge: 3- , 2- , or 1-
Chloride Ion

17Cl + e− Cl1-

2-8-7 2-8-8 (= Ar)

17 p+ 17 p+
17 e- 18 e-
0 1-
ionic charge
Some Typical Ions with Negative Charges (Anions)
Group 17 Group 16 Group 15
F- O2- N3-
Cl- S2-
Br-
I-
 Ionic bond – electron from Na is transferred to Cl, The
Na becomes (Na+) and the Cl becomes (Cl-), charged particles
or ions.
• The chemical formula of an ionic compound shows the ratio
of ions present in the sample by using atomic symbols and
numerical subscripts.
• NaCl means that one ion of sodium is bonded to one ion of
Chlorine.
• MgCl2 means that one ion of magnesium is bonded to two
ions of Chlorine.
• In naming anions, the “-ine” ending in the atom is replaced
by (-ide)

Ionic compounds
• An ionic compound is composed of positive & negative ions
that are combined so that the numbers of positive & negative
charges are equal.
• Exist as crystalline solids; a 3-dimensional network of
positive & negative ions mutually attracted to one another.
• Hard but brittle.
Characteristics of Ionic bonding
• In an ionic crystal, ions react by combining in an
arrangement called, The Crystal Lattice.

• The distance between ions and their arrangement in the

crystal represent a balance between the attractive and
repulsive forces between ions).
• In solid state, ions cannot move, so do NOT conduct
electricity.
• In molten state, ionic compounds are electrical conductors
because their ions can move freely to carry electrical current.

• Crystalline structure
• Lattice energy is the energy released when one mole of an
ionic crystalline compound is formed from gaseous ions
• The greater the lattice energy, the greater the bond strength.
Covalent bonding & Molecular compounds
• A molecule is a neutral group of atoms held together by
covalent bonds.
• Molecular compound is a chemical compound whose
simplest units are molecules.
• Molecular formula shows the types & numbers of atoms
combined in a single molecule of a molecular compound.
• H2O, contains one oxygen atom joined separately by
covalent bonds to 2 hydrogen atoms.
• A diatomic molecule is a molecule containing 2 atoms.
Ex.: O2, Cl2, H2

Covalent Bond
formed by the sharing of electrons
Two nonmetal atoms form a covalent bond

• Between nonmetallic elements of similar

electronegativity.
• Formed by sharing electron pairs
• Difference in electronegativity between 2 atoms joind by
covalent bond is less than 1.7
• Examples; O2, CO2, C2H6, H2O
 Polar and Non-Polar covalent bonds
NONPOLAR COVALENT BONDS
when electrons are shared equally H2 or O2 or Cl2

Electronegativity difference is 0 to 0.3

POLAR COVALENT BONDS

when electrons are shared but shared unequally H2O , HF

Electronegativity difference is 0.3 to 1.7
- water is a polar molecule because oxygen is more
electronegative than hydrogen, and therefore electrons are pulled
closer to oxygen.

The Octet Rule

• Only noble-gas atoms exist independently in nature as they
possess a minimum energy due to their stable electron
configurations.
• The noble-gas atoms’ outer s & p orbitals are filled with a
total of 8 electrons.
• Exception: He achieves its stable configuration by having 2
electrons it its outer shell.
• Chemical compounds tend to form bonds so that each atom
by gaining, losing or sharing electrons has an octet of
electrons in the highest occupied energy level.
• Fluorine molecule
• Single Covalent Bond
• A sharing of two valence electrons.
• Only nonmetals and Hydrogen.
• Different from an ionic bond because they actually form
molecules.
• Examples: Cl2, H2, HCl, H2O