Semi conducte-

medenua o t i c h
awe He conductiv i
Semiconcluctay anu te
innalatoa.
cenductea aud h a t l an

iu betusen
tha o a geod

hobeties Semicenducto innotr

au
bekauce ar
aemiconcLActor
the
) At zero kelvin, Ceeiciet
eitaue
tempenctuna
ha» negative
Seniconductar

xtuctuna kauira
covaleut bendivaAira
Hon Cystalline numbes
I dena te incnease t
(additPn oimpwuy) in
Depina
Cconieu (electreno or helon).
change

h e oSemi conductors
s e n u c e d u c t o r
Au pura form
ete A
si)
(Ge) silicen
Semicendu
CDLntrinsic Germanium ,

Exampbo-
Singla Crystal Anenida (Gia As),
Giallium
-

b) Cempeund Cadmium Sullida CaS),

Gallium Nbide (GaN),
Phosphiele (Ga As P)
Asenicla
Geltium
added
ceith
»emicerductor
metei
A
Semiconducton
: n - y ea P
Extinsic
I t han
ue tae
inmpunut ea dohina).
p-Taee Semicerductos

a)n-Tte Semicenducten

aa
-Tauvaloct a t e n (B, Ga, In) ana

anaaddad
-Terntavaleudt atonn a imeut.
added a

au npunit. (P,As,Sb)
Looselgbaund e

As
Ge Voicl eahela (pt)
Covallt Bed

e atem iu p-tyea
T i v a l a t / Accepton
ctom un-tPe
- Pertavalout/Dame . Hemissia oe
ha sheodtage ene
kan leen beund electren le) in Called
a hola (pt).

Cadie-e(elacben)
(hole)
Change Caovue-Pt
-

Mayoit Change -

Maoi
Coue- p"eele)
Minait hange
Casnie-
e (elechen)
Minerit Chonge
 p PComoo
Cmineit Ð
Cmojonty)
.9 Accepter
Ton
Donor Ton P - e Sendasduckor ominori
- T a e Semi@nduckor

>niceductor aina
When a p-taee
Semicondu ctea Dioda-
te an n-te icenductur a
i jeined
accepto i p u i t iu s i d . Aa c a n i e n chaue
tin aagien
denen impuita, t a
Called a pn-uctien.
trem p te n te
xei cenductr
P-ye aud n-tate
By laus el elactvica neutvali
uslie
ana netral. aaadieut,
charge
thone in
a
io formed, e te
Pn-juuctien aud e
wheu P e Naegion
te diftune fem ecembis
the h e l n e aud pt
ur, th
Caunen

N to
P saaion iewa,
h i s neaion
difhue e n doer
aud accebtsr
in
auel tet
thenelser

ao Dellafion Reaion
knoan
in

eee .
e
Deplatiem o gee
ael free pt
Deplatien Jagien<
n eextennal Bian
Casei

S mpal dlioda

across a diodo, t e nt flos

bia
eeaaa
ablied
- I n ahrengee
dlireien in zens
u eua
Chang
 -Ts (minoit Ccanies ln) in uA

Lmajovito n-t
p-ye

Deplahen Reqen
p
Reveue Bicue
Cendition te
Cemnectec
a e 2- ece
J
d.c.
tue
termina o a
the
5iate- Whu cennecteal de p - e .
evee terminal n Cnuey

n - a e aud maenut
-ve
the
b s a d , aa
becemea teminals.

)e doplatien acqien ctracted

t e the bateny
ana
p-rita) deeanet
n-ide aud ptiu h e clablaten
0gien
(e euteu
Cooieur
Cau
he
ns.omineaity
f l e s , that
b Canien

iu mmeutt bia.
Jenltira e v e i e

Cha Cuoreutt Ts) iu

Sectunatten

eveye

Tmaotd
-
P-the CGD en+e

Deyletion
Reqien
Forcoane B t a Cendifien
Cove 3-
Vo
in Cennected ta P-te auol
t v e derminal
Fownd Bias- Whau the n-icdla
n Cenneted ta
te7mina
-ve

becsmer MaUmos.
e deplaion eqien equaien,

by Shocklay's
Cuoveid rgiven
b) T a
T s (eVD 1)
Covaut

S a t n a t i e n

Revene

Cnene Te= voltaae

termnal N=iifnet
Diode at
VD = s iven
Tdealikt factor
= Vslt
equuivaloct
Velt-Tempoactune 6o0
V= K =
e Boltzmau Cewit .36XIO
= 1.6X\oC Cuued k
 T Abneute tem i keluiwo = 243+ tem in °c
Tn Forcocl laion
'Te Ig(e -1)I, e Vo/" nur
In fkevene bias,
I- I( ) E -Is

CmA)

Bneakdean
Vetla

Yknee Volage, or
V (Vets)

Revene
Cut-in Vetage, fo3V for Si
Basnien Veottage =
Sccuadie .3V for Ge
Cuned
.2V for Gats

bneakden To uA)
Reaien
Foxsand Bianed
Reveue 6ianec

dioda equuvalaut Circult)

Diode Modele(
ciycuits) te repre,eut He
typta omodelo (eauuivalet
Thoe a e thra
the dela.
medel q ia amumad an
actual expenoutdal V?-ckanactenistic

He
Mol be takeu
Piecesise -Lina Cetaut ca it Cau

Jeitauce

inan heu fenaand Jonitauce

ac. cynaic
O C age

VLSoFv for Si
ww lo.3v f n Ge
- Tdeal dibd
 (2)Simpli-fied Ceutaut vsltga dref Model-1 oio neflected (=o)

+ Tclealdiode
N

Modal- If bsth yauc Vr na negleeted.

Tdeal
Fewand bias
closed Ssiteh

Keven hiao

Opu SetHek

V=o

it io in teouwad
bias
Dioda Resistaue- seritauce
ceheu
zee-

ideal
dioda eu novene
hias (RB).
-
An it i iu
okou
quite mall aud
eatauee oein

nevOR Nouce

Jinite
thi foaNd
cal diede,
- But iu c a n el Quiescen
Peit)
oiauee
i veq gh
aeitauees
three peo
Thone a e peintenthe -Poit,o7
Delintd ao a
-

CBian foi
ODC State- Rp= cliode ckanacteiskic

Vp

-Delinad byataugut lins

- f e t

AC eaDyraic =
at he Peirt
dd -{

T = 26m (forne
Ip
Delined bya xtraghkt
Aveoge ac Taadlpt topt Line betoetu ixits o
opsationm.
 Nevense Satwnation Cwoeut (Ts)
cendition aud it han a centaut valua
T s exists iu the R.B.

T deberdh uponm minoaitt

chayge coobuer
tha thermallt qaenated cannier
sis genenatecd ba doift
u the depletien agien.
io'c ise iu tembenatune
T i s doubled ea event
-Tho
I T X
2
6SC
SuA. Find Is c t
FAexample- At 2sC, Is=
at 25c SuA
at 3s'C- ouA
a t 45c 20uA

at Ss'ce -
4OuA
at 6S'c-80uA Aw

T Thoufore, in a dicdecunsaut, Tp= majorit Lminsvibt

dut todiguion)dun
to dhift

Fo adiode made o e , I=SuA.

findthe dioda dwnat Tp ahd ra
Examlo-
act oem tem if@V= 0.%V aud (b)Vp=-2V
mean tha dioda is in FB.
elutian- ) Vp=0.8V
H w

H = 1 fov be
T-(5A)e he
13t25) Velts
IxBoiGoo velt 16oo

R.6.
6Vp=1V mean ta diocla in iu
D s-5uA

VT Ix(3ol6ooNolk
T SA)
practce, he dynaie veverve esistaue is ventarge
 Bneakdoun DSdes
ak Tnveme lottage.
PIV)
T T(-vetem co«icientofaesistuee)
bVs24V
VB19V
Ves15oV
T2Cmin)
Khee Rated
Range
Vothae
Reguatip
Tzmax) z(ratecd)

Zenen Brakdon

Avalanche
Ondinct Beakclen
Breakcdsu)
PN-cien Revensible

diocda Diode (Havivg

Zenen

(Havirt
Irreversible

Baeakde
dopiraze
depiraAradoucka
* dopirar duuctism
>VeRlzes
VeR Avalaucha
ucien
VeR Ipo n e B a e a k d e o n

diocto.
disdas.
deacd
heavily dleleed
A v a l a n c h a B a e k d e m

diodas.
OO c L iu
cceLo
depod elacbie field
Occun iu
ligktl
OccLon
due ta shong
D
ierizatien.
Occwun
dua te impoct delaing
doigDeplutieon
DepletienceititKaJl
coielt
(E-y)t-Direct

Depleiontoidth)T elechic field

dopig ineAvalaucha
Highe Covalaut
bonda talan Þace
R.6.Cawer
tigkoneuegy taker plae
bneakirg
T oih Ceustavteg
cdooien
ochavqe
lcction
muk vetge
cousaut seen a tl s e
oith eectis
IpT Th
ba1kdoa (VBR<9V)
ellectis seen at higka beakdean
Uellagea.
C3)The
bsltago.(Verlov
to 24v) b
bare
eaak
kdde
enn han
a s -ue

han tue 4) Zenen (TTVen V)

tee chcie.ct.
hneakdean

Avalaucha

) (TI- Vont)
te
coekiet, LT1thesmall geueeted f
T1Tons VibaationT->Eget Caw

enogh to
L e y E is
betweeu aoe collisiow
om fim bneakdon VeRJ
VBR 1T
Kthakiceong