SRI RAMAKRISHNA ENGINEERING COLLEGE

[Educational Service: SNR Sons Charitable Trust]

[Autonomous Institution, Accredited by NAAC with ‘A’ Grade] [Approved
by AICTE and Permanently Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai]
[ISO 9001:2015 Certified and all eligible programmes Accredited by NBA]
VATTAMALAIPALAYAM, N.G.G.O. COLONY POST, COIMBATORE – 641 022

DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING

CLASS: II B.E. -AERONAUTICAL SEMESTER: IV

Certified that this is the bonafide record of work done by

Mr. Adithya A. In the course 16AE255 - AERODYNAMICS
LABORATORY of this institution for IV Semester during the Academic
year 2020-2021.

Faculty In-Charge

Date: __________. Professor & Head

ROLL NUMBER

1908002

Submitted for the IV semester B.E. Practical Examination on

_____________________ 2020-2021.

Internal Examiner Subject Expert Member

1|Page
Contents
PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION ON CYLINDER ............................................................................... 3
PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION ON SYMMETRIC AIRFOIL ............................................................. 6
PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION ON CAMBERED AIRFOIL ............................................................ 10
DETERMINATION OF AERODYNAMIC FORCES ON SYMMETRIC AEROFOIL .................... 14
DETERMINATION OF AERODYNAMIC FORCES ON UNSYMMETRIC AEROFOIL. ............. 17
BOUNDARY LAYER VISUALIZATION IN LOW SPEED FLOWS............................................... 20
DETERMINATION OF PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION OVER AIRFOIL USING
COMPUTATIONAL TOOLS ......................................................................................................... 22
DETERMINATION OF AERODYNAMICS FORCES AND MOMENTS USING
COMPUTATIONAL TOOLS ......................................................................................................... 25
DETERMINATION OF AERODYNAMIC COEFFICIENTS OF AIRFOILS USING XFLR 5 ........ 28
DETERMINATION OF ELEMENTARY FLOW USING MATLAB ................................................ 31
BOUNDARY LAYER FORMATION IN TEST SECTION ............................................................. 33

2|Page
 Ex No: 1
PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION ON
25/02/2021 CYLINDER
Aim:
To study the pressure distribution and to find the coefficient of pressure C p at various angle of attack
Apparatus Required:
1. Wind tunnel
2. Cylinder model with stand
3. Multi tube manometer
Formula:
𝑃0 −𝑃𝑠
Cp = 1
𝜌𝑣 2
2

where

Cp =pressure coefficient

Po = total pressure

Ps = static pressure

Pr = reference pressure =101.325Kpa

Pm = manometer reading.

Theory:
Cylinder is a built body, which is spanning in the test section. It is 50mm diameter and 600mm span. This
can also be held on the wooden plug of the windows. This is manufactured by fibrous composite with
steel pressure probes.

Figure 1 Pressure distribution over Cylinder

3|Page
The composite cylinder has 19 holes on its upper, lower surface of the cylinder is found at
different angle of attack and velocity of airflow through the tunnel by measuring the difference of
water head in the multi bank manometer.
TABULATION:-

Table 1 Manometer levels

Procedure:

1. The cylinder is taken and placed inside the test section on a stand.
2. The hole at stagnation point is left open (i.e. not connected to the cylinder, as a
reference and it is at a particular angle of attack.
3. A pitot tube is placed over the test section and the reading of manometer place
adjacent to test section used to calculate the total pressure of the cylinder in the tunnel.
4. Static pressure is measured by the difference between the fluid levels in traverse unit.
5. Cylinder pressure distribution is calculated through the reading obtained from multi
bank manometer.
6. The angle of attack is changed by 5 and the corresponding reading of manometer for
tabulated given speed.
7. Similarly at various velocities of airflow the pressure distribution is noted down for the
given angle of attack.
8. A graph is plotted between cp and x/c ratio at several of airflow in tunnel.

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Inference:
From the graph we infer that the variation of cp is maximum near the leading edge
and decreases uniformly towards the trailing edge. The area of the portion covered by x/c and c p
is measured to find the lift coefficient and drag coefficient.

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 Ex no: 2 Formatted: Heading 4, None, Space Before: 0 pt, Line
PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION ON spacing: single
Formatted Table
25/02/2021 SYMMETRIC AIRFOIL Formatted: Centered
Formatted: Heading 4, None, Space Before: 0 pt, Line
Aim: spacing: single

To study the pressure distribution of symmetric aerofoil and to find the coefficient
of pressure Cp at various angle of attack.

Apparatus Required:

1. Wind tunnel
2. Symmetrical aerofoil model with stand
3. Multi tube manometer

Formula:
𝑃0 −𝑃𝑠
Cp = 1
𝜌𝑣 2
2

where,

Cp =pressure coefficient

Po =Total pressure = PR – PM

Ps = Static pressure

Pr = Reference pressure =101.325Kpa

Pm = manometer reading.

V = velocity of the air.

Theory:

Aerofoil is of two types’ cambered aerofoil and symmetrical aerofoil. Cambered

aerofoil has finite value of camber hence it has finite coefficient of lift and drag. An
aerofoil with no chamber i.e. with the camber line and chord line coincident is called
symmetrical aerofoil and hence lift coefficient is zero at the angle of attack equal to zero
i.e. lift curves pass through origin. Pressure above the top surface of aerofoil is taken as

6|Page
negative and below it as positive. Since the lift is due to difference of lower and upper
surfaced pressure and subsonic and high Mach numbers.

Figure 2 Pressure distribution over symmetric airfoil

The curvature of aerofoil is very essential; this aerofoil is NACA 0012 15% thick
symmetric aerofoil model with chord of 150mm, span of 600mm. The model can be held
on the wooden plug of the windows and then rotated (pitch) with the plug co- ordinates of
this aerofoil. The resulting pressure acting towards upper side contributes to lift, as the
value of angle of attack increases pressure on lower surface increases whereas on upper
surface decreases. As we go on increasing the angle of attack a point is reached when the
flow tends to separate from the top surface of aerofoil creating a wake of relatively ‘dead
air’ behind the aerofoil. This separated flow is due to viscous effect. The consequence of
separated flow at high‘d’ value is precipitous decreases is lift and a large increases is drag
under such condition the aerofoil is said to be stalled.

The aerofoil has 19 holes and its upper and lower surface which are connected to a
multi band manometer. The pressure distribution and the upper and lower surface of the
aerofoil are found at different angle of attack and velocity of airflow through the tunnel
by measuring the difference of water bank manometer.

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 Table 2 Manometer levels

Procedure:

1. The symmetrical aerofoil of chord 10cm is taken and placed inside the test
section on a sting (stand).
2. The hole at stagnation point is left open i.e. not connected to the aerofoil, as
a reference and is at a particular angle of attack.
3. A Pitot tube is placed over the test section and the reading of manometer
placed adjacent to test section used to calculate the total pressure of the aerofoil in
the tunnel.
4. Static pressure is measured by the difference between the fluid levels in
traverse unit.
5. Aerofoil pressure distribution is calculated through the reading obtained
from multi bank manometer.

8|Page
 6. The angle of attack is changed by -5◦ and the corresponding reading of
manometer for tabulated given speed.
7. Similarly at various velocities of aerofoil the pressure distribution is noted
down for the given angle of attack.
8. A graph is plotted between the Cp and x/c ratio at various velocities if
airflow in tunnel.

Inference:

From the graph we infer that the variation of Cp is maximum near the leading edge
and decreases uniformly towards trailing edge. The area of the portion covered by x/c and
Cp is measured to find the lift coefficient and drag coefficient. It can be seen in figure that
major part of lift is caused by vacuum action on the topside of the aerofoil.

9|Page
 Ex No: 3 Formatted: Heading 4, Centered, Space Before: 0 pt, After:
PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION ON 0 pt
Formatted Table
04/03/2021 CAMBERED AIRFOIL Formatted: Heading 1, Space Before: 0 pt, After: 0 pt, Tab
stops: Not at 16.51 cm
Aim: Formatted: Heading 4, Centered, Space Before: 0 pt, After:
0 pt
To study the pressure distribution of cambered aerofoil and to find the coefficient
of pressure Cp at various angle of attack.

Apparatus Required:

1. Wind tunnel
2. Cambered aerofoil model with stand
3. Multi tube manometer

Formula:
𝑃0 −𝑃𝑠
Cp = 1
𝜌𝑣 2
2

where,

Cp = Pressure coefficient

Po = Total pressure = PR – PM

Ps = Static pressure

Pr = Reference pressure =101.325Kpa

Pm= Manometer reading.

V = Velocity of the air.

Theory:

Aerofoil are of two types are cambered aerofoil and symmetrical aerofoil.
Cambered aerofoil has finite value of camber hence it has finite coefficient of lift and
drag. An aerofoil with no chamber i.e. with the chamber line and chord line coincident is
called symmetrical aerofoil and hence lift coefficient is zero at edge of attack equal to
zero, i.e. lift curves pass through origin. Pressure above the top surface of aerofoil is
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taken as negative and below it as positive. Since the lift is due to difference of lower and
upper pressures and subsonic and high Mach numbers.

The curvature of aerofoil is very essential. This cambered aerofoil is NACA 2412
15% thick cambered aerofoil model with chord of 150mm and span of 600mm.the model
can be held on wooden plug of the windows and then rotated pitched with the plug
coordinates of this aerofoil. The resulting pressure acting towards upper side contributes
to lift as the value of angle of attack increases pressure on lower surface increases where
as an upper surface decreases. As we go on increasing the angle of attack a point is
reached when the flow a wake of relatively ‘dead air’ behind the aerofoil. This separated
flow is due to viscous effect. The consequence of this separated flow at high’s’ value is
precipitous decreases is lift and a large increases is drag under such condition the aerofoil
is said to be studied.

The aerofoil has 19 holes on its upper and lower surfaces, which are connected to
a multi-bank manometer of the aerofoil is found at different angle of attack and velocity
of airflow through the tunnel by measuring the difference of water head in the multi tube
manometer.

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 Figure 1 Force balance reading

1. The cambered aerofoil of chord 10cm is taken and placed inside the test section on Formatted: Indent: Left: 0 cm

a sting.
2. The hole at stagnation point is left open i.e. not connected to the aerofoil as a reference
and is at a particular angle of attack.
3. A point tube is placed over the test section and the reading of manometer placed
adjacent to test section used to calculate the total pressure of aerofoil in the tunnel.
4. Static pressure is measured by the difference between the fluids levels in traverse unit.
5. Aerofoil pressure distribution is calculated through the reading obtained from
multibank manometer.
6. The angle of attack is changed by -5 and the corresponding reading of manometer for
tabulated given speed.
7. Similarly at various velocity of airflow, the pressure distribution is noted down for the
given angle of attack.

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8. A graph is plotted between and the Cp and X/C ratio at various velocities if airflow in
tunnel.

Result: Formatted: Heading 7, Left, Indent: Left: 0 cm, Space After:

0 pt, Line spacing: single
Formatted: Centered

Inference:

From the graph we infer that the variation of Cp is maximum near the leading edge
and decreases uniformly towards trailing edge. The area of the portion covered by x/c and
Cp is measured to find the lift coefficient and drag coefficient. It can be seen in figure that
major part of lift is caused by vacuum action on the topside of the aerofoil.

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 Ex no: 4 DETERMINATION OF AERODYNAMIC FORCES
ON SYMMETRIC AEROFOIL
04/03/2021
Aim:

To determine the aerodynamic force such as lift (l), drag (D), pitching (PM) of a
symmetrical aerofoil over various x, y.

Apparatus Required:

1. Wind tunnel

2. Symmetrical airfoil with stand

3. Pro circle

Formula:

Lift L=1/2 ρv2 Cl A

where,

ρ = Density

V=velocity

C=lift coefficient

A=Area
1
Drag= ρv2CdA
2

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Tabulation:

Table 3 Aerodynamic forces on symmetric airfoil

Theory:

1. Lift is a force that acts perpendicular to the mean chord line. it appreciates the
upwards motion of the body aerofoil stop generation lift beyond an angle of attack(α)
called as stall angle beyond this(α) stall. The drag increases many told as lift decreases.

2. Drag is such a force that acts opposite to the body’s motion. It is unavoidable and
a prominent factor in the efficiency of a body.

3. The aerodynamic force symmetric aerofoil procedure L=0

Procedure:

1. The symmetric airfoil is loaded into the test section.

2. It is connected to the load sense under the wind tunnel connected to the console.

3. The α is changed by 5 forgiven velocity and L, D, PM are measured.

4. Then velocity is changed and L, D, PM are measured for different α.

5. The graph is plotted

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 Result:

Inference:
From the graph of L vs c. It is noted that beyond stall, the lift is 0, Cp Cl are calculated by the
formula.

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 Ex no: 5 DETERMINATION OF AERODYNAMIC
FORCES ON UNSYMMETRIC AEROFOIL.
11/03/2021
Aim:
To determine the aerodynamic force of an unsymmetrical airfoil using a tunnel at various
α velocities.

Apparatus Required:

1. Wind tunnel

2. Unsymmetrical airfoil with stand

3. Load sense

Formula:
1
Lift, L = 𝜌𝑣 2 𝐶𝑙 𝐴
2

V=velocity

Cl =lift coefficient

A=surface area of the aerofoil

1
Drag= 𝜌𝑣 2 𝐶𝑑 𝐴
2

Tabulation:

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 Table 4 Aerodynamic force coefficient and moment on cambered aerofoil

Theory:

1. Lift a force that appreciate the upward motion of a body, unsymmetrical airfoils
procedure lift even at α=0 while symmetric ones procedure only after α=0.

2. Drag, a force that opposes the motion of a body through fluid.

3. Unsymmetrical air foil have camber and the airfoil provided has c=195mm,
b=595mm pitching moment is a moment provided by the aerodynamics forces over
certain α, PM leads the forces.

Procedure:

1. The airfoil is measured and loaded into the section

2. The α is varied from 0to15 in terms 85’ for every velocity every velocity. Every
increment the aerodynamic force are read.

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3. The velocity is incremented by 5ms^-1 till 25ms^-1 then the graph is plotted.

Result:

Inference:

From the graph, that the unsymmetrical generates lift even at α=0 beyond α stall it
stops lift generation.

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 Ex no: 6 Formatted: Heading 4, Centered, None
BOUNDARY LAYER VISUALIZATION Formatted Table

11/03/2021 IN LOW SPEED FLOWS Formatted: Centered

Formatted: Heading 4, Centered, None
Formatted: Font: Not Bold, Complex Script Font: Not Bold

Aim: Formatted: Font: 12 pt, Complex Script Font: 12 pt

To study the flow visualization technique over airfoil with different angle of
incidence by smoke generation.

Apparatus required: Formatted: Font: 12 pt, Complex Script Font: 12 pt

▪ Low speed wind tunnel

▪ models [sphere, hemisphere, airfoil (symmetric and cambered)

Procedure:

1. The smoke generation unit is used for producing the same device white smoke for
the purpose of flow visualization across the models.

2. Essentially it consists of an electrical, cartridge heater, overhead diesel container,

sump bottle, air supply air from the blower, and then a smoke distributor.

3. Keep the needle valve closed. Fill the overhead bottle with diesel. Fix the smoke
distributor in the test section.

4. Connect the hose pipe to the smoke distributor. Now switch on the wind tunnel.
Switch ON the wind tunnel. Switch ON the electrical heater regulator from the control
panel for few seconds. (If you switch ON for long period, it will damage the cartridge).
Open the control valve slowly.

5. The smoke will be generated and we can visually check the smoke in the test
section.

6. Put up different models in the section and carefully study the flow pattern of
various models. After the experiment is over close the needle valve.

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7. Switch OFF the heater. Allow it to run for few minutes to drain out the unused
smoke.

Result:

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 Ex No: 7
DETERMINATION OF PRESSURE
DISTRIBUTION OVER AIRFOIL USING
18/03/2021 COMPUTATIONAL TOOLS
AIM:-

To determine the pressure distribution over airfoils using computational tools.

SOFTWARE USED:-

Ansys Fluent.

THEORY:-

An airfoil is a cross sectional structure of a wing of the plane. Its fundamental

occupation is to give lift to a plane amid departure keeping in mind in flight. Yet it has
likewise a reaction called drag which restricts the movement of the plane. The measure of
lift required by a plane relies upon the mission data. The terminology in accordance with
the airfoils are described below. The lower surface has a pressure higher than the upper
surface (suction).

The suction surface has a higher flow velocity and lower static pressure. The
relevant geometric terms are described below.

● Leading Edge (LE): The point located at the frontal tip of the airfoil.
● Trailing edge (TE) : It is a point at the end tip of the airfoil.
● Chord : It is a perfectly horizontal line emanating from the LE and ends at the TE.
Its length gives the chord length of the airfoil that is equivalent to the horizontal
dimension of the airfoil.
● Mean Camber line (MCL): It is a curved line that follows the curvature of the
airfoil. The difference between the chord line and the MCL provides the camber of
the airfoil. The thickness of the airfoil varies along the chord.
● Maximum thickness: It is the maximum distance between the upper and lower
surfaces of the airfoil. It is presented in terms of the % of chord.

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 ● Maximum camber: It is the maximum distance between the chord line and the
MCL. It is also represented by the chord % terms.
● LE radius: The radius of the circle inscribed in the LE.

TABULATION:-

Table 5 Pressure coefficient at the points

PROCEDURE:-

The coordinates of the NACA 2314 are exported from airfoiltools.com website
into a CSV file and is plotted in design modeller. A surface is created and the airfoil is
subtracted, then exported to meshing of ANSYS package.

Meshing:-

2d meshing is much simpler and accurate than 3d mesh. However 3d mesh is

prescribed for visualization. The surface is meshed with inflation and element size of 1.0
mm. Then the named selections are published. Then exported to fluent.

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FLUENT:

The gravity is checked in the task page. Then the physical models are activated.
For viscosity k-ε model is chosen with curvature correction and enhanced wall treatment
is prescribed. The solution is initialized and calculated. Then in the post processing panel.
Velocity vector and pressure contour are displayed with higher accuracy options.
CONTOUR:-

Figure 3 Pressure contour

CONCLUSION:

The pressure distribution over an airfoil is computed with the help of ANSYS and
plotted.

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 Ex No: 9 DETERMINATION OF
AERODYNAMICS FORCES AND
MOMENTS USING COMPUTATIONAL
25/03/2021
TOOLS
AIM:-

To determine the aerodynamic forces and moments using ANYS fluent.

SOFTWARE:-

ANSYS Fluent.

THEORY:-

An airfoil is a cross sectional structure of a wing of the plane. Its fundamental

occupation is to give lift to a plane amid departure keeping in mind in flight. Yet it has
likewise a reaction called drag which restricts the movement of the plane. His measure of
lift required by a plane relies upon the mission data. The terminology in accordance with
the airfoils are described below. The lower surface has a pressure higher than the upper
surface (suction).

The suction surface has a higher flow velocity and lower static pressure. The
relevant geometric terms are described below.

● Leading Edge (LE): The point located at the frontal tip of the airfoil.
● Trailing edge (TE) : It is a point at the end tip of the airfoil.
● Chord : It is a perfectly horizontal line emanating from the LE and ends at
the TE. Its length gives the chord length of the airfoil that is equivalent to the
horizontal dimension of the airfoil.
● Mean Camber line (MCL): It is a curved line that follows the curvature of the
airfoil. The difference between the chord line and the MCL provides the camber of
the airfoil. The thickness of the airfoil varies along the chord.

25 | P a g e
 ● Maximum thickness: It is the maximum distance between the upper and lower
surfaces of the airfoil. It is presented in terms of the % of chord.
● Maximum camber: It is the maximum distance between the chord line and the
MCL. It is also represented by the chord % terms.
● LE radius: The radius of the circle inscribed in the LE.

The coordinates of the NACA 2314 are exported from airfoiltools.com website into a
CSV file and is plotted in design modeller. A surface is created and the airfoil is
subtracted, then exported to meshing of ANSYS package.

Meshing:-

2d meshing is much simpler and accurate than 3d mesh. However 3d mesh is

prescribed for visualization. The surface is meshed with inflation and element size of 1.0
mm. Then the named selections are published. Then exported to fluent.

FLUENT:

The gravity is checked in the task page. Then the physical models are activated.
For viscosity k-ε model is chosen with curvature correction and enhanced wall treatment
is prescribed the boundary conditions are stated. The report definitions for the forces and
their coefficients are created. The solution is initialized and calculated. The reports are
printed and the coefficients are computed. Then in the post processing panel. Velocity
Vector and pressure contour are displayed with higher accuracy options.

26 | P a g e
VELOCITY VECTOR:-

Figure 4 Velocity Vector

CONCLUSION:-

Thus the coefficient of forces and moments and their magnitudes are computed
using ANSYS fluent.

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 Ex No: 10
DETERMINATION OF
AERODYNAMIC COEFFICIENTS OF
01/04/2021 AIRFOILS USING XFLR 5
AIM:-
To determine the aerodynamic coefficients of airfoil using XFLR-5.
SOFTWARE USED:-
XFLR-5
THEORY:-

An airfoil is a cross sectional structure of a wing of the plane. Its fundamental occupation
is to give lift to a plane amid departure keeping in mind in flight. Yet it has likewise a
reaction called drag which restricts the movement of the plane. The measure of lift
required by a plane relies upon the mission data. The terminology in accordance with the
airfoils are described below. The lower surface has a pressure higher than the upper
surface (suction).

The suction surface has a higher flow velocity and lower static pressure. The
relevant geometric terms are described below.

● Leading Edge (LE): The point located at the frontal tip of the airfoil.
● Trailing edge (TE) : It is a point at the end tip of the airfoil.
● Chord : It is a perfectly horizontal line emanating from the LE and ends at
the TE. Its length gives the chord length of the airfoil that is equivalent to the
horizontal dimension of the airfoil.
● Mean Camber line (MCL): It is a curved line that follows the curvature of the
airfoil. The difference between the chord line and the MCL provides the camber of
the airfoil. The thickness of the airfoil varies along the chord.
● Maximum thickness: It is the maximum distance between the upper and lower
surfaces of the airfoil. It is presented in terms of the % of chord.

28 | P a g e
 ● Maximum camber: It is the maximum distance between the chord line and the
MCL. It is also represented by the chord % terms.
● LE radius: The radius of the circle inscribed in the LE.

2𝐿 2𝐷
Cl = ; Cd =
𝜌𝑣 2 𝐴 𝜌𝑣 2 𝐴
Where L, D - lift and drag forces in (N) respectively.
ρ - Density of air (1.225 kg/m3)
V - Air velocity
A - Area of the aerofoil.
The coefficients vary with the angle of attack, after a certain angle of attack the foil stalls.
BOUNDARY CONDITIONS:-

Table 6 Boundary Conditions

PROCEDURE:-
A model is developed using XFLR-5 and boundary conditions are formulated. The
Reynolds number can be labelled as incompressible. The meshing is done and gathered, then a
batch analysis is done by varying the angle of attacks.
Meshing is done before running the batch analysis, the publications are done and
boundary conditions are issued and then analysed.

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RESULT:-

Table 7 Aerodynamic coefficients

CONCLUSION:-
Thus the aerodynamics coefficients are studied and plotted using the XFLR-5 for the
given airfoil.

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 Ex No: 11
DETERMINATION OF ELEMENTARY
08/4/2021 FLOW USING MATLAB
AIM:-

To determine the elementary flow and their combination using matlab.

SOFTWARE:-

MATLAB

CODE:

31 | P a g e
CONCLUSION:-

The elementary flows are mathematically modelled using MATLAB.

32 | P a g e
 EX NO: 11
BOUNDARY LAYER FORMATION IN
15/04/2021 TEST SECTION
AIM:-

To determine the boundary layer formation in the test section of the subsonic wind
tunnel.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:-

Pitot tube

Wind tunnel (subsonic wind tunnel)

U tube manometer

Anemometer (0.4<R<30 m/s)

Measuring scale

DESCRIPTION:-

Boundary layer is a layer that represents the effects of the viscosity of

the fluid and the momentum of the object in its path. It is a layer of fluid
whose velocity is different from the fluid’s freestream. When a fluid strikes
an object, due to the momentum of the object, the fluid particles near the
object starts to decelerate. Particles that are in contact with the object
comes to rest, while the further above layers decelerates. Like this
gradually the velocity develops over the object surface to the freestream.
The different types of flow are laminar, transient and turbulent. The flow
can be differentiated into these types using the Reynolds number. The
boundary layer can be analysed in the wind tunnel.

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 Figure 2 Re vs Fluid flow

OBSERVATION:-

Test section size: 600 x 600 x 1000 mm3

Anemometer velocity range: 0.4 < R < 30 m/s

Dynamic viscosity (μ) of air: 1.789 Ns/m2

FORMULA:-

2𝜌𝑤 𝑔𝛥ℎ
V=√ m/s
𝜌𝑎𝑖𝑟

Where v - velocity of the fluid

ρw - density of the water (1000 kg/m3)

ρair = density of air (1.225 kg/m3)

g - acceleration due to gravity (9.81 m/s2)

Δh - difference in water level

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CALIBRATION:-

Anemometer reading, v = 9.9 m/s

2×1000×9.81×0.5𝑐
V=√ => v=8.9 m/s
1.225

TABULATION:-

PROCEDURE;

o At first the wind tunnel is turned and set with a particular velocity of flow.
o The velocity is measured by the anemometer.
o The Pitot tube was placed at 900 to the flow to make the differential water level.
o The velocity was calculated and by the formulae with anemometer reading, the
values are recorded. And the experiment was repeated for various velocities.

35 | P a g e
 o Place the Pitot tube in different intervals.

Model Calculation:-

2×1000×9.81×0.5𝑐
Velocity, v = √ 1.225
=> 8.9 m/s

𝜌𝑣𝑑 1.225×8.9×2.5𝑐
Re = 𝜇
=> 1.778
=> 1.53 x 105

Hence it is turbulent.

RESULT:-

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