Mazor Project Report: Electrical Engineering College of Advance Technology, Roorkee

MAZOR PROJECT REPORT
Electrical Engineering
College of Advance Technology, Roorkee
Session : 2020-21
INTRODUCTION
Session : 2020-21
Solar concept is not new for us. We all know the importance
of solar energy. Solar gadgets are increasing day by day. As
non-renewable energy sources are decreasing, usage of solar
energy is increased. This solar energy in not only used on the
earth but also used in space stations where no electrical power
is available.
Here is the simple circuit to charge (12v-7Amp) rechargeable
Lead-acid battery from the solar panel. The solar charger has
current and regulation and also has over voltage cut off
facilities. This circuit may also be used to charge any battery
to constant voltage because output voltage is adjustable. 9we
have already seen the circuit diagram of 9V battery charger
circuit using LM311 and SCR in the earlier post.
Session : 2020-21
PROJECT EQUIPMENTS
Session : 2020-21
1.SOLAR PANEL – 18V

2.DUMMY LOAD 100 Ohm
3.DC BATTERY 12 V
4.CAPACITOR
5.RESISTOR
6.RELAY
7.CONNECTING WIRES
8. TRANSISTOR
Session : 2020-21
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Session : 2020-21
Session : 2020-21
THEORY
Session : 2020-21
About the concept – how an automatic battery charger circuit

works?
For 6v application:
 Output voltage: set for 7v
 Input voltage:
 Battery discharged (6v): 8.75v min @ 1.5 mA
 Battery charged (7v): 9v min @ 10mA
Session : 2020-21
For 12 v application:
Output voltage: set for 14v
Input voltage:
Battery discharged (12v): 14.75 min @ 1.5mA (available from
solar panel characterized for 12v operation);
POWER DISSIPATION
In this project, power is limited because of the thermal
resistance of LM317 voltage regulator and the heat sink.to
keep the temprature Below 125 degree Celsius, the power
must be limited to 10w LM317 voltage regulator internally
has temperature limiting circuit so that if it gets too hot, it
shuts down automatically.
When battery is charging, heat sink becomes warm. When
completing the charging at maximum voltage, heat sink runs.
Session : 2020-21
SOLAR BATTERY CHARGER CIRCUIT PRINCIPLE:

Hare the solar panel produces 12 v dc the charging current
passes to lm317 voltage regulator the diode D1. The output
voltage and current are regulated by adjusting the adjust pin of
LM317 voltage regulator.
Circuit components:
1. SOLAR PANEL – 18V
2. DUMMY LOAD 100 Ohm
3. DC BATTERY 12 V
4. CAPACITOR
5. RESISTOR
6. RELAY
7. CONNECTING WIRES
8. TRANSISTOR
Session : 2020-21
CURRENT LIMITING:
As the solar pen provides constant current, it acts as a current limiter.
Therefore, the circuit does not need any current limiting.
Solar charger protection:
In this circuit, capacitor C1 protects from the static discharge.
Diode D1 protects from the reverse polarity. And voltage regulator
IC provides voltage and current regulation.
Solar charger specification:
Solar panle rating: 20W (12v) or 10W (6V)
Volt range: 5 to 14 V
Maximum power dissipation: 10W (includes power dissipation of
scotty diode)
Typical drop out value: 2 to 2.75V (depends on load current)
Max current: 1.5 (internally it limited to 2.2A)
Voltage regulation +/- 100 mv
Session : 2020-21
How to operate this solar battery charger circuit?

Gives the connection according to the circuiot diagram.
Place the solar panel in sunlight
Now set the outpiut voltage by adjusting pot RV1.
Check the battery voltage using digital multi meter.
Session : 2020-21
SOLAR BATTERY CHARGER CIRCUIT

ADVANTAGES:
 Adjustable output voltage
 Circuit is simple and inexpensive.
 Circuit uses commonly available components.
 Zero battery discharge when no sunlight on the solar
panel.
Solar battery charger circuit applications:
This circuit is used to charge lead- acid or Ni-Cd batteries
using solar energy.
(you may get an idea about how a lead acid battery charger
circuit works by reading the earlier posts).
LIMITATION OF THIS CIRCUIT:
 In this project current limited to 1.5A.
 The circuit requires high drop-out voltage.
Session : 2020-21
ADVANTAGES OF SOLAR ENERGY

1. RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES
Solar energy is it truly renewable energy sources. It can be
hard in all areas of the world and is available every day.
The cannot run out of solar energy unlike some of the other
sources of solar energy solar energy will be accessible as
all as long we have the sun there for sunlight will be able to
us for at least five million years when according to
scientists the sun is going to die.
2. REDUCE ELECTRICITY BILLS
since you will be meeting some of your energy needs with
electricity your solar system has generated your energy bills
will drop how much you save your on your bill will be
dependent on the size of the solar system and your electricity
or heat uses more over not only will you be saved on the
electricity bill but is used in rate more electricity than UC.
Session : 2020-21
use the circles will be exported back to the great and you will
receive bonus payments for that amount considering that your
solar panel system is connected to the great savings can
further grow if you sell excess electricity at high rates during
the day and then by electricity from the grid during the
evening when the rates are lower.
3. DIVERSE APPLICATION
Solar energy can be used for diverse purpose. You can
generate electricity photovoltech or heat solar thermal police
top solar energy can be used to produce electricity in areas
without access to the energy grid to distil water in regions
with Limited clean water supplies and to power satellites in
space. Solar energy can also be integrated in the materials
used for buildings. Not long ago sharp produce transfer and
Solar Energy Windows.
Session : 2020-21
4. LOW MAINTENANCE COST

Solar energy system generally don't require a lot of
maintenance You only need to keep them relative Lee clean
so cleaning them a couple of times per year will do the jobs.
Most reliable solar panel manufacturers gives 20 to 25 years
warranty. Also as there are no moving parts there is no wear
and Tear. The inverter is usually the only part that needs to
change after five to ten years because it is continuously
working to convert Solar energy into electricity solar PV and
heat solar thermal. So after covering the initial cost of the
solar system you can expert very little spending on
maintenance and repair.
5. TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT
Technology in the solar power industry is constantly
advancing and improvements will intensify in the future.
Innovations in quantum physics and nanotechnology can
potentially increase the effectiveness of solar panels and
double or even triple the electricity input of solar power
system.
Session : 2020-21
DISADVANTAGE OF SOLAR ENERGY

1.COST
solar energy number one cost the initial cost of for purchasing
is solar system is fairly high. Although the UK government
has introduced some schemes for encouraging the adoption of
renewable energy sources for example the feed in traffic you
still have to cover the upfront cost. This includes playing for
solar panels inverter batteries wiring and for the installation.
The Solar technology are constantly developed or developing
so it is safe to assume that price will go down in future.
Session : 2020-21
2. WHETHER DEPENDENT
although solar energy can still be collected during cloudy and
rainy days the efficiency of the solar system drops. Solar
panels are dependent on sunlight to effectively gather solar
energy. Therefore if you cloudy rainy days can have a
noticeable effect on the energy system. You should also take
into account that solar energy cannot be collected during the
night.
3. SOLAR ENERGY STORAGE IN EXPENSIVE
Solar energy has to be used right away or it can be stored in
large batteries. These batteries used in of grid solar system
can be charged during the day so that the energy is used at
night. This is good solution for using solar energy all day
long but it is also quite expensive. In most cases it is similar
to just use solar energy during the day and take energy from
the great during the night you can only do this if you your
system is connected to the great. Luckily our energy demands
is usually higher during the day so we can meet most of it
with solar energy.
Session : 2020-21
4. USES OF LOT OF SPACE

The more electricity you want to produce the most solar
panels you will need because you want to collect so as much
sunlight as possible. Solar panel requires a lot of space and
some rooms are not big enough to fit the number of solar
panels that you would like to have. An alternative is to install
some of the panels in your yard but they need to have access
to sunlight. Anyways if you won't have this space for all the
panels that you wanted, you can just get a fewer and They
will still be satisfying some of your energy needs. .
5. ASSOCIATED WITH POLLUTION
Although pollution related to solar energy system is far less
compared to other sources of energy solar energy can be
associated with pollution. Transportation and installation of
solar systems have been associated with the emission of
greenhouse gases. There are also some toxic material and
hazardous products used during the manufacturing process of
solar photovoltaics which can indirectly affected the
environment. Never the less solar energy pollute for less than
the other alternative energy sources.
Session : 2020-21
SOLAR BATTERY CHARGER WITH OVERCHARGE

PROTECTION
This circuit is formed maintain one position voltage from
solar cells with shunt regulator circuit. For project voltage not
too until much destroy batteries. The cause of sometime
charger too much. The D2 to be for protect current flows turn
back from battery during night time will stop the circuit
maintenance once position current the few for feed give the
circuit randoms voltage battery. Which have IC lm723 the
main part of bye main use battery model acid general lead
full stop that one power supply give the circuit all the time
does should choose battery at have many capacity such as 40
a size sizes extra the detail in the other seat in the circuit.
Session : 2020-21
SOLAR BATTERY
Solar charger employee solar energy to supply electricity to
devices or charge batteries. They are generally portable. Solar
chargers can charge lead acid or Ni-cd battery bank up to 48
volt and hundred of amp-hours upto 4000 A capacity. Such
type of solar charger that up generally used and intelligent
charger controller. A series of solar cells are installed in a
stationary location rooftop of homes base station location on
the ground etc. and can be connected to a battery bank to
store energy for of peak uses they can also be used in addition
to main supply charges for energy savings during the
daytime.
Session : 2020-21
A good example of this kind of portable solar charger is the

strawberry Mini device.
The Solar Charger industry has been blocked by companies
mass producing low efficiency solar charges that don't need
the consumers Expectations. This in turn has made it hard for
new solar charger companies to gain the trust of consumers
police top solar companies are starting to offer high
efficiency solar chargers. When it comes to permanently
installed public solar chargers strawberry Energy Company
of Siberia has invented and developed the first public solar
charger for mobile devices strawberry tree
Session : 2020-21
Most portable chargers can obtain energy from the sun only.
Some including the Kinuses K3 and GeNNex solar cell 2 can
work either way (recharge by the sun or plugged into a wall
plug to charge up). Examples of solar charger in popular use
include solar portable models design to charge a range of
different mobile phones cell phones iPods or other portable
audio equipment. Fold-out models design to sit on the
dashboard of an automobile and plug into the cigar oblique
12 volt lighter socket to keep the battery topped up while the
vehicles is not in use. Flashlight torch is often combined with
a secondary means of charging such as a Kinetic (hand crank
generator) charging system.
Session : 2020-21
SOLAR CHARGER ON MARKET

Portable solar chargers are used to charge cell phones and
other small electronics device on the go. Charges on the
market today use various type of solar panels ranging from
thin panels with efficiency is from 12 to 15% amorphous
Silicon around 7% the CGS closer to 15% to the slightly
more efficient monocrystalline panels with which offer
efficiencies up to 18% The Other type of portable solar
charger are those with wheels which enable them to be
transported from one place to another and be used by a lot of
people they are semi public considering the fact that are used
publicly but not permanently installed.
Session : 2020-21
Due to built-in rechargeable battery which stores energy it

can function without Sunshine or at night. Other company
under companies such as voltage systems powered and other
have started to push better products on to the market as well.
Portable solar power is being utilised in developing countries
to power lighting as opposed to utilising kerosene lamps
which are responsible for respiratoryinfection, lungs and
throat cancers serious eye infections that acts as well as low
birth weight it waits solar power provides an opportunity for
ruler have areas to “leapfrog”.
Session : 2020-21
Traditional grid infrastructure and move directly to

distributed energy solutions.
Some solar charger also have an on-board battery which is
charged by the Solar Panel when not charging anything else.
This allows the user to be able to use the solar energy stored
in the battery to charge the electronic devices at night or
when Windows Police Stop an example of a mobile charger
is by Germany based company charges, who created a
separate charger and battery system that is mobile.
Session : 2020-21
You can disconnect the battery from the Solar Panel and take
only the battery with you when it is fully charged.
Solar charger can also be reliable and flexible are
manufactured using thin film PV Technology. Rollable solar
charges may include a lie on batteries full stop currently
foldable solar panels are coming down in price to the point
that almost anyone can deploy one while at the beach biking
hiking or at any other outdoor location and charge their cell
phone tablet computer etc. As advance in the technology
continue to be made new products will be able to the expand
into third world countries faster than ever before.
Session : 2020-21
SOLAR CHARGER WORK

Luckily for you, there’s a break in the forest canopy. You see
a white m full of sunshine streaming down into the tail grass
up a head. You park your car and walked to the mirror. Once
cleared off the trees you look up and there's not a cloud in the
sky. Yes you are going to be just fine. After rummaging
around in your glove compartment of for a bit, You retrieve
your solar power battery charger. You plug the USB cable
from the charger over so that its small solar panel faces
skyward, find your cell phone signal plays the whole setup on
a stump kick back and wait. This is a probably a good time to
relax and read a book since you know that help is on the way.
Session : 2020-21
Recently billionaire Helen musk on wild in new battery

system that may allow of credit system that really solely on
solar power to recharge them to be deployed anywhere on the
planet does possibly ending the last need of strictly grid based
energy system.
Session : 2020-21
Freedom of movement and environmental friendliness are the

two biggest reason to own a solar battery charger. However
there are also a few drawbacks to solar charging. Chief along
them is that for around half of any given day outside of the
earth polar regions the sun is now ever to be found Police
Stop the absence of photons showering from space make any
solar power device all but useless at night. Bad weather and
heavy cloud cover also have a big impact on how well a solar
cell operates. Even in bright sunlight more solar cells
currently in production are only about 10% efficient which
makes them slower than charger that plug into a wall outlet
source. Is still if you find yourself trapped in the woods you
will likely conclude that a solar battery charger was a great
invention Indeed.
Session : 2020-21
However the electricity that's produced around the world is

often much less begin from an environmental standpoint for
example in 2008 nearly half of the electricity generated in the
United States came from the burning of coal while coal is a
cheap and easy way to generate electricity it's also a major
source of pollutant. The environmental protection agency
TPA estimates that coal fired power plant generate 59% of
Sulphur dioxide in the air within the US as well as 50% of the
particulate Hollywood tents. What's more coal fired power
plant also contribute Heavily to Mercury pollution.
Session : 2020-21
Chemical batteries generate electrons flow through a

chemical reactions. Lithium ion batteries like those found in
cell phones and iPods create energy through an exchange of
Ions from Lithium to carbon. In what type of batteries
electricity is created by the flow from negative to positive
electrodes. When a battery is recharged the flow of electrons
reverse itself and the batteries electrical potential is
differentiate. Solar battery chargers don't Direct recharge the
lithium ion battery in your gadget. They usually maintain
their own rechargeable batteries other chemical or Lithium
ion that are charged through the Solar models and redistribute
their charge to your gadget no internal electrical source in is
required.
Session : 2020-21
An imbalance between positively charged and negatively

charged particle is created within the Silicon by adding the
impurities Boron and phosphorus. This imbalance creates and
electrical field in the Silicon when photons strike the material
and break electrons free from their orbits this electrical field
pushes them toward the front of the solar cell which creates a
negatively charged side. The photons left Behind on the other
side of the cell surface create a positive charge. When these
two sides are connected using an internal load and indirect
circuit like the terminals of the solar battery charger the
electrons flows into the load and creates electricity. Since a
single solar cell only produces one or two words of electricity
multiple cells are combined to form module that work
together to produce enough power to charge a battery.
Session : 2020-21
Before the first decade of the 21st century you would have
been out of luck had you found yourself in a scanner Rio like
this one. That Li however a number of companies have
created a spate of battery charges that use the power of the
sum to fuel everything for Cars 2 gadgets to a battery is one
particle of energy does not a fine job of knocking electrons
loose from atoms in the photons. This is the atomic energy
packet that form the basic for light. Photons from sunlight
carry enough energy to jar electrons from their Orbit in the
element silicon, which is the material used in most solar cells.
The photon’s ability to disentangle electrons is called the
photoelectric effect.

Mazor Project Report: Electrical Engineering College of Advance Technology, Roorkee

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MAZOR PROJECT REPORT

1.SOLAR PANEL – 18V

About the concept – how an automatic battery charger circuit

SOLAR BATTERY CHARGER CIRCUIT PRINCIPLE:

How to operate this solar battery charger circuit?

SOLAR BATTERY CHARGER CIRCUIT

ADVANTAGES OF SOLAR ENERGY

4. LOW MAINTENANCE COST

DISADVANTAGE OF SOLAR ENERGY

4. USES OF LOT OF SPACE

SOLAR BATTERY CHARGER WITH OVERCHARGE

A good example of this kind of portable solar charger is the

SOLAR CHARGER ON MARKET

Due to built-in rechargeable battery which stores energy it

Traditional grid infrastructure and move directly to

SOLAR CHARGER WORK

Recently billionaire Helen musk on wild in new battery

Freedom of movement and environmental friendliness are the

However the electricity that's produced around the world is

Chemical batteries generate electrons flow through a

An imbalance between positively charged and negatively

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