Globalization - process of interaction and integration among the

people, the companies of different nations, a process driven by

international trade and investment and aided by information
technology

Thomas Friedman: "Globalization today is farther, faster,

cheaper, and deeper."

Globalization is a reality. It is changing as human society

develops.

History of Globalization
-humans were nomadic to settle, produce, and exchange goods
enabled by improvements in tech and transportation
-shit got wild in the 19th century following centuries of
European colonization and trade activity
-First wave of globalization was propelled by steamships,
railroads, telegraphs, other breakthroughs, and increasing
economic cooperation
-Globalization trend crashed after WWI followed by postwar
protectionism, the Great Depression, and WWII
-After WWII the US led efforts to revive international trade and
investment under negotiated ground rules, started a second
wave of globalization which remains ongoing though buffeted
by periodic downturns and mounting political scrutiny

Globalization's concept is complex and multifaceted

-Economic
-Political
-Social/Cultural

TCW Page 1
9/11/2020 7:34 AM - Screen Clipping

TCW Page 2
9/11/2020 7:41 AM - Screen Clipping

TCW Page 3
9/11/2020 7:43 AM - Screen Clipping

TCW Page 4
9/11/2020 7:47 AM - Screen Clipping

TCW Page 5
9/11/2020 7:51 AM - Screen Clipping

TCW Page 6
9/11/2020 7:54 AM - Screen Clipping

TCW Page 7
9/11/2020 8:00 AM - Screen Clipping

TCW Page 8
Structures of Globalization
Tuesday, September 29, 2020 7:11 AM

TCW Page 9
 Corporation - business entity/operation that declares the business as
a separate legal entity and is led by a board of directors

Natural Person - actual people

Juridical Person - legal entities whose existence is governed by law;

TCW Page 10
 Corporation - business entity/operation that declares the business as
a separate legal entity and is led by a board of directors

Natural Person - actual people

Juridical Person - legal entities whose existence is governed by law;
they wouldn't exist otherwise

Articles of Incorporation - issued to corporations as a permit to

operate; has to first be registered with the SEC

Corporation is a separate entity from the individual and has its own
legal protections

Law requires corporations to prioritize the interests of its companies

and shareholders

When managing a corporation

-almost every decision can potentially result in some moral backlash

TCW Page 11
TCW Page 12
 9/29/2020 7:59 AM - Screen Clipping

TCW Page 13
 Regions - A M E R I C A
Monday, October 26, 2020 6:51 PM

Asia SUM NA FAX NA Countries Independence Date

• 50 countries • 24,709,000 sq.km 1. Antigua and Barbuda Nov 1, 1981
• Most populated • 23 countries 2. (Commonwealth of the) Bahamas Jul 10, 1973
• 60% of global population • Pop. 579,024,000 3. Barbados Nov 30, 1966
Africa • Five time zones 4. Belize Sep 21, 1981
• 54 countries • Only continent with every climate type 5. Bermuda ---
• Hottest continent • Named after Amerigo Vespucci 6. Canada Jul 1, 1897
• Sahara occupies 25% of Africa • The "New World" (thanks, Columbus) 7. (Republic of) Costa Rica Sep 15, 1821
North America • Highest pop. density @ 22.9/sq.km 8. (Republic of) Cuba Jan 1, 1959
• 23 countries • Biggest freshwater lake in the world: Lake Superior (It's 9. (Commonwealth of) Dominica Nov 3, 1978
• USA! USA! USA! in Michigan lmao) 10. Dominican Republic Feb 27, 1821
• Largest economy in the world btw • World's third longest river - Mississippi (3778 km) is here 11. (Republic of) El Salvador Sep 15, 1821
South America • NA has the highest average per-person income (so why is 12. Grenada Feb 7, 1974
• 12 countries the poverty margin for the US alone at 47%) 13. (Republic of) Guatemala Sep 15, 1821
• Brazil is most of them • Average food intake is highest here (USA! USA! USA!) 14. (Republic of) Haiti Jan 1, 1804
• Amazon Forest covers 30% of total land area • Largest economy (USA! USA! USA!) 15. (Republic of) Honduras Sep 15, 1821
Antarctica • Largest producer of maize, wheat, and soybeans 16. Jamaica Aug 6, 1962
• Coldest continent • World's largest sugar exporter: Cuba (sugar bowl of the 17. Mexico (United Mexican States) Sep 16, 1810
• "It's all ice?" "Always has been." world - no wonder Che Guevarra wanted out) 18. (Republic of) Nicaragua Sep 15, 1821
• It's mostly research stations • Elf Owl is endemic to NA 19. (Republic of) Panama Nov 28, 1821
Europe • Moose and Elk are the first and second tallest animals on 20. St. (Saint) Kitts and Nevis Sep 19, 1983
• 51 countries the continent, eh 21. St. (Saint) Lucia Feb 22, 1979
• Most developed economy • Major animals: brown bears, humming birds, BALD 22. St. (Saint) Vincent and the Grenadines Oct 27, 1979
• EU - biggest economic/political union EAGLES (FREEDOM BIRDS), bullfrogs 23. (Republic of) Trinidad and Tobago Aug 31, 1962
Australia 24. United States (of America) Jul 4, 1776
• There's 14 countries down under
• Not a lotta people down 'ere mate, jus' 0.2%
• Don't look at that cassowary funny and you'll be fine
SUM SA FAX SA Countries Independence Date
Why are North and South America separate? • 17,840,000 sq.km 1. Argentina (Argentine Republic) Jul 9, 1816
• Separated by oceanic waters • 12 countries and most of it is Brazil 2. (Plurinational State of) Bolivia Aug 6, 1825
• Small sliver of land in fucking Peru of all • Pop. 422,535,000 3. (Federative Republic of) Brazil Sep 7, 1822
places is a goddamn dense jungle • Globally largest river by water volume and second longest: 4. (Republic of) Chile Feb 12, 1818
• NA - 4th most populated The Amazon River 5. (Republic of) Colombia Jul 20, 1810
• SA - 5th most populated (371M) • Highest waterfall in the world: Angel Falls 6. (Republic of) Ecuador May 24, 1822
• Paleo-Indians inhabited both in 18K BCE • World's largest snake and second longest: Green Anaconda 7. (Republic of) Guyana May 26, 1966
• NA languages: English, Spanish, French • Global highest volcanoes: Mt. Cotopaxi and Mt. Chimborazo 8. (Republic of) Paraguay May 15, 1811
(thanks, British Europe) • Brazil is the largest producer of coffee and cancer 9. (Republic of) Peru Jul 28, 1821
• SA - Portuguese and Spanish (thanks, • Major languages are Portuguese and Spanish 10. (Republic of) Suriname Nov 25, 1975
Treaty of Tordesillas) • World's largest salt lake: Salar de Uyuni (Uyuni Salt Flats) 11. (Eastern Republic of) Uruguay Aug 25, 1825
• World's highest lake and SA's largest: Lake Titicaca 12. (Bolivarian Republic of) Venezuela Jul 5, 1811
• Second highest mountain range in the world: The Andes
○ Mt. Aconcagua (7,021m) is the highest one here

What is Latin America? Tierra del Fuego Countries Capital City Primary Language
• Latin America - describes the 21 (22?) countries 1. Argentina Buenos Aires Spanish
where Latin languages are spoken 2. Bolivia La Paz and/or Sucre Spanish, also Quechua and Aymara
• Tierra del Fuego: Mexico, Central America, parts 3. Brazil Brasilia/Rio de Janeiro Portuguese
of the Caribbean, down to the southernmost tip 4. Chile Santiago Spanish
of South America 5. Colombia Bogota Spanish
• Shares elements of historical experience, 6. Costa Rica San Jose Spanish
language, and culture 7. Cuba Havana Spanish
• Diverse group of countries 8. Dominican Republic Santo Domingo Spanish
• Growing political and economic force 9. Ecuador Quito Spanish
• Deserves to be defined on its own terms beyond 10. El Salvador San Salvador Spanish
dismissive stereotypes rather than being known 11. Guatemala Guatemala City Spanish
as USA's lamer neighbor 12. French Guyana Cayenne French
13. Haiti Port-au-Prince French
14. Honduras Tegucigalpa Spanish
15. Mexico Mexico City Spanish
16. Nicaragua Managua Spanish
17. Panama Panama City Spanish
18. Paraguay Asuncion Spanish
19. Peru Lima Spanish, also Quechua and Aymara
20. Puerto Rico San Juan Spanish
21. Uruguay Montevideo Spanish
22. Venezuela Caracas Spanish

TCW Page 14
World of Regions
Monday, October 26, 2020 8:06 PM

Regional organizations are formed to cope with challenges of globalization

Regionalism Regions: a group of countries located in a

• Examined in relation to identities, ethics, religion, ecological geographically-specified area
sustainability, and health • An amalgamation of two or more regions
• A process - emergent, socially-constituted phenomenon • Organized to regulate and oversee flows and
• Regions are not natural; defined by policymakers, economic actors, policy choices
and social movements
• Regional concentration of economic flows
• Process of dividing an area into smaller segments
• Political process characterized by economic policy, cooperation,
and coordination among countries
• Economic and political definitions of regions vary (Mansfield, E. and
Milner, H)

ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL RESPONSE OF COUNTRIES TO GLOBALIZATION

1. Large with a lot of resources - dictates how they participate in global integration
2. Makes up for small size by taking advantage of strategic location
a. Countries from regional alliances: "There is strength in numbers"

REASONS OF FORMING REGIONAL ASSOCIATIONS

1. Military Defense
a. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
i. Formed during the cold war
ii. Several European countries + USA
iii. Protect Europe against the USSR
b. Warsaw Pact
i. Regional alliance created by USSR
ii. USSR dissolved in December 1991 (thanks, Gorbachev)
2. Pool resources to get better return for exports and expand leverage against trading partners
a. Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)
i. Established in 1960 by Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Venezuela
ii. Aims to regulate the production and sale of oil
iii. 9 other oil-producing countries joined it
3. Protect independence from the pressure of superpower politics
a. Non-Aligned Movement
i. Created by Egypt, Ghana, India, Indonesia, and Yugoslavia (now Serbia and Montenegro)
ii. Founded in 1961 to pursue world peace and international cooperation, human rights,
national sovereignty, racial and national equality, non-intervention, and peaceful conflict
resolution
iii. Refused to side with either first-world capitalist democracies or communist states
iv. 120 member countries
4. Economic Crisis compels countries to come together
a. Thai economy collapsed in 1996 after foreign currency speculators and troubled international
banks demanded Thailand pay back its loans
b. Made ASEAN more unified and coordinated - Thailand, geographically a part of SEA, joined the
ASEAN after economic upheaval

TCW Page 15
Globalization and Media
Thursday, December 3, 2020 8:43 PM
When did Globalization begin?
• Decidedly modern phenomenon
• Advances in media and transport allowed for greater
interconnectivity
• There is a rupture within social life of the 20th century
• Media and migration change human life
• Cultural Anthropologist: Arjun Appadurai
• Other scholars contend that globalization began a few
hundred years ago
• Globalization may be paired with the rise of modernity in the
Enlightenment or with the age of European exploration
• That fucktard Columbus's invasion of the New World is often
used as a marker for globalization
• Some believe globalization started with the rise of humanity
• H. sapiens departed from other members of the same species
to search for food
• The first travelers of the world started globalization
Yales Nayan Chanda
• Globalization worked silently for millennia without being
given a name and that as a trend
• A multitude of threads connect us to faraway places
Etymology of Globalization
• Combination of -ize and -ation
• -ization: a suffix indicating the process or outcome
• The word may suggest a completed outcome or an
ongoing process
No globalization without media
• Partnership of globalization and media is clear
• Each of the eras saw marked influences of media in globalization
• Difficult to imagine globalization occurring without media
Global Imaginary and Global Village
• Media is helping to bring about a fundamental imaginary
• The world is an imagined community
• Marshall Mcluhan - media has connected the world that creates a global village
• Lewis Mumford - criticizes Mcluhan's argument since media technology was used for capitalism,
militarism, profit, and power
Media and Economic Globalization
• Media made economic globalization possible by creating the conditions for global capitalism
• Media is the new missionary of global capitalism
• Modern media is the epitome of economic globalization
Media and Cultural Globalization
• Media, on one level, is the primary carrier of culture
• Generates numerous and ongoing interactions among cultures
TCW Page 16
What is Media
• Collective communication outlets/tools used to
deliver information or data
• Plural for "Medium" as a means of conveyance
• Came into usage and popularized as a new word
was needed to talk about new social issues
• Violent comics, voters hearing propaganda over
radio, couples disappearing in dark cinemas
Media and its Purposes
• To Inform: Media offers authentic and timely
facts and opinions (citation needed) about
various events and situations to mass audiences
as informative items.
• To Entertain: Mass media provides amusement
and assists in reducing tension to a large degree.
• To Educate: tries to educate people directly or
indirectly using different forms of content.
• To Persuade: Media content builds opinions and
sets agendas n the public mind, influencing
votes, changing attitudes, etc.
Globalization is defined as a set of multiple uneven and
sometimes overlapping historical processes including
economics, politics, and culture.
Combined with the evolution of media and technology,
these create the conditions under which the globe
itself can be understood as an imagined community.
Harold Innis (1950) - divided media into Oral, Print, and Electronic Telegraph
James Lull (2000) - added Digital to those categories • Sensation with significant consequences
Terhi Rantanen (2005) - placed Script before Printing Press and • Samuel F.B. Morse - inventor
broke down the electronic period into Wires and Wireless • Morse code sent over electrical lines
• Transatlantic cable laid over US and EU
Oral Communication • True global medium
• Speech is the most overlooked medium in the history of Telephone
globalization • Alexander Graham Bell, 1876
• Oldest and most enduring form of media • First transatlantic call was over radio
• Developed into language • Cellphone was created in 1973
• The most important tool • Martin Cooper - invented the first wireless mobile phone
Script Radio
• Transition between oral cultures and cultures of the • Conceived as a wireless telegraph
printing press • 1900 - speech transmitted wirelessly
• Writing has its own evolution • 1920 - broadcast stations were on air
○ Cave paintings • Quickly became a global wireless medium
○ Petroglyphs Films
• Silent films shown as early as 1870 but was mass
○ Cuneiform
developed around 1890
○ Hieroglyphs
• The Great Train Robbery (1930) - first narrative film 10
• Writing surfaces have its own evolution
minutes long with 14 scenes
○ Wood, clay, bronze, bones, stone, and tortoise shells
• 1920 - directors such as DW Griffit, Sergei Eisenstein, FW
○ Egyptian Papyrus
Murau, and Fritz Lang were using flim to capture powerful
• Written word is an essential medium
narratives
Printing Press
Television
• Started the information revolution
• Most powerful and pervasive mass medium yet created
• Movable wooden block from China
• Brought together visual and aural power of film with the
• Movable metal type by Johannes Gutenberg
accessibility of radio
Electronic Media
• World was brought into the home
• 19th century revolutionized globalization
• Marshall McLuhan proclaimed the world a Global Village
• Requires electricity
because of TV
• Telegraph, telephone, radio, film, television
Digital Media
• Rely on digital codes
• Usual presentation is the computer
Key Takeaways
• Technology allows for quick communication, transport, and mass marketing, greatly contributing
to a globalized marketplace
• Media economies of scale achieve much larger profit margins by using digital technology to sell
information instantly over a global market
• Foreign markets offer excellent profit potential as they contribute to media companies' economics
of scale. The addition of new audiences and consumer markets may help a company build a global
following in the long run.
Globalization and Religion
Friday, December 4, 2020 7:17 AM
Secularization
• American Academy of Religion
○ World's largest association of scholars for religious studies
○ Nonprofit member association
○ Professional and learned society for scholars involved in the
academic study of religion
• Association for Sociology of Religion
○ Academic association with >700 members worldwide
○ Founded by Catholic sociologists in Chicago in 1928
○ Originally: American Catholic Sociological Society
○ Adopted present name in 1970 to reflect changes in Vatican's
policy towards openness towards other faiths
○ Base for sociological research on religion without regard to belief,
creed, or religious orientation
• American Sociological Association
○ 1905 - American Sociological Society
○ Nonprofit organization dedicated to advancing the discipline and
profession of Sociology
○ Most members work in academia; 20% work in government,
business, or other nonprofits
• Society for the Scientific Study of Religion
○ 1949 - formed to advance research in the social scientific
perspective on religious institutions and experiences
Secularization defined
• Understood as a shift in the overall frameworks of human condition
• Possible for people to have a choice between belief or nonbelief
TCW Page 17
Definition of Terms
Four concrete forms of globalization based on Roudemetof (2013, 2014):
• Indigenization - connected specific faith with ethnic groups whereby
religion and culture were one unit; linked to survival of ethnic culture
• Vernacularization - involved the rise of vernacular languages endowed
with the symbolic ability to offer privileged access to the sacred
• Nationalization - connected with consolidation of specific nations with
particular confessions; popular strategy in Europe
• Transnationalization - forced groups to identify with specific religious
traditions of real or imagined national homelands to adopt a more
universalist view of religion
• Cosmopolitanism - idea that all human beings belong to a single
community based on shared morality
• Universalism - philosophical/theological concept that some ideas have
universal application or applicability. Centered on the belief in a universal
reconciliation between humanity and divinity
• Consumerism - social/economic order that encourages the acquisition of
goods and services in ever-increasing amounts
• Transnationalism - communities living outside the national territory of
particular states maintain religious attachment to their home
• Secularization - Martin's (2005) interpretation suggests the "employment
of culture" in ways that can forestall secularization's success
How was the term Globalization popularized
• Theodore Levitt - former professor at Harvard Business School -
credited with coining the term "globalization" and with championing
the undervalued role of marketing in defining what business should
make and sell
• Business was becoming Globalized - defined as changes in technology
and social behavior that allow multinational companies to sell the
same products worldwide
• Concept first appeared a 1983 Harvard Business Review article "The
Globalization of Markets." He said "Gone are accustomed differences
in national or regional preferences.
Secularism vs Secularization vs Secularity
• Secularism
○ System or ideology based on principle that there should be a
sphere of knowledge, values, and action independent of religious
authority
○ Does not necessarily exclude religion from having any role in
political or social affairs
• Secularization
○ Process which does lead to exclusion
• Secularity
○ State of being separate from religion
○ Not being exclusively allied with or against any particular religion
Separation of Church and State
• Often interchanged with secularization
• Secularization occurs in all areas of society
• Separation of Church and State is specifically about politics
Main Focus of Secularization for Socio-scientific Research on Religion
• Secularization has provided the main focus for social-scientific research
on religion
• Contributed to a Western bias in the field
• Western cultural specificity has been naturalized and taken as given
• Deviations or divergences from the Western development model of
social change has been conventionally attributed to cultural factors
• Key significance for its growth is the growing realization of the
significance of global-local or global religion and the multitude of cultural
hybrids made possible by divergent combinations of local and global
• Religious transnational and cross-cultural connections become a feature
of everyday life; guarantees that their study is going to attract the
attentions of new generations of researchers and scholars
Globalization and Religion
• Globalization brings a culture of pluralism - religions with overlapping but
distinctive ethics and interests interact with each other.
• World's leading religions (Hinduism, Bhuddism, Judaism, Christianity, Islam)
teach values such as human dignity, equality, freedom, peace, and solidarity
• Golden Rule: "what you don't wish done to yourself, do not do to others"
• Globalization engenders greater religious tolerance in areas such as politics,
economics, and society
Globalization and Popular Music
Monday, December 7, 2020 11:09 PM
What does it mean to be a musician today?
• Popular music - gateway to explore representation and
meaning in the music in the time of globalization
• Defining globalization as a stage where contact and friction
take place and as a capital-driven process
• History of music as a series of fruitful yet violent cross-cultural
encounters beyond the north-sound axis and the timeframe of
the modern era tends to be limited
History of Popular Music
• Friction is exemplified by the music that emerged out of the
Black Atlantic Slave Trade
• Paul Gilroy (1993) - soundtrack of modernity emerged from
the violent economic and cultural maelstrom
• White (2012) - it is largely within this context that the
emergence of world music as a globalized form of mass-
produced pop music intended for the cosmopolitan audience
of the 21st century occurs
Popular Music Defined
• Defining popular music is a value judgment
○ Indicative of the importance of music in everyday life
○ Highly subjective aesthetic experience
○ Essential part of shared social activities
• Popular Music - umbrella term encompassing a wide variety of
genres, practices, and meanings that go beyond its general
association with Anglo-American inspired pop culture
TCW Page 18
Popular Music and Cultures Music and Globalization
• Globalization + culture = creates critical reflections regarding • Stephen Siliman - the term "contact" has been very useful since it is
culture, place, and identity used for documenting the interaction between Europeans and
○ Underlies anthropological and ethnomusicological indigenous people. Uncritical uses of the term have led to the
understandings of music - important in generating various downplaying of the colonialist nature of these encounters and of the
representations and ideologies associated with these three unequal dynamics of power that informed these interactions
notions • Globalization - compression of time and space through flow of
• Music is implicated in subject formation and identity politics people and capital
○ 'Playing out' a sense of common nationhood or belonging in a • Transfer of cultural knowledge and influence in terms of techniques,
context marked by uneven transitional social, cultural, styles, and aesthetic value judgement endured over at least three
political, and economic transactions centuries between Venetians and the Arab and Muslim
• Popular music makes a compelling case for elucidating complex sultanates/caliphates
globalization dynamics • Oriental Asian countries engaged their own way with western music
○ Music is both popular and highly mediated • DeNora - such reflection theories do not pay enough attention to
○ Music is an extremely mobile and resourceful capital the concrete processes that made these relationships possible,
• Adorno (1991) - wrote a seminal work on the intimate relationship meaningful, and powerful
between musical and social structure • In the capital cities, new genres were created, anchored in urban
• Tia DeNora - "'the 'Production of Culture' approach which signaled a and cosmopolitan realities of the imperial metropolis
shift in focus from aesthetic objects and their content to the cultural • Art music is a synthesis of various regional genres and practices
practices in and through which aesthetic materials were • Impact of urbanization and metropolization on development of new
appropriated and used to produce social life genres and musical philosophies is still felt today
• Antoine Hennion (2007) - highlighted many ways music echoes, • Raymond Williams - most important general element of the
enacts, communicates, and comments on values and social norms innovations in form is the act of immigration to the metropolis
• Music of the youth - conceived as liminoidal (Turner, 1970) - • Williams an Pinkney (1989) - cannot too often be emphasized how
representing a moment of ambiguity, transition, and crisis many of the major innovators were immigrants
○ Central to investigation class, racial, and generational tensions • Within the transcultural maelstrom of displacement, media such as
that drive society music became the anchor upon which new imaginaries, identities,
• Groundbreaking studies lead the way for sociocultural analysis of and inevitably new audiences took root
musical genres:
○ Reggae (Martin, 1982)
○ Rock n' Roll (Frith, 1981)
○ Heavy Metal (Walser, 1993)
○ Rap and Hip-hop (Mitchell, 2001)
• All of which eventually globalized, prompting further study on their
evolution as they are performed In new contexts by musicians and
audiences carrying increasing transnational biographies and
transcultural references (David and Simon, 1982; Maira and 12/10/2020 8:06 PM - Screen Clipping
Shihade, 2012)
• Keith Negus (1992) - unraveled the mechanisms and strategies
multinational record companies use to produce popular music and
develop and promote successful new artists
○ International organizations, logistics, and interrelations
between the branches of the undustry
• C. Lee Harrington and Denise B. Bielby: cultural studies major
contribution has been in showing consumers of pop culture are not
passive dupes but active participants in the creation of meaning
• Merriam's Anthropology of Music (1964) - discusses the ambiguous
social position of musicians, describing it as a wandering between
marginality and power
 Fuck Sociology
Thursday, January 14, 2021 10:50 AM
I. Mobilizing public opinion is a means of trying to strengthen international law
Crosby: "International Law is 'virtually dependent on public opinion for its renovation and
enforcement'. Basically, a ruler rules only by the consent of the governed.
-Public Opinion has significant weight in the formation of international laws
II. Amnesty International: On Human Rights and Int'l Law
-Based on the UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Art. 18 and 19)
*Article 18: Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience,
and religion; this right includes freedom to change his religion or belief,
and freedom, either alone or in community with others in public or
private, to manifest his religion or belief in teaching, practice, worship,
and observance
*Article 19: Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and
expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without
interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas
through any media and regardless of frontiers.
-Works with the UN Human Rights Commission (Consultative Status since
1965)
-Provides information on human rights abuses
-Presses the commission to enforce human rights provisions in int'l law
-Also works through other forums and lobbying regional bodies
-Council of Europe
-EU Parliament
-Organization of African Unity
-Argues the need for stronger international institutions to protect human
rights
-Influence partly depends on which gov'ts formally endorsed int'l human rights
law
-Only 140 states (ratified UN Covenants)
-Civil and political rights
-Social and economic rights
III. Amnesty International: On Global Civil Society
-Acts through campaigns and its own organizational powers
-Facilitated release of thousands of prisoners
-Has connections with various NGOs centered around Int'l Law
and Humanitarianism
-Includes (but not limited to): International Commission
of Jurists, International Red Cross
-Also works with the church, professionals, trade unions, and
student organizations in strengthening global civil society
-Part of a worldwide community supporting human rights
IV. Amnesty International: as a Global Citizen
-Encourages others to have an interest in and inform themselves
about international human rights
-Liberal Democracies: campaigning for human rights isn't risky
-USSR and Eastern Europe (1970-80), Latin America, Asia: human
rights activism was responded to with violence
-Probably those countries under Communist Policy
-Emilio Mignone: "The defense of human dignity knows no
boundaries"
-Human rights is a matter of ethical universalism
-Every human being has a right to a better standard of living
or the freedom of expression
-Even foreigners have the right and responsibility in
defending the rights of others

Global civil society and int'l law are mutualistic in nature. One strengthens the
other, vice versa.

V. Amnesty International: Criticisms VI. Amnesty International: Gender Bias

-Biased towards the West
-Doesn't take into account of developing countries
-Leans strictly into Liberalism and liberal values without
considering economic and cultural aspects
-Focused on Civil Rights because it was possible to
"achieve practical results" in this area and because
protection from arbitrary detention and torture/execution
is important to everyone - any social class or culture
-Sounds like they're not even thinking of other
aspects of human rights because it would be too
much of a hassle to bother
-I mean yeah sure protecting the life of someone,
especially the impoverished or the cultural minority,
is important but what about their finances or their
right to exercise their culture
-Was mostly men at first
-Early prisoners of conscience were dudes
-Feminist concerns had an impact on the organization since the 70's
-Has turned its attention to major women's rights abuses in recent years
-Published works and materials on women's rights
-Women in the Front Line
-Human Rights Violations Against Women (1991)
-Study of rape and sexual abuse by armed forces in Bosnia-Herzegovina (1993)
-Women's Rights are Human Rights (1995)

TCW Page 19
Shiet
Saturday, January 23, 2021 12:57 PM

TCW Page 20