5.

146
ENGINEERING MATHEMAT
55-13 BEAM It is well-known from the
A
mechanics of of structure st.
rOd orbar of a circular or rectangular cross
a
that whenever a beam is loaded, it deflecte
section. with its length very much greater than its ts from its
thickness (so that there are no shearing strcsses original position. The amount, by which hich a beam
any section of it) is called a beam.
Ove deflects, depends upon its cross section anand the
Now, a beam may just rest on a support like aendng bending
knife-cdge or have a small part of it firmly clamped It M is the bending mo-
or built into a wall at either end. In the
former case, ment about AB, of all
it is called a
supported beam and in the latter,
alexternal forces acting on
built-in or an encastro beam or usuallly,
simply, al either side of the two
fixed beam.
In a supported bcam, portions of the beam
obviously, the support can STRETCHED FIBRE
merely exert a force on the beam but in a fixed Separaea by tnis crossELASTIC CURVE

beam, it can also exert a couple on it. section, then by the Ber- UNSTRETCHED FIBRE/NEUTRA
It the beam be fixed only at one end and loaded at noulli-Euler law it is COMPRESSED FIBRE AXIs
the other it is called a cantillever.
A beam or a bar of a
homogeneous, isortropie 8ven by M=*
material. subjected to an axial push or
stress, is, in general, called a strut
compressivwhere
and may be
E =modulus of elaslticity
of the beam,
inclined in any direction, including the horizontal |I moment of inertia of the cross-section
=

and the vertiacal. of the

beam about the neutral axis AB, and R= radius
In the vertical of of
upright position, however, along| curvanture of the eBastic curve at
ànd slender beam bar, thus
or
subjected to an-axial
push of compressive stress, is referred to as a column, 2 3/2
pillar of stanchion.
As will be readily seen a column or a pillar is P6.y)is R= dx
just a vertical strut.
A beam or a bar, subjected to a pull
stress, is called a tie.
or a
tensile dr
5-5-14 BENDING OF BEAM
Suppose we have a beam, of a
rectangular cross
sectiion, say, fixed at one end and loaded at the other
(within the elastic limit) so as to be
bent a little, as
shown in Fig. with its upper surface
becoming
slightly convex and the lower one concave. All the
longitudinal filaments in the upper half of the beam ELASTI
thus get extended of CURVE
lengthened, and therfore under
tension, and all those in the lower half get
of shortend and therfore under compressed
pressure.
In between these two, there is a
region of the
beam where the fibres are neither stretched
nor
compressed. This region is called the neutral surface It the deflection of the beam is small, its Siop" d
of the beam and the curve of any
this surface is called the particular fibre in will be small hence we can neglect it then
elastic curve or deflection
curve of the beam. The
line in which any
section of the beam cuts the neutral plane| R =1/
the neutral axis of that
surface is called d2
section.
Consider a cros-section of beam
curve in P
the cutting the elastic | Thus M= El ,dy
(x, y) and the neutral surfacr in the line dr
AB, the neutral axis of this section.
which is the differential
curve.

equation of the elastuc c ernal

Remark 1. The moment M about AB of all ext

ORDINA FFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
.147
forces acling on either sile of the fwo portions of
2
the beam separated by the Cross-section is inde- =ET,
ndent of the portion coisidered.
Sol. The given equation is
2 . The moment M 1s the algcbraic sum
Remark
the moments of the extenal forces
of, dy W sin TC
acting on the d +Py
rtion of the beam about AB. The
upward forces|
give positive
anti-clockwise)
downward

ments.
forces
moments and
lockwise) give negative
m0-
the or
r
Y-EST
yPT WT
8 Sin .. (1)
55-15 Boundary Conditions d o
The general solution of the dilferential equation (Ior D+ WT sin
-R0 TX

will contain two arbitrary constants which, in any 8Q

particular problem, are to be determined from the
houndary (or end) conditions. The following are the
different types of boundary conditions. Which is a
o-
linear differential equation with constnat
)End freely supported. At the freely supported
coefficients.
end O. there will bE no diffection and no bending Its A.E. is m+ =0
moment. X
PXy x QE
or m-
ie. y=0 and =0
C.F. =CcoS sin~|
)End fixed horizontally Y
At the end fixed horizontally, the deflectilon and the
P.I=
D?+PIT( 80 Wsin
siope of the beam are zero i.e. y=0 and=0
dx
Wr2 Sin
(n) End perfectly free. At the free end ADs in|8
tne4
Pr
PT
figure, there is no bending moment or shear
force, P(x.y)
X
sin p=insin
and-o.
d dx || Y The complete solution of (1) is
may be noted that the shear force alongAtne cross

dy of y=C cos sin x

SCction of the beam is Eland
ds
the intensity
XQ-Psin7 .

(2)
loading i.e. load per unit length is given by d4
As the ends are freely hinged. The condition for this
dxis the same as for freely supported ends and so we
55-16 ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE have the following boundary conditions.
Ex. 24. Solve the When x =0, y=0 and
equation d
Ed P+Py=-
y-s wii n f o r a strut of length and when x=l,y=0 and =0
d
inged at each end prove that the benang dx
We need only two conditions to determine íwo
moment at the centre is
W p'
where arbitrary constants c and co, so we take the simpler
8
 148

=
Wn
Or Uhese as y =
0 when x = 0 and when x P.I. = 2 - ? 2 P
from (2))
Now, when x= l, y = 0>c, =0.
rom (2))
x =l, y=0 > c^ =0.
Wn2
and when

of c, and c,
in (2), we
ge 2P D2
P'ulting the value
2
J
W (3)
- P SinT Wx
8
From the given equation, the bending
momcnt 2P
M= E l = - Py- WI sin solution of (1) is
The complete
8 W
d
y=C
e + Cy ne + 2P
TtX
8
W -in sin
8
Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
W
= ne"-c2 ne 2P
WEP+1
8 sinT
-p+1|sin" dx
conditions
Using the given
W x=0,y=0 and x =1, = 0
8 Q-pStn
M (at x=l/2) [ from (2)] (4)
' M at the centre =
| c +2 =0¢2-C
_WE
sin-Ex. 25. A hor horizontal
8 0-P
tie-rod of length 21 with |
and from (3), O=cj ne-C2nne"
concentrated load W at the centre and ends freely | or 0=c, ne"+ Cne" + W [from (4) 1
2P
hinged, satisfied the diferential equation
W
or 0=c n(e"+")+W
El Py- with conditions
dx W
or C
=0,y=0 and x =,=0. Prove thatthe deflec- 2 P (e+e"h
W
tion ô and the bending moment M at the centreC2 Pn (e+e")
(x =) are 8=(nl-tanh nl) and Putting the values of c and c2 in (2), we get
pn
w W
M=-1anh nl, where n*El =P. y=
2n 2 Pn (e+e ) 2 Pn (e+e
Sol. The given equatuon is W
2P
E=Py- or E2E
d
- y =y = H 2
Wnx-
2 P
or Now the deflection is =y at x =I|
W
nl .5)
or (D-)y= (1) 2Pn +e| 2Pn (l-tanh
2P From the given the equation, bending momen
:El=P, EI
and
El=|M=El Py-
Which is a linear diffenential n dx*
coefficients.
equatioin with constant M at the centre =M (at x =)
Its A.E. is m-n= 0 P
W (nl - tanh nl) -
W
or m=tn 2 Pn 2
C.E =Ce"+Ce W
27-tanh n)- tanh nl
2n
 DINARY DIFFERENT EQUATIONS

Ex.26. The deflection of a strut of length I with

one
0) built-in and the other
to end thrust", satisfies thesupported
=

end
subjected equation and
aR
a " 0P - )
ds
the deflection curve is
Prove 1hat
R ( sin ax -lcos ax +I-x|
P a

where al
= tan al.
(S. Gujarat 90, Karnataka 87, Mysore 87 S)
Sol. Given differential equation is
aR
(p+)y=p-)
Its A.E. is m*+a*=0 or. m = t ia
C.F
R- 1 -

--- -
-)
Thus the complete solution of (1) is

. (2)
=c cos ar +
c sin ax + )

Differentiating (2) w.r.t. x, we get

d -
asin ax + C a cos ax-
R .
(3)
P
Now as the end O is built in.
y= dy/dx =0 at x= 0.
from (2) and (3), we have
C + RI/P, and 0 = C, a-R/P
or
c-RI/P, and c= R/ap.
Thus (2) becomes
y=Sinax-
I cosax +l-
which
TD isis the
The end desiredfreely
the desired
A being equanoded
equatjon whencurve
y=0 when
óf the deflection
supported y=0 x*=
(4) gives 0=Sinalicos al or al tan a.
a at each
Ex. 27. A horizontal tie-rod is freelý pinned