TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC THƯƠNG MẠI

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BÀI THẢO LUẬN

NHÓM 5

Giáo viên hướng dẫn: Nguyễn Thị Thanh Huyền

Topic 8: : Classification of subordinate clause by structural
Lớp học phần: Ngữ pháp Tiếng Anh nâng cao
Mã lớp học phần: 2111ENTH0621
( sửa lại khung bìa y như mẫu t gửi nhé, cả mẫu khung luôn nhé)
 Bảng Đánh Gíá Nhóm 5
( ghi bằng tiếng anh nhé)

NHẬN XÉT CỦA GIÁO

Order NAME GHI CHÚ
VIÊN

1 Nguyễn Kiều Oanh Verbless present

2 Trần Thị Phước Word

3 Phạm Thị Qúy Non-finite clause present

4 Nguyễn Như Quỳnh Powerpoint

5 Nguyễn Thị Hồng Thắm Conclusion, Exercise present

Intro, definiton of
Present
6 Lê Thị Phương Thảo subordinte, finite
Leader
clause

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 TOPIC 8: CLASSIFICATION OF SUBORDINATE CLAUSE BY
STRUCTURAL
( căn thẳng hết lề vào cho t nha)

A. DEFINITION OF SUBORDINATE

The subordinate clause is a type of clause that relies on the main clause to form
a full sentence. On its own, a subordinate clause cannot make a complex
sentence. This type of clause has a Definition of a subordinate: verb and a
subject just like any other clause does are also known as a dependent clause.
This type of clause is used to add more information to a sentence.

Examples of subordinate clauses:

- I met my friend in London, where she grew up from a young age.

- Once my mother finishes work, we will go shopping.
- This is Tim, who is my cousin.
- ( chỗ này căn thẳng một dòng , ghi là 1. 2. 3.)
B . BY STRUCTUAL TYPE

1.1 Finite clause

A typical finite clause consists of a finite form of the verb together with its
objects and other dependents ( a verb phrase or predicate), along with its
subject (although in certain cases the subject is not expressed).

Some examples are given below:

 Kids play on computers. (an independent clause)

 I know that kids play on computers. (a dependent (subordinate) clause, but still
finite)

Finite clauses must contain a verb which shows tense. They can be main
clauses or subordinate clauses:

Is it raining? (main: present)

I spoke to Joanne last night. (main: past)

We didn’t get any food because we didn’t have enough time. (main: past;
subordinate: past)
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 Look at each of these examples. Do they have present tense or past tense?
Can we change the tense?

 She feels sick.

 I was watching TV.

In the first example, we have the present tense verb form feels. We could
change to past tense: She felt sick.

In the second example, the verb phrase was watching contains the past tense
form was. We could change to the present tense: I am watching TV.

These are called finite clauses because they contain finite verbs: verbs in the
present tense or past tense form.

Our examples of finite clauses so far are main clauses: She feels sick and I
was watching TV stand alone as complete sentences. Subordinate clauses,
which form part of a larger sentence, can also be finite:

 I know that she feels sick.

 While I was watching TV, the phone rang.

A finite clause typically contains a verb in the present tense or past tense
form. It can be a main clause or a subordinate clause, e.g.:

 Kate broke the dish. (main clause)

 They suspect that Kate broke the dish. (subordinate clause)

+ Look at each of these examples. Do they have present tense or past tense?
Can we change the tense?

Ex1: She feels sick.

I was watching TV.

In the first example, we have the present tense verb form feels. We could
change to past tense: She felt sick.

In the second example, the verb phrase was watching contains the past tense
form was. We could change to the present tense: I am watching TV.

These are called finite clauses because they contain finite verbs: verbs in the
present tense or past tense form.
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 Our examples of finite clauses so far are main clauses: She feels sick and I
was watching TV stand alone as complete sentences. Subordinate clauses,
which form part of a larger sentence, can also be finite:

I know that she feels sick.

While I was watching TV, the phone rang.

This finite verb has a role as a predicate in a sentence. In the application of

finite, it is adjusted to the subject and tenses. Subjects and tenses also depend
on the number and personality. In a sentence (in English) the verb is a very
important component and is used in the present tense and past tense. Finite verb
is also a limited verb and in its use, this finite verb has a relationship with its
subject and tenses. This finite verb can only be used in the present tense and
past tense and the verb can be passive or active as well as singular or plural
verbs, person or number concord and mood.

+ Sentence Types and Examples

Finite verb form based on tenses, person and number.

Based on the Example Sentence Agreement

Present: Fitri drinks a coffee

Past: Fitri drank a coffee

First: I drink in the café

Second: We drink in the café

Third: He drinks in the café

Singular: Siska drinks a cup of tea

Plural: Siska and I drink a cup of tea

1.2. Nonfinite clause

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 Non-finite clauses contain a verb which does not show tense. We usually use
non-finite verbs only in subordinate clauses. We usually understand the time
referred to from the context of the main clause. We often use a non-finite clause
when the subject is the same as the subject in the main clause:
- I had something to eat before leaving. (I had something to eat before I left.)
- After having spent six hours at the hospital, they eventually came home.
 A non-finite clause is similar, except that the verb must be in a non-finite form
(such as an infinitive, participle, gerund or gerundive), and it is consequently
much more likely that there will be no subject expressed, i.e. that the clause
will consist of a (non-finite) verb phrase on its own.

Nonfinite clauses tend to express less information than matching finite

clauses. Take this example:

Ex: I am happy to see you.

We have here the nonfinite clause to see you. Think about this clause on its
own. Does it tell us when the seeing happened? Or who is doing the seeing?

No, it doesn’t tell us whether the seeing is present or past (unlike the finite
clauses I see you, I saw you). We can only work out the time from the main
clause verb (am).

No, it doesn’t say who is doing the seeing: there is no Subject expressed in
this clause. We have to work out from the main clause that it is ‘I’ (the speaker)
doing the seeing. (If we had He is happy to see you, it would be ‘he’ doing the
seeing.)

It is very common for nonfinite clauses to have no Subject. However, some

do have a Subject. For example, in I am happy for you to start without me, you
is the Subject of the nonfinite subordinate clause.

There are four main types of nonfinite clause, corresponding to the four types
of nonfinite verb. Let’s look at an example of each type.

This is a to-infinitive clause, with to followed by the infinitive verb form go.

With Subject: She didn't mean to break the dish. (to-infinitive clause)

Without S: To become a famous singer is her dream.

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 This is an -ing participle clause (also called present participle clause), with the
-ing participle verb form arriving.

With S: She remembers breaking the dish. (-ing participle clause)

Without S : Arriving just before lunch, I looked for Harry Frampton in

the dining room.

This is an -ed participle clause (also called past participle clause), with the -ed
participle verb form covered.

With S : They will replace the dish broken by Kate. (-ed participle clause)

Without S : Left to himselft, he usually gets the job done quickly.

This is infinitive without ‘to’ :

With S : He lets us use some of his land to grow vegetables.

Without S: rather than leave the children alone, I brought him to work with me

Give More Example : ko gạch đầu dong nhé

- Kids like to play on computers. (an infinitival clause using - infinitive)

- Playing on computers, they whiled the day away. (a participial clause, using a
present participle)
- Having played on computers all day, they were pale and hungry. (a participial
clause using a past participle)
-
Some types of non-finite clause have zero in one of the object or complement
positions; the gap is usually understood to be filled by a noun from the larger
clause in which the non-zero clause appears (as is the subject "gap" in most
non-finite clauses). These clauses are also called hollow non-finite clauses.[4]

 Some examples:

1.He is the man to beat. (infinitival clause with zero object; the man is understood
as the object)

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2.That car wants looking at straight away. (gerund-participial clause with zero
preposition complement after at)
3.The building was given a new lease of life. (past-participial clause with zero
indirect object)

1.3 . Verbless clause.

 Verbless clause is a clause – like construction in which a verb element is

implied but not present.

 Verbless clauses are clauses which contain no verb element, and often also no
subject. They are regarded as clauses because they function in ways, which
make them equivalent to finite and non-finite clauses, and because they can be
analyzed in terms of one or more clause elements.

 A verbless clause is a group of words that does not contain a verb. For
example: 'good morning', 'happy birthday'. Although the verb is ellisipted, the
sentence fragment has a meaning since it provides specific information.

For example:

Whether successful or unsuccessful, he always puts his best efforts in his work.

This sentence contains two clauses:

i. Whether successful or unsuccessful.

ii. He always puts his best efforts in his work.

The clause “ He always puts his best efforts in his work” has subject – he and
the predicate – puts his best efforts in his work. It make complete sentence by
itself. Therefore, it is the main clause.

The clause “ whether successful or unsuccessful” has no verb, also has no

subject. So it is called verbless clause.

Here, we can understand that “ Whether he is successful or unsuccessful, he

always puts his best efforts in his work. ”

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 However, verbless clauses are less common than non – finte ones as far as the
range of circumstances they express are concerned.

 With the verbless clause, we can usually infer ellipis of the verb be , the
subject, when omitted, can be treated as recoverable from the context:

For example:

Although somewhat edgy, she said she would stay.

Although in this sentence, the subject and the verb have been omitted, but the
listener still understands who the speaker is referring to.

It can be rephased into : Although she was somewhat edgy, she said she
would stay.

 However, on occasion, verbless clause can also be treated as reductions of

non – finite clauses:

For example:

Too nervous to reply, he stared at the floor.

The full original sentence would be:

Being to nervous to reply, he stared at the floor.

Here the verbless clause itself contain a non – finite clause, to reply.

 Verbless clause as complement to a preposition.

- There no preposition that licences ONLY a verbless clause as complement.

- With, Without accept non – finite and verbless clause.
- Although, if, once, while accept finite, non – fine and verbless.

i. He’d been on the beach (without anyone noticing him). (non –

finite)

ii. He’d been on the beach (without sunscreen on). (Verbless)

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 iii. (While I was working on the Boston) I lived with my aunt. ( Finite)

iv. (While working on the Boston) I lived with my aunt. ( non –

finite)

v. (While in Boston) I lived with my aunt. ( Verbless)

 Verbless clauses functioning directly as adjuncts

Verbless clauses with a subject + predicate structure can function as adjuncts

i. The meeting finally over, they all adjourned to the local cafes.

ii. The passengers, many of them quite elderly, were forced to line up in the sun.

C. EXERCISE

Ex1 : In the following sentences, state whether the verb given in the inverted
commas is finite or non-finite.

1.The fishermen are mending their nets.( finite clause)

2.The rescuers found the boy, though injured, fully conscious.( non-finite clause)
3.Before becoming a bank robber, he was a police officer. (non-finite clause)
4. We dined at a cheap restaurant last night.( finite clause)
5.Everybody left just after the ceremony.( finite clause)

Ex2: Identify the finite and non-finite verbs in the following sentences.

1.The person to make the report to at the police station was the Sergeant. (non-

finite clause)
2.They expect Susan to do all the work] ( expect is finite, to do is non-finite)
3.Seeing no employment prospect, he became self-employed. (non-finite clause)
4.A woman recognized as one of the hostages was found unharmed in the
building. (non-finite clause)
5.We were not allowed in because we arrived late.( finite clause)

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