ARTICLE 1163.

– 5 QUASI DELICTS OR TORTS(CRIME AGAINST THE STATE)

(COMMITED WITH MALICE WITH INTENT) (EVENTHOUGH
THERES NO MALICE INTENDED BECAUSE OF
ARTICLE 1156. An obligation is a juridical necessity to give, to do or not to do. NEGLIGENCE NAKACOMMIT KA NG CRIME) – HINDI
SINASADYANG KASALANAN PERO KAILANGANGAN
The term obligation is derived from the Latin word “obligatio” which means a PAGBAYARAN YUNG DAMAGE NA NAGAWA.YOU HAVE
“tying”or “binding.” TO PAY FOR THE PENALTY OR JAIL.
Meaning of obligation
- HINDI INTENTIONAL YUNG GINAWA MO PERO YOU HAVE
Essential requisites of an obligation# TO PAY FOR YOUR DAMAGES
ARTICLE 1158: ANG BATAS AY DAPAT CLEAR O MALIWANAG
PASSIVE-DEBTOR OR OBLIGATOR- SILA YUNG MERONG - LEGAL OBLIGATIONS –MALIWANAG NA PROVISION EX.
DAPAT GAWIN AND GAGAWA NG DUTY YUNG TEACHER HINDI PROVIDED NG SCHOOL KEME
ACTIVE-(CREDITOR OR OBLIGEE) – SILA YUNG ARTICLE 1159: CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS- BOTH PARTIES AY
NAKAKATANGGAP NG BENEFITS SA MERONG KARAPATAN KUNG ANONG PINAGUSAPAN NYO YUN YUNG
OBLIGATIONS. GAGAWIN NIYO,KUNG ILANG NAPAGUSAPAN NIYO KUNG ILAN
BABAYARAN NIYO.
OBJECT OR PRESTATION-ANO YUNG GAGAWIN AND ANO
ARITCLE 1160: QUASI CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS : HINDI
YUNG IBIBIGAY PAPASOK DITO YUNG TODO OR PWEDENG MAKIKINABANG KA SA KITA NG IBA KUNG SAKANYA YUN
NOT TO DO. SAKANYA LANG YUN.
JURIDICAL OR LEGAL TIE –CONRACT OR AGREEMENT NG DEBTOR KINDS OF QUASI CONTRACTS:
AND CREDITOR
NEGOTIORUM GESTIO- VOLUNTARY MANAGEMENT OF THE
KINDS OF OBLIGATON PROPERTY

1. REAL OBLIGATION- OBLIGATION TO GIVE A THING. SOLUTIO INDEBATI – (PAYMENT OF WHAT IS NOT OWING ) Delivered
2. PERSONAL OBLIGATION – OBLIGATION TO DO OR by mistake.
NOT TO DO ARTICLE 1161: Civil obligations arising from criminal offenses.
TWO KINDS OF PERSONAL OBLIGATION NEGATIVE AND POSITIVE ANO YUNG DAPAT BAYARAN,CRIMES WHICH CAUSED MATERIAL
ARTICLE 1157: ARISE FROM/SOURCES OF OBLIGATION DAMAGE

1 LAW –IMPOSED BY LAW ITSELF CRIMES WITH NO MATERIAL DAMAGE.

2 CONTRACTS – AGREEMENT OR PROOF SCOPE OF CIVIL LIABILITY

3 QUASI-CONTRACTS – SEMI CONTRACTS, EXAMPLE OF THAT IS IT (YOU STOLE THE CAR)

IS THE OBLIGATION TO RETURN MONEY PAID BY 1 RESTITUTION- IBALIK MO KUNG ANONG NAWALA
MISTAKE OR WHICH IS NOT DUE (when they arise from
lawful, voluntary and unilateral acts) SAYO BINAYAD KAHIT 2 REPARATION FOR THE DAMAGE CAUSED
HIND PARA SAYO. 3. INDEMNIFICATION FOR CONSEQUENTAL DAMAGES
4 ACTS OR OMMISION PUNISHED BY LAW – NAKACOMMIT KA NG ARTICLE 1162: OBLIGATIONS DERIVED FROM QUASI DELICTS –
KRIMEN YOU HAVE OBLIGUED TO GO TO JAIL PLUS YOU INTENTIONAL
HAVE TO PAY PENALTY.
 PERSONAL RIGHT-right to demand from the another the fulfillment of
- BECAUSE OF YOUR KACRELESSAN OR INTENTIONAL YOU
the obligation to give to do or not to do.
HAVE TO PAY.
ARTICLE 1163 : Every person obliged to give something is also obliged to ART. 1165. Binigyan si creditor ng mga paraan kung paano mareresolve yung
take care of it with the proper diligence of a good father of a family, unless problem niya in real obligations.
the law or the stipulation of the parties requires another standard of care.
-give something specific man yan or generic determinate thing-IT CAN BE SEGRAGATE THE OBJECT OR A THING.
-in law we call that ordinary care/extra ordinary care.
obligation to deliver a generic thing- when the object is indeterminate thing
SPECIFIC AND GENERIC THING or generic,
SPECIFIC-cannot be substituted- hindi napapalitan or replace.
Example bumili ka ng biogesic-specific diba? Subsituted performance meaning may third party
GENERIC- it can give anything of the same class pwedeng paltan ng
3rd person : DELAY
kaparehong gamit.
Example : bumili ka ng gamut Remedies of creditor in real obligation#

ART. 1164. The creditor has a right to the fruits of the thing from the time the SPECIFIC REAL OBLIGATION- Obligation to deliver a determinate thing.
obligation to deliver it arises. However, he shall acquire no real right over it until
Ako may piano ako tapos binenta ko kay dani ng 20,000 tapos ayun nasira ko yung
the same has been delivered to him.
piano so I have to take 20,000 to Dani
--KINDS OF FRUITS ----
NATURAL FRUITS- Yung mga tumutubo sa ating mga properties and ang GENERIC REAL OBLIGATION- pwede niya pang icomply pag generic pwede niya
other products niyan is products of animals. pang icomply kasi generic naman yan ibig sabihin is mapapaltan pa ng
-without the intervention of human labor. ganun ding item.
-spontaneous Pag nadelay yung promise :
Industrial fruits are those produced by lands of any kind through
cultivation or labor Furtuitous events- flood fire earthquake other diisastor
Civil fruits are those derived by virtue of a juridical relation. ART.1166 ACCESSION AND ACCESSORIES
RIGHT OF CREDITOR TO FRUITS ACCESSIONS- IF THE THING IS “SPECIFIC” YUN YUNG OBLIGATION NA
IDELIVER MO KASAMA YUNG ACCESSION DOON SA
WHEN OBLIGATION TO DELIVER ARISES.
IDEDELIVER MO.
PERFECTION OF THE CONTRACT
-PWEDE KAHIT WALA TO
1,MAGKASUNDO NA,
EXAMPLE:TREES ON LAND- KAHIT WALANG PUNO
2,UPON FULLFILMENT OF CONDITION MAPAPAKINABANGAN MO PADIN YUNG LAND.

3.TIME SPECIFIED BY LAW. ACCESSORIES – KAILANGAN SIYA, YUNG THING

NAYUN.BINENTAHAN KA NG SUSI KASAMA YUNG
PERSONAL RIGHT AND REAL RIGHT BAHAY,HINDI OKAY PAG WALA YUNG ACCESSORIES OR
THINGS.
REAL RIGHT-hindi pwedeng basta kuhanin sayo ng tao kasi ikaw ang
nagmamay-ari nun ART.1167: IF A PERSON OBLIGED TODO FAILS TO DO IT (ANG SINABI
KO RED YUNG PIPINTURAHAN PERO PINK YUNG PINANG
-right over a thing
PINTURA MO ) PAG HINDI NAGAWA MAGBABAYAD SI
-right or interest over a specific thing. DEBTOR (PERSONAL OBLIGATION TO DO ) hindi
compliance sa napagusapan, hindi nagawa at di naayon sa usapan

ART.1168 (PERSONAL OBLIGATION NOT TO DO): sabi ng creditor wag
gawin pero ginawa mo pasaway ka like halimbawa bumili si hanna
saki ng land napagusapan naming ni hanna na wag tayuan ng fence
yung per ako pasaway tinayuan ko padin so I have a rights na
kausapin siya tas ipatanngal niya yun sakin ng walang ginagastos si
hanna.
ART.1169: THOSE TO OBLIGIED TO DELIVER OR TO DO SOMETHING
(PAG NAGKAROON PALANG NG DEMAND ) KAILAN
MAGKAKAROON NG DELAY KAILAN ICOCONSIDER
YUNG DELAY,AUTOMATIC DELAY
No demand,No Delay- IF IM NOT GIVING A DEMAND AM I STILL
GOING TO HAVE AN EXTENSION TO MS.
DELACRUZ.
-RECIPROCAL OBLIGATIONS- meron gagawin pareho
MEANING OF DELAY
1.ORDINARY DELAY:FAILURE TO PERFORM AN OBLIGATION ON
TIME.
2 LEGAL DELAY OR DEFAULT (MORA)-HINDI MO NAPERFORM ON
TIME PERO SA LEGAL DELAY MERON KARAPATANG SI
OBLIGEE OR SI CREDITOR TO ASK OR TO CLAIM FOR
DAMAGES.NANGYAYARI TO KAPAG NAGDEMAND NA SI
OBLIGEE.
KINDS OF DELAY
MORA SOLVENDI (PAG SI DEBTOR YUNG NADELAY TO GIVE OR TO
DO
MORA ACCIPIENDI – PAG DELAY SI CREDITOR TO ACCEPT (PAG
AYAW NIYANG IACCEPT YUNG PERFOMANCE OF THE
OBLIGATION.
COMPENSATIO MORAE- the delay of the obligor cancels the delay of the
obligee, DELAY SILA PAREHAS
Requisites of delay or default by the debtor-
KAILANGAN MAY DEMMAND SA CREDITOR
-PAG WALA PADIN BY THE DATE MAGIGING LEGAL DELAY NA
SIYA
EFFECTS OF DELAY
MORA SOLVENDI: PAG NADELAY DEBTOR He is liable for interest in
case of obligations to pay money
MORA ACCIPIENDA : PAG MERON NG GAWA SI DEBTOR TAPOS
NADELAY SI CREDITOR MAGBAYAD OR WHAT He is liable
for damages suffered, if any, by the debtor;
Compensatio morae-there is no actionable default on the part of both
parties, such that as if neither one is guilty of delay.
#When demand not necessary to put debtor in delay#
When the obligation so provides( WITHOUT ANY DEMAND,OR PROOF )
(2) When the law so provides.- TAXES,VAT,
3 When time is of the essence.
4 ) When demand would be useless.
5 When there is performance by a party in reciprocal obligations.- PAG
NAGPERFORM YUNG ISA AUTOMATIC INDEFAULT NA YUNG
ISA.
ARTICLE 1170: ITO NA YUNG MGA INSTANCES NA PWEDENG MAGCLAIM
SI OBLIGEE P SI CREDITOR OBLIED SI CREDITOR KAILAN ?
KAPAG SI DEBTOR AY NADELAY NAGKAROON NG FRAUD
NEGLIGENCE AND DAMAGES.
DAMAGES:MONETARY COMPENSATION FOR LOSS INJURY TO A PERSON
CAUSED BY THE WRONGFUL ACT OF ANOTHER.
GROUNDS FOR LIABILITY FOR DAMAGES
1 FRAUD (DECEIT OR DOLO) –SINASADYA (PANDARAYA O PANLOLOKO )
(FRAUD CONTAINING CONCENT) 1 INCIDENTAL FRAUD –
CONTRACT/OBLIGATION MERON NG CONTRACT EXAMPLE
DINILEVER MO TINAPAY TAPOS BATO YUNG PINADALA MO.
2. CASUAL FRAUD-MAY PANDARAYA NAGAMITAN NG
MATATAMIS NA SALITA PERO MAY HALO PALANG
PANLOLOKO
2 NEGLIGENCE (FAULT OR CULPA)-KAPABAYAAN,HINDI SINASADYA HINDI
INTENTIONAL,IN LAW, EXAMPLE IS NAGTAXI SI SHAWN
TAPOS NAGKAROON NG ACCIDENT KASI MABILIS
 MAGPATAKBO SI TAXI DRIVER NOW,THE OWNER OF TAXI IS
LIABLE FOR DAMAGES BECAUSE OF KAPABAYAAN NG
DRIVER.
3 DELAY ( MORA) PWEDE MAGCLAIM NG DAMAGES
4 CONTRAVENTION OF THE TENOR OF THE OBLIGATION- KUNG ANONG
NAKALAGAY O PINAGBABAWAL DUN SINUNOD MO,NILABAG
MO YUNG PINAGBABAWAL.
FRAUD …
INTENTIONAL,
NEGLIGENCE … NOT INTENTIONAL
ART. 1171. FRAUD
Responsibility arising from fraud is demandable in all obligations.(REFERS
TO INCIDENTAL FRAUD).
WAIVER OF ACTION FOR THE FUTURE FRAUD VOID – IT IS AGAINST THE
LAW KASI PUMAYAG KA SA AGREEMENT EH NA EXAMPLE “ SI
DEBTOR NAGSABI SAYO NA GAGAWIN KO TO HAH WALA NG
CONTRACT OKAY SO PARA SAKIN PARA LANG TO SA MGA
MGA UTO UTO?” YUN YUNG EXAMPLE NG WAIVER OF
ACTION.
Waiver of action for past fraud valid
IBIG SABIHIN NANGYARI NA YUNG PANDARAYA, DITO
PINAGBIGYAN MO NA YUNG VICTIM.
ART. 1172 : NEGLIGENCE – GUARD ON DUTY
WAVER OF ACTION IN NEGLIGENCE –VALID EXAMPLE NAGBIGAY
NG WAVER SI TOURGUID KUNG MERON MAN
MAAKSIDENTE SA TOUR AND THEN SASAGUTAN NI
PARENTS SO VALID YUN\
KINDS OF NEGLIGENCE
Contractual negligence (culpa contractual)-
Civil negligence (culpa aquiliana)-
(3) Criminal negligence (culpa criminal)- DAHIL SA
ARTICLE 1173
- The fault or negligence of the obligor –
Factors to be considered
(1) Nature of the obligation- SMOKING WHILE CARRYING FLAMMABLE
MATERIALS LIKE GAS
(2) Circumstances of the person: YOU ARE THE BUDDY GUARD BUT YOU
ARE SLEEPING
(3) Circumstances of time (DRIVING WITHOUT HEADLIGHTS AT NIGHT
4) Circumstances of the place(DRIVING 100 KPH IN NLEX IS
PERMISSIBLE.
Measure of liability for damages
(1) Civil Code provisions-
(2) Contractual breach committed in good faith/bad faith
(3) With respect to moral damages
Kinds of diligence required
(1) that agreed upon by the parties, orally or in writing;
(2) in the absence of stipulation, that required by law in the particular
case (like the extraordinary diligence18 required of common carriers);
and
(3) if both the contract and law are silent, then the diligence expected of
a good father of a family or ordinary diligence.
ARTICLE 1174:
LIABILITY IN CASE OF FURTUITOUS EVENT : NO PERSON SHALL
RESPONSIBLE FOR THOSE EVENT WHICH COULD NOT FORSEEN
EXCEPT
FURTUITOUS EVENT- CAN’T PREDICT KADALASAN NATURAL
DISASTERS OR YUNG MGA IMPOSSIBLE TO AVOID.
Fortuitous event distinguished from force majeure
1.ACTS OF MAN –KAGAYA NG WAR,FIRE YUNG MGA HINDI
MAIIWASAN,IBIG SABIHIN TAO YUNG MAY GAWA PERO HINDI
KASALANAN NI OBLIGOR OR DEBTOR
2 ACTS OF GOD-HINDI ITO MAGAGAWA NG ISANG TAO NATURAL Disputable (or rebuttable) presumption.-CAN BE CON
DISASTERS.
ARTICLE 1177:REMEDIES AVAILABLE TO CREDITORS(IN
Kinds of fortuitous events CASE DI MAKABAYAD) MGA KARAPATAN NI CREDITOR
Ordinary fortuitous- EXAMPLE YUNG RAIN ALAM NATIN PERO DI ARTICLE 1178:TRANSMISSIBILITY OF RIGHTS (IT MEANS
NATIN KAYANG IPREDICT (COMMON) YOUR RIGHTS IN AN OBLIGATION IS TRANSMISSIBLE)SI
EXTRA ORDINARY- FIRE,FLOOD (UNCOMMON) FATHER AY MAY UTANG TAPOS NA COVID YUNG
ACCOUNT RECEIVABLE IS MATRATRANSMIT NGAYON
USURY KAY SON

ARTICLE 1175 ANOTHER EXAMPLE IS ITONG SI FATHER IS

NAPAKADAMING PAYABLES,MATRATRANSFER KAYA
MAY KINALAMAN SA LOAN OR MUTUUM
USURY- RECEIVING INTEREST RATE,
KINOCONSIDER NA USURY PAG SOBRANG TAAS
Kinds of interest They are: (1) Simple interest— when the rate
of interest is stipulated by the parties.

(2) Compound interest. — when the interest earned is upon

interest due.

(3) Legal interest. — when the rate of interest intended by the

parties is presumed by law, as when the loan mentions interest
but does not specify the rate thereof.

(4) Lawful interest. — when the rate of interest is within the

maximum allowed by (usury) law.

(5) Unlawful interest. — when the rate of interest is beyond the

maximum fixed by law.

ARTICLE 1176:PRESUMPTION AS TO INTEREST

AND INSTALLMENT (PINEPRESUME)
PRESUMPTION- BASE SA NAKITA NATING ISANG
BAGAY NAASSUME NATIN KUNG ANONG
NANGYARI SATIN
Conclusive presumption- CANNOT BE CONTRADICTED