Presentation Topic: Universal Testing Machine

Guided By: Dr. A.M. Nikalje

Presented By: Dipak Satish Phoke
ME20F11F015 (MTech- 1st Year)
Introduction:

● A Universal Testing Machine is a machine that is used to perform standard

tensile and compressive tests on materials, components and structures. It is
called as universal because it can perform wide range of tests..
● It is used to perform following tests:
1. Tensile Test
2. Compression Test
3. Shear Test
● It can also be used to create the stress-strain diagram. From the diagram, it is
easy to calculate yield strength, tensile strength or total elongation.
Components Used in UTM:

● Loading Unit:
1.Load Frame: Usually consisting of two strong supports for the machine.
2.Load Cell: A force transducer (measuring load) is required.
3.Cross Head: Two movable cross-heads are controlled to move up or down.
● Control Unit: Hydraulic Power Unit, Load Measuring Unit.
● Control Devices: Electric Control Devices or Hydraulic Control Devices,
Load Indicating Devices.
● Output Device: A means of providing the test result is needed. (dial or
digital displays and chart recorders).
Control Panel:

A Control Panel Consists of:

1. Power Supplier (with drive motor & oil tank)
2. Control Valves
3. Load Indicator System
4. Graph Recorder
● This unit facilitates the load application on the specimen.
● A big size load indicating dial fitted at the side of control panel. Indicating
dial range can be adjusted for particular specimen load range selected as
(0-100 kN), (0-250 kN), (0-500 kN).
 Tension Space

Compression
Space

Fig. 2D Structure of UTM Fig. 3D UTM Model

Working Principle of UTM:

● It is a load-controlled machine and works on the principle of

elongation/deformation of material on the application of load.
● The specimen is placed in the machine between the grips and an
extensometer if required can automatically record the change in gauge length
during the test or the machine itself can record the displacement between its
cross heads on which the specimen is held.
● Once the machine is started, it begins to apply an increasing load on
specimen. Throughout the tests, the control system and its associated
software record the load and extension or compression of the specimen.
Tests:

● Why are materials tested?

1. To ensure quality.
2. To test properties.
3. Prevent failure in use.
4. Make choices in using materials.
● Compressive strength can be assessed directly but for the tensile and shear
strength we need to use different kind of cages and calculations.
Operational Procedure:
Compression Test:
Test Specimen: Generally this test is carried out on brittle material. The cross
section of the specimen may be circular, squire, rectangular or in special cases of
any other form.
● Steps:
1. Measure the original length and diameter of the specimen.
2. Grip the specimen firmly in the center of the cross-head of universal testing
machine and adjust the machine to read zero.
3. Continue loading at increments each time and this loading should be
continued till the specimen suddenly fracture.
4. Record the load at the yield point. That is uniaxial compressive strength of
the specimen.
● By reaching the maximum
compression load, ductile material
attains a Barrel or Bulge shape. There
is change in only cross-section, no
fracture takes place.
● And for brittle material, no change in
cross-section or height of specimen on
reaching maximum compression load
then suddenly fracture occur.
● Brittle material : The rupture occurs along a surface perpendicular to the
loading plane. For ex: glass, cast iron, normal concrete,etc.

● Brittle materials are generally weak in tension

but strong in compression.

σu,σf = Ultimate (fracture) Stress

σy = Yield Stress

Fig. Stress-strain curve for brittle material

Tensile Test:
Test Specimen: The tensile test can be conducted with either a round bar, square
bar, sheet specimen or in special cases of any other form.
● A gauge length is marked
on the specimen by formula
L0 = 5.65√ A0.
● The specimen is held in the
clamps at either end. Load
and movement are applied
to the bottom clamp.
● Elongation is measured
w.r.t. gauge length by
extensometer.
● Steps:
1. Mark the 2 inch gauge length on the test specimen using dial caliper. The
gauge length should be symmetrical with the length of the bar.
2. Grip the specimen firmly in the jaw of the universal testing machine and
adjust the machine to read zero.
3. Continue loading at increments each time and this loading should be
continued till yield point is reached. Using the dial calipers, measure the final
gauge length and gauge diameter of the fractured specimen.
● Proportional Limit: Stress is capable of withstanding without deviation
from a straight -line proportionality. If the force applied to the material is
released the material will return to its original shape and size.
● Yield point: The point at which a sudden elongation takes place, while the
load on the sample remains the same or actually drops. If the force applied to
the material is released the material will not return to it’s original shape and
size.
● Ultimate Strength: The point at which the maximum load for a sample is
achieved. Beyond this point, elongation of the sample continues but the force
being exerted decreases.
● Breaking/Rupture Stress: The maximum amount of stress that can be
applied before rupture occurs.
● By conducting a tensile test on a mild steel specimen, following
characteristics can be determined:
1. Elastic limit
2. Limit of proportionality.
3. Yield strength.
4. Ultimate strength.
5. Young’s modulus of elasticity.
6. Percentage of elongation and reduction in area.
Shear Test:

● Steps:
1. Insert the specimen in position and grip one end of the attachment in the
upper portion and one end in the lower portion.
2. Grip the specimen firmly in the jaw of the UTM in suitable cage for single
shear or double shear and adjust the machine to read zero.
3. Gradually move the cross-head control level till the specimen shears.
4. Down thw load at which specimen shears.
5. Stop the UTM and remove the specimen.
Two different cases of shearing may
arise :
1. Single Shear Test: Since the single
shear is occured by bending moment
across the shearing surface, as the
specimen is a cantilever beam, the
failure surface is also bent i.e. it is
inclined to the original surface
2. Double Shear Test: But since the
bending moment across the shearing
surface for double shear is negligible
the specimen is a simply supported
beam, the failure surface is almost
plane, i.e. similar to the original
surface. Fig. Double Shear Test
Computer Control UTM:

1. No need of extensometer.
2. Load v/s elongation curve will
be obtained automatically.
3. No need of calculations.
Precautions While Testing:

1. Apply the load at a uniform rate and without any jerk.

2. Selection of proper dimension of specimen when testing of different type of
strength.
Thank You...