Chapter 3

Thermal Resistance
Asst. Prof. Krongkaew Laohalidanond (Dr.-Ing.)
Department of Mechanical and Aerospace
Engineering
 Content
• The first law as a rate equation
• Conduction
• Radiation
• Convection
• The resistance analogy for conduction and
convection
• The lumped system analysis
 The first law as a rate equation

• The first law from Ch. 2

• Rate equation
 The first law as a rate equation

Example 3-1: Transient heating of a block

Conduction
 Conduction

• Fourier’s law

k = thermal conductivity (W/m K)

A = cross-sectional area (m2 )
T = temperature (K, °C)
 Conduction

• Fourier’s law

• Thermal conductivity (k)

 Conduction

• Fourier’s law

• Coordinate
 Plane wall
 Cylinder
 Sphere

• Temperature profile
 การกระจายตัวของอุณหภูมิตามแนวแกนที่
ต้องการพิจารณา
 Conduction

Example 3-2: Heat loss through an oven wall

Radiation
 Radiation

• Surfaces:
 Black surface (emissivity = 1)
 Diffuse grey surface (emissivity < 1)
• Radiation heat transfer for black surface
Stefan-Boltzmann constant

• Radiation heat transfer for diffuse grey surface

 Radiation

• Emissivity
 Convection

• Type of convection:
 Force convection
 Natural convection
• Convection heat transfer

h = convection heat transfer coefficient (W/m2 K)

As = surface area (m2 )
Ts = surface temperature (K, °C)
Tf = fluid temperature (K, °C)
 Convection

• Convection heat transfer

• Convection heat transfer coefficient

 Convection

Example 3-3: Convection and radiation from outdoor

grill
 Resistance analogy for conduction and
convection
• From Ohm’s law
 Resistance analogy for conduction and
convection
• Conduction resistance for plane wall
 Resistance analogy for conduction and
convection
• Convection resistance for plane wall
 Resistance analogy for conduction and
convection
• Steady state condition
Resistance analogy for conduction and
convection
 Resistance analogy for conduction and
convection
Example 3-4: Conduction and convection in a computer
chip
Resistance analogy for conduction
Heat Conduction and and
in Cylinders
convection Spheres
dT dT
Q cond ,cyl   kA Q cond ,sph   kA
dr dr
r2  T2 r2  T2
Qcond ,cyl Qcond ,sph
 A 
dr   kdT 
r1
A 
dr   kdT
T1
r1 T1
A  2rL A  4r 2
 T1  T2  T1  T2
Qcond ,cyl  2Lk Qcond ,sph  4kr1r2
ln( r2 / r1 ) r2  r1
T T T T
Q cond ,cyl  1 2 Q cond ,cyl  1 2
Rcyl Rsph
ln( r2 /r1 ) r2  r1
Rcyl  Rcyl 
2Lk 4kr1r2
Resistance analogy for conduction and
convection
 Summary for Heat
1-D heat Conduction
transfer in Cylinders and
Summary 1-D,Spheres
Steady State
Heat Conduction in Cylinders and
Spheres
Heat Heat Conduction
Conduction
Qcond ,cyl   kA in Cylinders
dT in Cylinders
Q and
cond ,sph   and
kA
dT
dr
dr
Spheres T2
Spheres
r2  r2  T2
Qcond Q dT
 
dT,cyl    cond ,sph
 

Qcond ,cyl   kA dr   kdT Q cond ,sph kA dr   kdT
dr dT
A dT   AdrdT dT
  Q
r1 
r2  Qcond ,sph  kA   kA
Fourier’s Law r2  Qcondr1 ,cylQcond ,cyl   kAT1
TkA cond ,sph
T2
dr dr T1
Qcond ,cyl 2 dr dr Qcond ,sph
 r2  Adr  r
A Qcond ,cylQdr
2
2 


rL kdT T T2
 r2 
Q
A r2dr
Q 
4 

r 2 T
kdT
2 T2

 
2
Acond ,sph dr
 
cond ,sph

   
cond ,cyl  T
  dr
kdTT  kdT
T r T dr kdT kdT T2
Heat transfer rate r1  A ,cyl 
Qcond T1A 2Lk 1 2 1 A  A
Qr cond ,sph T 4kr1r2T
1 1
r r
T1 ln( r21/ r1 )A  4r
T 1r r
A  2rLr1 1 1 2 1 1
2 1
A  2rLA  2rL A  4r A  4r T  T
2 2
 T
T1 T2  T  T1 1T2 2
 Q Lk ,cyl
1 2  Q kr1,cyl
Qcond ,cyl  2cond
T12
R T2 T1  T2Qcond
Lk  ,sph  Q 4cond r2 T1R T2 T1  T2
 4kr1r2
2  rsph
Q Q
cond ,cyl 2Lk
cond
ln( ,rcyl/ r cyl
) Qcond ,sph cond 4,kr 1rr
sph
2
ln(1r2 / r1ln(
) r2 / r1 ) 2
r2 1 r1 r2  r1
T1  T2ln( r2 /rT 1)  T  T1  T2r2 Tr1  T

Qcond ,cyl R Q T1  T2 1 2 Qcond ,cyl RQcyl T
1  T2 1
Q condcyl
2
Rcyl R2Lk Rcyl
,cyl cond , cyl Q 
cond ,cyl Rsph 4kr1rR
cond , cyl
cyl Rsph 2sph

ln( r2 /ln(
r1 )r /r ln() r2 /r1 ) r2 r r1 r r2  r1
Resistance Heat
Example analogy for an
Loss through conduction
Insulated Steamand
Pipe
convection
Resistance
Example analogy
(Cont.)for conduction and
convection
Example

T2  61o C Answer