Holy Rosary Academy Senior High School

San Agustin, Romblon 5501 Grade 11

MODULE FOR: General Mathematics
Week 5-6

Name: ___________________________ Section: _________________

Grading Period: 1st Semester School Year: 2021-2022

MOST ESSENTIAL TOPIC: Exponential and Logarithmic functions

CONTENT STANDARD: Demonstrate understanding of key concepts of exponential and logarithmic
functions.
PERFORMANCE STANDARD: The learner will be able to apply the concepts of exponential
functions, and logarithmic functions to formulate and solve real-life problems with precision and
accuracy.
LEARNING COMPETENCIES:
 Determines the intercepts, zeroes, and asymptotes of logarithmic and exponential functions.
 Represents a logarithmic and exponential function through its: (a) table of values, (b) graph,
and (c) equation.
LEARNING OUTCOME:
 Evaluates an exponential and logarithmic equations and inequalities.

CONTENT
Exponential functions are used to model populations, help coroners determine time of death, compute
investments, as well as many other applications. Moreover, exponential function requires your good
knowledge in mathematics especially on graphing ordered pairs, basic properties of exponents, and be able to
recognize function notation.

DEFINITION:
An exponential function can be written as 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒃 𝒙 where 𝑏 > 0, 𝑏 ≠ 1, and
x is any real number

In the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑏 𝑥 , b is a constant called the base and x is an independent variable called the exponent.
The two restrictions on b in the definition are important. First, the definition does not include 𝑏 = 1 because 1
𝑥 has a value of 1 for all values of 𝑥 and the function would simply be the constant function 𝑓(𝑥) = 1. The
definition also requires 𝑏 to be positive so that the function can be defined for all real numbers 𝑥. For example,
if 𝑏 = −9 and 𝑥 = 1/2, then evaluating the function would result in finding the values of (−9) 1/2, which is not a
real number. Thus, the domain of an exponential function is the set of all real numbers and the range is the
set of all positive real numbers.

Definition:
An exponential expression is an expression of the form abx-c + d, where b>0, b≠1

“ Loyalty, Service and Excellence”

 Holy Rosary Academy Senior High School
San Agustin, Romblon 5501 Grade 11

. An exponential equation or inequality can be solved for all x values that satisfy the equation or inequality. An
exponential is not ‘solved’ rather, it expresses the relationship between two variables (such as x and y), and
can be represented by a table of values or a graph.
SOLVING EXPONENTIAL EQUATIONS

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 Holy Rosary Academy Senior High School
San Agustin, Romblon 5501 Grade 11

STUDENT TIP: You should be careful in solving exponential inequalities such as 𝑏 𝑚 < 𝑏 𝑛. The resulting
direction of the inequality (𝑚 < 𝑛 𝑜𝑟 𝑚 > 𝑛) is based on whether the base b is greater than 1 or less than 1.

“ Loyalty, Service and Excellence”

 Holy Rosary Academy Senior High School
San Agustin, Romblon 5501 Grade 11

Logarithmic Function

Think of a logarithm of x to the base b and power p. That is, if 𝒃𝒑 = 𝒙 then 𝐥𝐨𝐠𝒃 𝒙 = 𝒑

For example,
(a) 52 = 25 is written as log5 25 = 2.
(b) 7−2 = 1 49 is written as log7 1 64 = − 2
(c) 33 = 27 is written as log3 27 = 8

Common logarithms are logarithms with base 10, the base is usually omitted when writing common
logarithms. This means that 101 = 10 is written as log10 = 1 and 102 = 100 is written as log100 = 2 and so
on.

Natural logarithms are logarithms with base e (which is approximately 2.71828). This means that log𝑒 𝑥 can
be written as ln𝑥.

“ Loyalty, Service and Excellence”

 Holy Rosary Academy Senior High School
San Agustin, Romblon 5501 Grade 11
SOLVING LOGARITHMIC EQUATIONS

Recall that a logarithm of x to the base b and power p written as 𝐥𝐨𝐠𝒃 𝒙 = 𝒑 is an inverse of the exponential
function 𝒃𝒑 = 𝒙 or 𝒙 = 𝒃𝒑. To solve for any logarithmic equation, start with rewriting logarithmic form to
exponential form.
(By Using One-to-One Property)
One-to-One Property of Logarithmic Function For
any logarithmic function 𝑓(𝑥) = log𝑏 𝑥, if 𝐥𝐨𝐠𝒃 𝒖 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠𝒃
𝒗 then 𝒖 =𝒗

(By Using the Laws of Logarithms)

Laws of Logarithmic Equations

“ Loyalty, Service and Excellence”

 Holy Rosary Academy Senior High School
San Agustin, Romblon 5501 Grade 11

SOLVING LOGARITHMIC INEQUALITY

The direction of the inequality is based on whether the base b is greater than 1 or lesser than 1. So, given the
logarithmic expression log𝑏 𝑥;
If 𝟎 < 𝒃 < 𝟏, then 𝑥1 < 𝑥2 if and only if log𝑏 𝑥1 > log𝑏 𝑥2
If 𝒃 > 𝟏, then 𝑥1 < 𝑥2 if and only if log 𝑏 𝑥1 < log𝑏 𝑥2 Simply means that if the base b is greater than 1, we will
retain the inequality symbol of the given. Otherwise, we will use the opposite symbol.

“ Loyalty, Service and Excellence”

 Holy Rosary Academy Senior High School
San Agustin, Romblon 5501 Grade 11
The Logarithmic Function & its Graph
Properties of a Logarithmic Function:
i. The domain is the set of all positive numbers; or {𝑥 ∈ 𝑅| 𝑥 > 0}. Recall that these precisely the permitted
values of x in the expression log𝑏 𝑥.
ii. The range is the set of all positive real numbers.
iii. It is a one-to-one function. It satisfies the Horizontal Line Test.
iv. The x-intercept is 1. There is no y-intercept.
v. The vertical asymptote is the line 𝑥 = 0 (or the y-axis). There is no horizontal asymptote

Relationship Between the Graphs of Logarithmic and Exponential Functions Since logarithmic and
exponential functions are inverses of each other, their graphs are reflections of each other about the line 𝑦 = 𝑥
as shown below.

Graphing Logarithmic Function in the Form 𝒚 = 𝒂 𝐥𝐨𝐠𝒃(𝒙 − 𝒄) + 𝒅

The following examples are given to illustrate graphs of transformations of logarithmic functions.

The 𝒂 in 𝒚 = 𝒂 𝐥𝐨𝐠𝒃(𝒙 − 𝒄) + 𝒅 Example: Sketch the graphs of 𝒚 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠𝟐 𝒙 and 𝒚 = 𝟐𝐥𝐨𝐠𝟐 𝒙 on the same Cartesian
plane and state your observation. Also, determine the domain, range, vertical asymptote, x-intercept and zero.

Solution: Since we already have the graph of the 𝑦 = log2 𝑥 from the first activity, let us focus on the other
function.

ASSESSMENT

Analysis of the Graphs of Both

Functions :
a) Domain: {𝑥 ∈ 𝑅| 𝑥 > 0}.
b) Range: {𝑦| 𝑦 ∈ 𝑅}.
c) Vertical Asymptote: 𝑥 = 0
d) x-intercept: 1
e) zero: 1

“ Loyalty, Service and Excellence”

 Holy Rosary Academy Senior High School
San Agustin, Romblon 5501 Grade 11

ASSESSMENT
Directions: Finish the maze by solving the first logarithmic problem and then taking the path
where its answer is written. Do this until you reach the ending point. Write your solution on a
separate sheet of paper. Circle your final answer.

Note: Do not return the module. Keep for future references.

References:
 Senior High School General Mathematics Teaching Guide by Commission on Higher Education (2016)
pages 105-130.
 General Mathematics Textbook by Orlando A. Oronce REX Bookstore pages 107-171.
 Senior High School General Mathematics Teaching Guide
 https://lor.usq.edu.au/usq/file/5a256444-7623-4919-
9b14c8f288ef5b60/1/B5_Exponential_and_Logarithmic_Functions_Jan14.pdf
 https://1.cdn.edl.io/fkJUjSVfklY6552aaosSkorqhr8ykoKoyf6MhiL88LTWOmiX.pdf
 http://www.mathematicsvisionproject.org/uploads/1/1/6/3/11636986/sec3mod2tnh718.pd f
 https://math.colorado.edu/math1300/resources/Exercises_LogarithmicFunction.pdf
 http://www.unm.edu/~efryer/Review%20Files/Worksheets/Exponential%20and%20Log
orithmic%20Functions.pdf
 https://www.ms.uky.edu/ma109/fall_2016/activities/10_exponential_worksheet_solution. pdf

Prepared by:
Christian M. Cabadongga, LPT
Subject Facilitator

“ Loyalty, Service and Excellence”