Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering (2020) 42:109

https://doi.org/10.1007/s40430-020-2193-x

TECHNICAL PAPER

The best grading pattern selection for the axisymmetric elastic

response of pressurized inhomogeneous annular structures (sphere/
cylinder/annulus) including rotation
Vebil Yıldırım1 

Received: 28 June 2018 / Accepted: 21 January 2020

© The Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering 2020

Abstract
Many models were offered in the literature to simulate the material gradation patterns within the functionally graded metal-
ceramic structures. The present study provides a comprehensive and comparative numerical examination of the displacement
and stress distributions in the three types of annular structures, namely spheres, cylinders, and annuli by gathering most of
models up. To this end, an efficacious and accurate numerical method, the complementary functions method, is exploited
in the numerical determination of the elastic fields with several material-grading patterns under internal pressure including
centrifugal forces to search the best one exhibiting desired elastic axisymmetric behavior of such structures. A functionally
graded material, viz., a particle reinforced composite, is assumed to be composed of an aluminum oxide (ceramic/Al2O3)
and a stainless steel (metal/SUS-410). Different grading patterns are formed by using several material grading rules such as
a simple power rule, an exponential rule, a linear function, a Voigt mixture with power of volume fractions of constituents,
a Mori–Tanaka scheme, Chung and Chi’s Sigmoid function, Chen and Lin’s sine rule, Dryden and Jayaraman’s combined
power and exponential rule, and finally Tornabene’s four-parameter symmetric/asymmetric power functions. Variation of
the elastic fields is presented in both tabular and graphical forms. Combined effects of both the pressure and rotation are also
studied for cylinders and annuli having aspect ratios of 0.6 and 0.9. It is observed in the chosen patterns that a pattern with
gradually increasing ceramic constituents toward a full ceramic layer at the outer surface is found as the best under pressure
loads. Combined pressure plus centrifugal forces require a pattern having a full ceramic layer at the inner surface following
a decreasing pattern with ceramic constituent toward the outer surface. The results with plain stress assumption are found
somewhat higher than the results with generalized plane strain. As expected, the spheres have significantly smallest elastic
fields than the others under the same pressure loads and aspect ratios.

Keywords  Complementary functions method · Initial value problem · Numerical analysis · Axisymmetric elasticity
solution · Annular structures · Inhomogeneous material · Functionally graded · Closed-form solution

1 Introduction composition of at least two different materials, and so the

With the advent of functionally graded (FG) materials by
1980s in Japan, stress analyses of annular structures made
of such kind of materials have inspired continuing research
interest among the academicians. As is well known, FG
materials (FGM) are made of a mixture with the arbitrary
Technical Editor: Paulo de Tarso Rocha de Mendonça, Ph.D.
* Vebil Yıldırım
vebil@cu.edu.tr
1
Department of Mechanical Engineering, University
of Cukurova, 01330 Adana, Turkey
overall material properties may be spatially and continu-
ously distributed along the preferred directions as desired.
In this respect, FGMs are assumed to be an alternative to the
laminated composites because of their outstanding thermal
and mechanical features.
Due to the existence of an excess number of studies on
the elastic response of hollow structures, a limited number
of works on such structures made of functionally graded
isotropic materials and mainly subjected to the mechanical
loads [1–54] will be discussed here.
Analytical studies, which have an important place in the
elastic analysis of FG hollow structures [1–4, 8, 17, 19–21,
24, 25, 27, 29, 30, 32, 33, 36, 39, 41, 43–45, 49–51, 53],

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 109   Page 2 of 19 Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering
mostly used certain material grading rules allowing closed-
form solutions such as a simple power, an exponential, and
linear functions as some of the pioneers Horgan and Chan
[1] analytically investigated the effects of material inhomo-
geneity on the linearly elastic response of power-law graded
isotropic pressurized hollow cylinder or disks. Zenkour [3]
adopted Whittaker’s functions for exponentially graded uni-
formly rotating annular disks. You et al. [8] presented an
analytical solution for linearly graded uniform disks sub-
jected to internal and/or external pressure by using hyper-
geometric functions. Çallıoğlu et  al. [13], Zenkour and
Mashat [14], Eraslan and Ciftci [20], Eraslan and Arslan
[21] performed both analytical and numerical solutions for
a rotating FGM disk.
Based on a semi-analytical axisymmetric elastic solution,
Bayat et al. [5] considered rotating hollow parabolic and
hyperbolic disks. Hojjati and Jafari [6] introduced homotopy
perturbation method (HPM) and Adomian’s decomposition
method (ADM) for variable thicknesses rotating disks. The
results in [5] were compared with the variational iteration
method (VIM) solution. Hojjati and Jafari [6] showed that
HPM is much easier, more convenient and efficient than
ADM and VIM. Hojjati and Hassani [7] employed vari-
able material properties (VMP) theory and Runge–Kutta’s
method. A commercial finite element program was used for
comparisons of the results in Ref. [7]. They suggested the
VMP method as a reliable means for complex disks. Tutuncu
and Temel [9] studied FG hollow cylinders, disks and
spheres subjected to only uniform internal pressure by using
complementary functions method. Semi-analytical methods
are generally used for studying variable-thickness disks as
Asghari and Ghafoori’s [10] study. Nie and Batra [11] ana-
lyzed axisymmetric deformations of a rotating FGM nonu-
niform disk made of a rubberlike material that was modeled
as isotropic, linear thermoelastic and incompressible by
using an Airy stress function and the differential quadrature
method. Lotfian et al. [12] presented a two-dimensional elas-
ticity solution and a numerical solution using finite element
method for elastic analysis of parabolically graded uniform
disk subjected to both the internal and external pressures.
Nejad et al. [18] extended the previous study by Lotfian
et al. [12] to exponentially graded uniform disks subjected
to internal and external pressures. Bayat et al. [15] used
an exponential function and the Mori–Tanaka scheme for
the elastic analysis of FGM rotating disks with parabolic
concave thickness. In their other study [16], two sigmoid
functionally graded rotating disks with variable thickness
were considered. Argeso [17] considered analytically an FG
uniform disk. Nejad et al. [18, 19] examined exponentially
graded disks subjected to pressures [18] and centrifugal
forces [19]. Nejad et al. [19] also presented firstly exact solu-
tions for elastoplastic deformations and stresses in a simple
power-law-graded rotating disk. Amin et al. [22] studied
13
(2020) 42:109
with FGM rotating disk with variable thickness. Dai and Dai
[23] considered the variation of angular speed in an FGM
uniform rotating disk by using Runge–Kutta and shooting
methods. Çallıoğlu et al. [24] investigated elastic–plastic
stress analysis of power-law-graded rotating disks. Yıldırım
[25] analytically formulated the exact elastic response of
a power-law-graded hyperbolic rotating disk subjected to
the internal and external pressures including a rotation at a
constant angular velocity under four physical boundary con-
ditions. Zheng et al. [26] numerically investigated stresses
in functionally graded rotating disks with nonuniform thick-
ness and variable angular velocity. Yıldırım [27] investigated
effects of inhomogeneity and thickness parameters on the
elastic response of a pressurized hyperbolic annulus/disk
made of FGM. Based on both complementary functions
and transfer matrix methods, Yıldırım and Kacar [28] intro-
duced a versatile computer package program for the elastic
analysis of arbitrarily graded isotropic thick-walled annular
structures, namely variable thickness disks, cylinders, and
spheres under all possible boundary conditions. Gang [29]
analytically studied the stress analysis of a simple power-
law-graded free–free hyperbolic rotating disk for four con-
vergent disk profiles and negative inhomogeneity indexes.
Yıldırım [30] presented a comprehensive parametric study
for a power-law-graded hyperbolic rotating disk. Based on
the transfer matrix approach, Yıldırım [31], considered six
different material grading rules such as a simple power rule
(P-FGM), an exponential function (E-FGM), a linear func-
tion (L-FGM), a Voigt mixture rule with power of volume
fractions of constituents (V-FGM), a Mori–Tanaka scheme
(MT-FGM), and a sigmoid function (S-FGM) with several
parabolically/linearly/hyperbolically tapered disk profiles
including uniform ones to study the elastic response of rotat-
ing disks made of FG metal and ceramic pairs (Al/Al2O3)
under free–free, fixed-free, and fixed–fixed boundary con-
ditions. The computer program having been introduced in
Ref. [28] was used in Yıldırım’s [31] study, and the transfer
matrix was obtained with the help of the complementary
functions method. Recently, Yıldırım [32] proposed closed-
form solutions for the elastic fields in a power-law-graded
polar orthotropic hyperbolically tapered disk under sepa-
rate inner/outer pressures and centrifugal forces. Yıldırım’s
[32] formulas are capable of exact determination of the elas-
tic behavior of continuously hyperbolically tapered disks
made of a single isotropic material, or made of a single polar
orthotropic material, or made of a nonhomogeneous mate-
rial formed by functionally power-law-graded two isotropic
materials, or a nonhomogeneous material formed by func-
tionally power-law-graded two orthotropic materials.
Tutuncu and Ozturk [33], Sburlati [36], Nejad and
Fatehi [39] all presented analytical solutions for the elas-
tic behaviors of cylinders. Exact elastoplastic analysis of
rotating thick-walled cylindrical pressure vessels made of
Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering
functionally graded materials was addressed by Nejad and
Fatehi [39]. Chen and Lin [34] examined numerically the
elastic behavior of thick-walled, single or multi-layered,
and arbitrarily graded cylinders/spheres with the help of the
method of transmission matrix. They also presented a lot of
numerical examples. For linear elastic hollow cylinders and
spheres, Nie et al. [36] presented a technique to tailor mate-
rials which are graded by a radially varying volume fraction
rule to attain through-the-thickness either a constant circum-
ferential stress or a constant in-plane shear stress. Ghafoori
and Asghari [37] used three-dimensional elasticity analysis
of functionally graded rotating cylinders with variable thick-
ness profile. By dividing the cylinder into some homoge-
neous sub-cylinders, an arbitrarily graded circular hollow
cylinder was studied semi-analytically under arbitrarily non-
uniform pressure loads by Li and Liu [38]. First-order shear
deformation theory was used by Ghannad and Gharooni [40]
in the elastic analysis of pressurized thick FGM cylinders
with exponential variation material properties. Sachdeva and
Padhee [41] solved the 2D problem by employing the vari-
ational asymptotic method (VAM). Dai et al. [42] reviewed
most of the researches in years (2005–2015) on FGM cylin-
drical structures. Atai and Lak [43] developed an analytical
technique to obtain the effect of electric potential on the
mechanical and electrical response of a power-law-graded
piezoelectric hollow cylinder under the action of internal
and external pressure and temperature gradient.
Chen [44] analytically investigated the stress distribution
in a rotating, spherically isotropic, FGM spherical shell.
Güven and Baykara [45] considered an FGM hollow sphere
with spherical isotropy subjected to internal pressure in the
framework of linear isotropic elasticity. You et al. [46] pre-
sented an accurate method to carry out elastic analysis of
thick-walled spherical pressure vessels subjected to internal
pressure. Two kinds of pressure vessel were considered in
You et al.’s study [46]: One consists of two homogeneous
layers near the inner and outer surfaces of the vessel and one
exponentially graded layer in the middle; the other consists
of the functionally graded material only. Chen and Lin [47]
carried out a numerical elastic analysis for a thick cylinder/
sphere made of exponentially graded materials. Li et al. [48]
studied pressurized hollow spherical vessels with arbitrary
radial nonhomogeneity with the help of Fredholm integrals.
Saidi et al. [49] proposed exact solutions for the displace-
ment and stresses in a thick-walled linearly and exponen-
tially graded spherical vessels under internal and external
pressures. Stress, strain, and displacement of a functionally
graded thick spherical vessel were studied by Nayak et al.
[50]. Nejad et al. [51] derived exact closed-form solutions for
stresses and the displacements in thick spherical shells made
of FGM with exponentially varying properties subjected to
internal and external pressures. A finite element method was
also used in Nejad et al.’s [51] study for comparison aims.
(2020) 42:109 Page 3 of 19  109
Nejad et al. [52] used a semi-analytical iterative method
together with a finite element method (FEM), for the elastic
analysis of thick-walled spherical pressure vessels made of
exponentially graded materials subjected to internal pres-
sure. Anani and Rahimi [53] analytically investigated the
radial expansion/contraction of a sphere made of isotropic
and inhomogeneous hyperelastic material under internal and
external pressures. Shrivastava et al. [54] studied the elastic
analysis of rotating FG spherical pressure vessels graded
with Mori–Tanaka scheme by the finite element method.
In summary, it is generally understood that the function-
ally graded metal-ceramic annular structures were studied
separately by many researches by considering just a grada-
tion model chosen from many models existing in the litera-
ture. Besides, either internal pressure or external pressure
was handled alone for both cylinders and spheres having
different aspect ratios. Results were presented generally
just by graphs although the literature needs some reliable
numerical data for potential comparisons of numerical meth-
ods used for most of gradation rules. The aim of this article
is to contribute slightly more to the literature from different
perspectives.
In the present study, a total of ten material grading rules
(a simple power rule, an exponential rule, a linear function,
Voigt mixture with power of volume fractions of constituents,
a Mori–Tanaka scheme, Chung and Chi’s Sigmoid function,
Chen and Lin’s sine rule, Dryden and Jayaraman’s com-
bined power and exponential rule, and finally Tornabene’s
four-parameter symmetric/asymmetric power functions) are
studied simultaneously for three types of annular structures,
namely a circular annulus, an infinite cylinder, and a hol-
low sphere all of which have the same inner and outer radii
under the same mechanical loads. Solutions are obtained
by an efficacious and accurate numerical method called the
complementary functions method (CFM). Besides, for a
comparison aim, some closed-form formulas are proposed
for power-law-graded such annular structures. Results are
presented in both tabular and graphical forms. As the inho-
mogeneous material of the annular structures, a ceramic (alu-
minum oxide-Al2O3) and a metal (SUS-410-stainless steel)
are functionally graded through the radial coordinate. Effects
of the aspect ratio on the elastic fields are also investigated.
To the best of the author’s knowledge, there is no such thing
as an all-rolled-into-one study in the open literature. Quite
likely, some structure-grading rule matches will have been
originally studied in the present study.
2 Formulation of the problem
In the present study, the linear elastic analysis of such struc-
tures made of an isotropic but, nonhomogeneous material
is to be studied under axisymmetric small deformations
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 109   Page 4 of 19 Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering (2020) 42:109

assumptions. The derivative of the variable with respect to 𝜎r (r) − 𝜎𝜃 (r)

the radial coordinate is to be denoted by the prime symbol. 𝜎r� (r) + = −𝜌(r)𝜔2 r (2c)
r
Field elasticity equations in polar coordinates (r, 𝜃) of a
uniform circular annulus or a disk under axisymmetric plane Comparison of Eqs. (1) and (2) reveals that both the equi-
stress assumption are given by librium equation and strain–displacement relations are the
same for a cylinder and an annulus while the definitions of
ur (r) Hooke’s laws are different for both structural types. For a
𝜀r (r) = u�r (r), 𝜀𝜃 (r) = , (1a)
r thick-walled sphere, the field elasticity equations in spherical

E(r) 𝜈E(r) 𝜈E(r) E(r)

𝜎r (r) = 𝜀r (r) + 𝜀𝜃 (r), 𝜎𝜃 (r) = 𝜀r (r) + 𝜀 (r) (1b)
2
(1 − 𝜈 ) 2
(1 − 𝜈 ) 2
(1 − 𝜈 ) (1 − 𝜈 2 ) 𝜃

𝜎r (r) − 𝜎𝜃 (r) coordinates (r, 𝜃, 𝜑) under spherically symmetric generalized

𝜎r� (r) + = −𝜌(r)𝜔2 r (1c) plane strain assumption turn to be
r
ur (r)
𝜀r (r) = u�r (r), 𝜀𝜃 (r) = 𝜀𝜙 (r) = (3a)
r

(1 − 𝜈)E(r)𝜀r (r) 2𝜈E(r)𝜀𝜃 (r) 𝜈E(r)𝜀r (r) E(r)𝜀𝜃 (r)

𝜎r (r) = + , 𝜎 (r) = 𝜎𝜙 (r) = + (3b)
(1 − 2𝜈)(1 + 𝜈) (1 − 2𝜈)(1 + 𝜈) 𝜃 (1 − 2𝜈)(1 + 𝜈) (1 − 2𝜈)(1 + 𝜈)

where ur (r) is the radial displacement, 𝜀r (r) and 𝜀𝜃 (r) are the 1( 2 )� 2 2( )
r 𝜎r (r) − 𝜎𝜃 (r) = 𝜎r� (r) + 𝜎r (r) − 𝜎𝜃 (r) = 0 (3c)
radial and circumferential strains, E(r) is Young’s modu- r 2 r r
lus, 𝜈 is Poisson’s ratio, 𝜎r (r) is the radial stress, 𝜎𝜃 (r) is
Equations (1a), (2a) and (3a) which are the strain–dis-
the hoop stress, 𝜔 is the constant angular velocity, and 𝜌(r)
placement relations must satisfy the compatibility equa-
is the material density. Equation (1a) reads the displace-
tion,𝜀r (r) − 𝜀𝜃 (r) = r𝜀�𝜃 (r) . By making use of Eqs.  (1a),
ment–strain relations, Eq. (1b) is called strain–stress rela-
(1b), (2a), (2b), (3a), and (3b), the equilibrium equations in
tions, viz., Hooke’s law, and finally Eq. (1c) shows the equi-
Eqs. (1c), (2c) and (3c) read
librium conditions under centrifugal body forces.
( ) ( ( ))
�� � 1 E� (r) 1 𝜈 E� (r) 𝜌(r)𝜔2 r(1 − 𝜈 2 ) (4a)
ur (r) + ur (r) + + ur (r) − 2 + =− (annulus)
r E(r) r r E(r) E(r)

( ) ( )
1 E� (r) 1 𝜈 E� (r) 𝜌(r)𝜔2 r(1 + 𝜈)(1 − 2𝜈)
(4b)
u��r (r) + u�r (r) + + ur (r) − 2 + =− (cylinder)
r E(r) r r(1 − 𝜈) E(r) E(r)(1 − 𝜈)

( ) ( )
2 E� (r) 2 2𝜈 E� (r) (4c)
u��r (r) + u�r (r) + + ur (r) − 2 + =0 (sphere)
r E(r) r r(1 − 𝜈) E(r)

For a thick-walled cylinder, the field elasticity equations These are second-order differential equations called
in polar coordinates (r, 𝜃) under axisymmetric generalized Navier equation with variable coefficients. Equation (4)
plane strain assumption take the following form governs the elastostatic behavior of such annular structures
made of any arbitrarily continuously graded isotropic mate-
ur (r)
𝜀r (r) = u�r (r), 𝜀𝜃 (r) = (2a) rial. It is worth noting that, in Eqs. (4), the radial variation
r of Poisson’s ratio is omitted [8].

(1 − 𝜈)E(r)𝜀r (r) 𝜈E(r)𝜀𝜃 (r) 𝜈E(r)𝜀r (r) (1 − 𝜈)E(r)𝜀𝜃 (r)

𝜎r (r) = + , 𝜎𝜃 (r) = + (2b)
(1 − 2𝜈)(1 + 𝜈) (1 − 2𝜈)(1 + 𝜈) (1 − 2𝜈)(1 + 𝜈) (1 − 2𝜈)(1 + 𝜈)

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3 Material properties Mori–Tanaka rule may be used to estimate the effective

mechanical properties of a graded microstructure which
Now, let us introduce the ten total material grading rules has a ceramic and a metal phase. In Mori–Tanaka estimate
used in the elastic analyses of such structures. In the present (MT-FGM), the equivalent elasticity modulus of FGM can
study, a stainless steel (SUS410) metal and an aluminum be given in terms of the effective bulk modulus K(r) and
oxide ­(Al2O3) ceramic are functionally graded along the the effective shear modulus G(r) of FG material as follows
radial coordinate. It is mainly supposed that the metal is to [15, 54]
be full at the outer surface and the ceramic is to be full at (
r−a n
)
the inner surface. The individual mechanical properties of 𝜌(r)MT-FGM = (𝜌m − 𝜌c ) + 𝜌c ,n ≥ 0 (9a)
b−a
those materials are:

Em = ESUS410 = 200 GPa 𝜌m = 𝜌SUS410 = 7750 kg∕m3 𝜈m = 𝜈SUS410 = 0.3

Ec = EAl2 O3 = 393 GPa 𝜌c = 𝜌Al2 O3 = 3970 kg∕m3 𝜈c = 𝜈Al2 O3 = 0.3

A simple power grading rule (P-FGM) may be defined by 9K(r)G(r)

E(r)MT-FGM = (9b)
( ) ln(Ec ∕Em ) 3K(r) + G(r)
r ln(a∕b)
(5a)
E(r)P-FGM = Ec
a where
( )n
r−a
( ) ln(𝜌c ∕𝜌m ) (Gm − Gc )
r (5b)
b−a
( ( )n )
ln(a∕b)
𝜌(r)P-FGM = 𝜌c
a
G(r) =
r−a (Gm −Gc )
+ Gc (10a)
1+ 1− (9K +8G )G
b−a Gc + 6(Kc +2Gc ) c
The following form of an exponential grading rule c c

(E-FGM) is to be observed in the present study. ( )n

r−a
(r−b) (Km − Kc )
E(r)E-FGM = Em e (a−b)
ln(Ec ∕Em )
(6a) K(r) = (
b−a
( )n ) + Kc (10b)
r−a (Km −Kc )
1+ 1− b−a Kc + 34 Gc
(r−b)
𝜌(r)E-FGM = 𝜌m e (a−b)
ln(𝜌c ∕𝜌m )
(6b)
and bulk and shear moduli of the ceramic and metal con-
Linear variations of the effective material properties stituents are
(L-FGM) are in the form of Em Ec
( ( ) ) Km = , Kc = (11a)
Ec ( r − b ) 3(1 − 2𝜈m ) 3(1 − 2𝜈c )
E(r)L-FGM = Em 1 − 1 − (7a)
Em a−b
Em Ec
( ( ) ) Gm = ,G = (11b)
𝜌c ( r − b ) 2(1 + 𝜈m ) c 2(1 + 𝜈c )
𝜌(r)L-FGM = 𝜌m 1− 1− (7b)
𝜌m a−b A sigmoid function originally proposed by Chung and
Based on the simple Voigt mixture rule, the radial Chi [55] is composed of two power-law functions to define
variation of the effective material properties (V-FGM) new volume fractions as follows
is defined by an inhomogeneity parameter, n ≥ 0  , ( )p
V m = ((r − a)∕(b − a))n , and V m + Vc = 1. − 2b−2r
VcI (r) = 1 −
a−b (12a)
( ) 2
r−a n
E(r)V-FGM = (Em − Ec ) + Ec (8a)
b−a ( )p
2a−2r
( ) VcII (r) =
a−b (12b)
r−a n
𝜌(r)V-FGM = (𝜌m − 𝜌c ) + 𝜌c (8b) 2
b−a
where the superscript I defines the region of
In the above equations, n = 1 also corresponds to a linear
(a + b)∕2 ≤ r ≤ b  , and II determines the region of
variation.
a ≤ r ≤ (a + b)∕2 . By using Eqs.  (12), the variations of
Young’s modulus and the material density may be written as

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 109   Page 6 of 19 Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering (2020) 42:109

( )
I
ES-FGM (r) = VcI (r)Ec + 1 − VcI (r) Em (13a) noted that Eqs. (16–19) should also be written for the mate-
rial density.
( ) �𝜌 �
� �
(13b)
II
ES-FGM (r) = VcII (r)Em + 1 − VcII (r) Ec ⎛
⎜−
s ln 𝜌m
c
⎞
⎟ ⎛
⎜−
𝜌
s ln 𝜌m ⎞�
⎟ ln
�𝜌 ��
� � ⎜ s ln a +bs −as
⎝ ( ) b
⎟
⎠
c
⎜ s ln a +bs −as ⎟
( ) ( ab )+ln m
𝜌c
r ⎝ b ⎠
(rs −as )
and 𝜌(r)D-FGM = 𝜌c e b −as
s
a
( ) (20)
𝜌IS-FGM (r) = VcI (r)𝜌c + 1 − VcI (r) 𝜌m (14a)
It is also possible to obtain an impromptu ceramic coating
( ) toward the outer surface after FGM by using some negative
𝜌IIS-FGM (r) = VcII (r)𝜌m + 1 − VcII (r) 𝜌c (14b) values of s in Dryden’s and Jayaraman’s [56] rule.
Tornabene [57] originally proposed two different four-
In Eqs. (12), p = 1 proposes a linear variation. S-FGM parameter power-law distributions for the ceramic volume
was originally used in Bayat et al.’s [16] study for parabolic fraction through the FG shell thickness by a generalization
disks. One of the two new material grading functions pro- of the standard power-law rule. A simple power rule may be
posed by Chen and Lin [34] is re-obtained by using appropriate parameter values. In the
( ( ( )) ( E − E ) ( ( )))
r−a m c 𝜋 r−a (15a)
E(r)SINE-FGM = Ec 1 + t sin 𝜋 + sin
b−a Ec 2 b−a

( ( ( )) ( 𝜌 − 𝜌 ) ( ( )))
r−a m c 𝜋 r−a (15b)
𝜌(r)SINE-FGM = 𝜌c 1 + t sin 𝜋 + sin
b−a 𝜌c 2 b−a

Dryden and Jayaraman [56] offered a material grading present study, Tornabene’s [57] grading rules are modified
function given by Eq. (16) which is combined with both a for the radial grading of metal and ceramic pairs instead
simple power and exponential grading rules. They optimized along thickness grading. The effective properties of the
the parameters in this function to be able to consider both material properties with symmetric volume fractions read
compressible pipes with thin coatings together with incom- ( )
pressible ones. E(r)T-FGMsym = Em − Ec Vmsym (r) + Ec (21a)
( )n s s
r ( )
E(r)D-FGM = Ec e𝛾(r −a ) (16) 𝜌(r)T-FGMsym = 𝜌m − 𝜌c Vmsym (r) + 𝜌c (21b)
a
where ( Vm + Vc = 1 ), and
sym
where
( ) ( ) ( ( ) ( ) )
a Em a−r a − r p3 p4
n ln + ln Vmsym (r) = 1 − p1 + p2 (22)
𝛾=
b Ec (17) a−b a−b
bs − as
The effective properties of the material properties with
As seen in Eq. (16), the power-law behavior is regained asymmetric volume fractions reduce to the following
when 𝛾 = 0 . For 𝛾 ≠ 0 , an adjustment between two param- ( )
eters n and s is required. To do this, the following should be E(r)T-FGMasym = Em − Ec Vmasym (r) + Ec (23a)
considered [56].
( )
(n + 𝛾s)rs = 0 (18) 𝜌(r)T-FGMasym = 𝜌m − 𝜌c Vmasym (r) + 𝜌c (23b)

where ( Vm + Vc = 1 ), and

asym
In the present study, for the convenience of the readers,
the solution of the above is achieved as follows. ( ( ) ( ) )p
r−b r − b p3 4
( ) Vmaym (r) = 1 − p1 + p2 (24)
E
s ln Em a−b a−b
( ) (19)
c
n=−
a It was seen that similar to Dryden and Jayaraman’s
s ln b + bs − as
rule [56] and Chung and Chi’s [55] sigmoid function, an
impromptu single coating layer composed of either metal or
By doing so, Dryden’s and Jayaraman’s [56] material
ceramic, or two impromptu coating layers may be obtained
grading rule becomes a single variable function. It may be
by Tornabene’s grading rule [57].

13
Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering (2020) 42:109 Page 7 of 19  109

4 Analytical solution of the problem In the present study, by using the definitions given
above, and after writing Hooke’s law in Eqs.  (1b) and
Equations  (4) are also known as two-point bound- (2b) in the unified form of 𝜎r (r) = C11 𝜀r + C12 𝜀𝜃 and
ary value problems (BVPs). As stated above, it is pos- 𝜎𝜃 (r) = C12 𝜀r + C11 𝜀𝜃 , the exact solution of Eq. (25a) is pre-
sible to get analytical solutions to Navier equations sented here for both a cylinder and circular annulus based on
under certain material grading rules such as an expo- Euler–Cauchy solution technique.
nential variation and simple power material grading
rules. The simple power law is( to be )considered here � � � �
⎧ 1
𝛽1 +𝜉+2) 12 (−𝛽1 −𝜉 ) b𝜉 −𝛽1 + 2𝜆 + 𝜉 ⎫
w i t h E(r) = Ec (r∕a)𝛽1 , 𝛽1 = ln Ec ∕Em ∕ln(a∕b) a n d ⎪ 2pa a 2
( r 𝜉
� � ⎪
( ) ⎪ +r 𝛽1 − 2𝜆 + 𝜉 ⎪
𝜌(r) = 𝜌c (r∕a)𝛽2 , 𝛽2 = ln 𝜌c ∕𝜌m ∕ln(a∕b) (see Eq.  5). In ur (r) = ⎨− � �� �� � ⎬
𝜉 − b𝜉 −𝛽 + 2𝜆 + 𝜉 𝛽 − 2𝜆 + 𝜉
⎪ C a ⎪
this case, Navier equations in (4) turn to be
0 1 1
⎪ ⎪
⎩ ⎭
( ) ( ) � � � �
� �
−1 + 𝜆𝛽1 1 + 𝛽1 � ⎧ (𝛽1 +𝜉+2) r 21 (−𝛽1 −𝜉 ) a −𝛽�1 + 2𝜆 + 𝜉 � ⎫
−𝛽 1 1
𝜉
b
ur (r) + ur (r) + u��r (r) ⎪ 2p b a b 2
+r𝜉 𝛽1 − 2𝜆 + 𝜉
⎪
r2 r ⎪ ⎪
( )−𝛽1 +𝛽2 + ⎨− �
𝜉 𝜉
�� �� � ⎬
⎪ C0 b − a −𝛽1 + 2𝜆 + 𝜉 𝛽1 − 2𝜆 + 𝜉 ⎪
r ar 𝜔 2 𝜌a ⎪ ⎪
=− (disk and cylinder) ⎩ ⎭
C0 (25a) � � �−𝛽1 +𝛽2 �
1
(−𝜉−𝛽 ) � 𝜉
� 3 r
+ r2 1
C 1 + C2 r + r 𝛺
a
( ) ( )
−2 + 2𝜆𝛽1 2 + 𝛽1 (27a)
ur (r) + u�r (r) + u��r (r) = 0 (sphere)
r2 r � �𝛽1 � � 1
⎧ 1
⎫
(25b) ⎪ pa a
2( 1
𝛽 +𝜉+2) r
a
b𝜉 − r𝜉 r 2 (−𝛽1 −𝜉−2) ⎪
𝜎r (r) = ⎨ ⎬
where Ea = Ec , 𝜌a = 𝜌c and ⎪ a 𝜉 − b𝜉 ⎪
⎩ ⎭
( ) E � �−𝛽1 � �𝛽1 � �
⎧ 1 1
⎫
Co disk = ( c ) ⎪ pb a
b r
a
a𝜉 − r𝜉 b 2 (𝛽1 +𝜉+2) r 2 (−𝛽1 −𝜉−2) ⎪
1 − 𝜈2 +⎨ ⎬
⎪ b 𝜉 − a𝜉 ⎪
( ) Ec (1 − 𝜈) ⎩ ⎭
Co cylinder∕sphere =
(1 − 2𝜈)(1 + 𝜈) ⎧ � � � �⎫
⎪ 1 21 (−2−𝜉−𝛽1 ) 2 C1 + C2 r𝜉 C12 ⎪
C12 ⎪ 2r � � � � �� ⎪
(𝜆)disk = =𝜈 +⎨ +C11 C2 r𝜉 𝜉 − 𝛽1 − C1 𝜉 + 𝛽1 ⎬
C11 � �−𝛽1 +𝛽2 � � ��
⎪ 2 r ⎪
C ⎪ +r 𝛺 C 12 + C 11 3 − 𝛽1 + 𝛽 2 ⎪
𝜈 ⎩
a
⎭
(𝜆)cylinder∕sphere = 12 =
C11 1−𝜈 (27b)
( ) E(r) ( ) ( r ) 𝛽1
C11 disk = ( ) = Co disk
1 − 𝜈2 a
( ) E(r)(1 − 𝜈) ( ) ( )𝛽1
r
C11 cylinder∕sphere = = Co cylinder∕sphere
(1 + 𝜈)(1 − 2𝜈) a
(26)

⎧ � �𝛽 1 1 � 𝜉� �� � �⎫
⎪ pa a 2 (𝛽1 +𝜉+2) r r 2 (−𝛽1 −𝜉−2) b −𝛽𝜉 �1 + 2𝜆 + 𝜉 �� 𝛽1 𝜆 + 𝜆𝜉 − 2 � ⎪
1

⎪ a −r 𝛽1 − 2𝜆 + 𝜉 −𝛽1 𝜆 + 𝜆𝜉 + 2 ⎪
𝜎𝜃 (r) = ⎨ � �� �� � ⎬
⎪ a𝜉 − b𝜉 −𝛽1 + 2𝜆 + 𝜉 𝛽1 − 2𝜆 + 𝜉 ⎪
⎪ ⎪
⎩ ⎭
⎧ � �−𝛽1 � �𝛽1 1 � 𝜉
� �� � �⎫
⎪ pb b r (𝛽1 +𝜉+2) 12 (−𝛽1 −𝜉−2) a −𝛽� 1 + 2𝜆 + 𝜉 �� 𝛽1 𝜆 + 𝜆𝜉 − 2 � ⎪
b 2 r (27c)
⎪ a a −r𝜉 𝛽1 − 2𝜆 + 𝜉 −𝛽1 𝜆 + 𝜆𝜉 + 2 ⎪
+⎨ � �� �� � ⎬
𝜉 − a𝜉 −𝛽 + 2𝜆 + 𝜉 𝛽 − 2𝜆 + 𝜉
⎪ b 1 1 ⎪
⎪ ⎪
⎩ ⎭
� � � �
⎧ 1 1 (−2−𝜉−𝛽1 ) 2 C1 + �C2 r �C11 𝜉
� � �� ⎫
⎪ 2r2 +C C r 𝜉
𝜉 − 𝛽 − C 𝜉 + 𝛽 ⎪
+⎨ � �−𝛽1 +𝛽2 � 12 2 � 1 1 1
⎬
��
⎪ +r2 r 𝛺 C + C 3 − 𝛽 + 𝛽 ⎪
⎩ a 11 12 1 2 ⎭

13
 109   Page 8 of 19 Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering (2020) 42:109

where � �𝛽
⎧ 1
(𝛽1 +𝜒+3) r 1 (b𝜒 − r𝜒 )r 12 (−𝛽1 −𝜒−3) ⎫
√ p
⎪ a a 2
a ⎪
𝜉 = 4 − 4𝜆𝛽1 + 𝛽12 (28a) 𝜎r (r) = ⎨ 𝜒 𝜒 ⎬
⎪ a −b ⎪
⎩ ⎭
� �−𝛽1 � �𝛽1
⎧ 1 1
⎫
𝜔 2 𝜌a
⎪ pb a
b r
(a𝜒 − r𝜒 )b 2 (𝛽1 +𝜒+3) r 2 (−𝛽1 −𝜒−3) ⎪
𝛺=− ( ( ) ( )( )) (28b) a
C0 𝛽1 −3 + 𝜆 − 𝛽2 + 2 + 𝛽2 4 + 𝛽2 +⎨ ⎬
⎪ b 𝜒 − a𝜒 ⎪
⎩ ⎭
(29b)

⎧ � �𝛽1 1 � 𝜒� �� � �
⎪ pa a 2 (𝛽1 +𝜒+3) r r 2 (−𝛽1 −𝜒−3) b −𝛽
1
1 + 4𝜆 + 𝜒 − 1 ��
� 𝛽1 𝜆 + 𝜆(𝜒 − 1) − 2 � ⎫ ⎪
⎪ a −r𝜒 𝛽1 − 4𝜆 + 𝜒 + 1 −𝛽1 𝜆 + 𝜆𝜒 + 𝜆 + 2 ⎪
𝜎𝜃 (r) = ⎨ � �� � ⎬
⎪ (a𝜒 − b𝜒 ) −𝛽1 + 4𝜆 + 𝜒 − 1 𝛽1 − 4𝜆 + 𝜒 + 1 ⎪
⎪ ⎪
⎩ ⎭
(29c)
⎧ � �−𝛽1 � �𝛽1 1 � � �� � �
⎪ pb b r (
𝜒
𝛽1 +𝜒+3) 12 (−𝛽1 −𝜒−3) a −𝛽� 1 + 4𝜆 + 𝜒 − 1 �� 𝛽1 𝜆 + 𝜆(𝜒 − 1) − 2 � ⎫ ⎪
b 2 r
⎪ a a −r𝜒 𝛽1 − 4𝜆 + 𝜒 + 1 −𝛽1 𝜆 + 𝜆𝜒 + 𝜆 + 2 ⎪
+⎨ � �� � ⎬
(a𝜒 − b𝜒 ) 𝛽 − 4𝜆 − 𝜒 + 1 𝛽 − 4𝜆 + 𝜒 + 1
⎪ 1 1 ⎪
⎪ ⎪
⎩ ⎭

� �𝛽 1 where
� �−𝛽1 ⎛ a 2 +3 b𝜉∕2 b ⎞
𝛽1
� � √
2𝛺a 𝜉∕2
𝛽1 − 𝛽2 − 𝜆 − 3 b𝜉∕2 ab ⎜ a
� �𝛽 2 ⎟ ( )
⎜ −a𝜉∕2 b 2 +3 b
𝛽1
⎟ 𝜒 = 9 + 𝛽1 2 − 8𝜆 + 𝛽1 (30)
⎝ a ⎠
C1 = � �� �
𝜉 𝜉
a − b 𝛽1 − 2𝜆 + 𝜉
In this section, both internal/external pressures and cen-
(28c) trifugal forces are considered as mechanical forces for both
� �𝛽 1 1
a cylinder and a circular uniform annulus. Boundary condi-
�� b �−𝛽1 ⎛ a a 2 ( 1 ⎞
b 𝛽 +𝜉+6)
�
2𝛺 𝛽1 − 𝛽2 − 𝜆 − 3 a ⎜ � �𝛽 2 1 ⎟ tions 𝜎r (a) = −pa and 𝜎r (b) = −pb were used in the solution
⎜ − b b 2 (𝛽1 +𝜉+6) ⎟ to Eq. (25).
⎝ a ⎠
C2 = − � �� �
a𝜉 − b𝜉 𝛽1 − 2𝜆 − 𝜉
(28d) 5 Numerical solution of the problem
As to a hollow power-law-graded
s p h e r e ,( 𝜎r (r) = C)11 𝜀r + 2C12 𝜀𝜃 a n d In the case of arbitrary variations of material properties
𝜎𝜃 (r) = C12 𝜀r + C11 + C12 𝜀𝜃 , closed-form solutions to along the radial coordinate (see Sect. 3), the use of numerical
Eq. (25b) are to be solution techniques is required for the solution of two-point

⎧ � 𝜒� � �⎫
⎪ 2pa a 2 (𝛽1 +𝜒+3) r 2 (−𝛽1 −𝜒−1) b −𝛽 1 + 4𝜆 + 𝜒 − 1 �
�
1 1
⎪
⎪ +r𝜒 𝛽1 − 4𝜆 + 𝜒 + 1 ⎪
ur (r) = ⎨− � �� � ⎬
𝜒 𝜒
C0 (a − b ) −𝛽1 + 4𝜆 + 𝜒 − 1 𝛽1 − 4𝜆 + 𝜒 + 1 ⎪
⎪
⎪ ⎪
⎩ ⎭ (29a)
⎧ � �−𝛽1 1 � 𝜒
� � �⎫
⎪ 2pb b (𝛽 +𝜒+3 ) 1
(−𝛽 −𝜒−1 ) a −𝛽�
1 + 4𝜆 + 𝜒 − 1 � ⎪
b2 1
r2 1

⎪ a +r𝜒 𝛽1 − 4𝜆 + 𝜒 + 1 ⎪
+ ⎨− � �� � ⎬
𝜒 𝜒
C0 (a − b ) 𝛽1 − 4𝜆 − 𝜒 + 1 𝛽1 − 4𝜆 + 𝜒 + 1
⎪ ⎪
⎪ ⎪
⎩ ⎭

13
Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering (2020) 42:109 Page 9 of 19  109

boundary value problems in Eq. (4). The state space, the � � � �

u�r (r) ⎡ − 2𝜈 (𝜈+1)(2𝜈−1)
⎤ ur (r)
complementary functions, and the transfer matrix methods = ⎢ 2E(r)
r(1−𝜈) E(r)(𝜈−1)
⎥ (sphere)
are all bound up with the family of initial value problems 𝜎r� (r) ⎢ 2(2𝜈−1) ⎥ 𝜎r (r)
⎣ r2 (1−𝜈) r(1−𝜈) ⎦
(IVP). A BVP problem governed with the nth-order differen- (31c)
tial equation may be solved by an IVP technique after putting
More compact form of Eq. (31) is
the governing equation in the form of a set of the n-ordinary
differential equation with first order. When doing this, the d
state variables may be assigned in a few ways. The simplest
S(r) = D(r)S(r) + k(r) (0 < a ≤ r ≤ b) (32)
dr
and easiest choice is to use ur (r) and dur (r)∕dr as principal
state variables for Eq. (4). In the present study, differently where S(r) is called the state vector containing the principal
from the literature, choosing ur (r) and 𝜎r (r) as principal state state variables, D(r) is the differential matrix. Column matrix
variables, Navier equation in Eq. (4) may be rewritten by two k(r) represents the nonhomogeneous terms in the differen-
first-order differential equation set as follows tial equation. In the present study, the accurate numerical
solution of Eq. (31) is found under boundary conditions
{ } [ ]{ } { }
u�r (r) − 𝜈r 1−𝜈 2
ur (r) 0 in Eq.  (12) with the help of the Complementary Func-
= E(r) + (annulus)
𝜎r� (r) E(r) 𝜈−1 𝜎r (r) −𝜌(r)𝜔2 r tions Method (CFM) which is also one of the effective and
accurate methods used for the initial value problem (IVP)
r2 r
(31a)
� � � � � �
u�r (r) ⎡ − 𝜈 (1+𝜈)(2𝜈−1) ⎤ ur (r) 0
= ⎢ E(r) ⎥ (31b)
r(1−𝜈) E(r)(𝜈−1)
+ (cylinder)
𝜎r� (r) ⎢ (2𝜈−1) ⎥ 𝜎r (r) −𝜌(r)𝜔2 r
⎣ r2 (1−𝜈 2 ) − r(𝜈−1) ⎦

Table 1  Validation of the present results

r∕b Circular P-FGM annulus Hollow P-FGM cylinder Hollow P-FGM sphere
ur 𝜎r 𝜎𝜃 ur 𝜎r 𝜎𝜃 ur 𝜎r 𝜎𝜃

Present/analytical
0.6  1.9329148 − 1. 2.9215247 1.843975 − 1. 2.9486713 0.7321615 − 1. 1.3146703
0.7  1.7738076 − 0.5193327 1.9109177 1.668221 − 0.5174608 1.9141606 0.5883100 − 0.4676422 0.7788077
0.8  1.6597794 − 0.2542463 1.3419577 1.539705 − 0.2527870 1.3374115 0.4945508 − 0.21062495 0.5134161
0.9  1.5784672 − 0.0975569 0.9967111 1.444856 − 0.0968914 0.9904894 0.4320772 − 0.0755547 0.3688239
1.  1.5221546 0. 0.7746334 1.375280 0. 0.7691080 0.3904707 0. 0.2838754
Present/numerical (CFM)
0.6  1.932915 − 1.000000 2.921525 1.843974 − 1.000000 2.948671 0.732162 − 1.000000 1.314670
0.7  1.773808 − 0.519333 1.910918 1.668221 − 0.517461 1.914161 0.588310 − 0.467642 0.778808
0.8  1.659779 − 0.254246 1.341958 1.539705 − 0.252787 1.337412 0.494551 − 0.210625 0.513416
0.9  1.578467 − 0.097557 0.996711 1.444856 − 0.096891 0.990489 0.432077 − 0.075555 0.368824
1.  1.522155 0.000000 0.774633 1.375280 0.000000 0.769108 0.390471 0.000000 0.283875

Fig. 1  Comparison of the elastic fields in P-FGM annular structures

13
 109   Page 10 of 19 Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering (2020) 42:109

solutions [58–61]. In the method of CFM, the general solu-

tion of BVP in Eq. (31) reads

ur (r) = u(0)
r
(r) + b1 u(1)
r
(r) + b2 u(2)
r
(r) (33a)

𝜎r (r) = 𝜎r(0) (r) + b1 𝜎r(1) (r) + b2 𝜎r(2) (r) (33b)

where superscripts (1) and (2) exemplify the homogeneous

solutions of Eq. (31) under prescribed Kronecker delta initial
conditions, and superscript (0) characterizes the nonhomo-
geneous solutions of Eq. (31) under zero initial conditions.
In Eq. (33), b1 and b2 are the other unknowns which are
determined by plugging the physical boundary conditions
in the solution (33) [58, 59]. The detailed knowledge about
CFM may be found in references [60, 61].

6 Validation of the present numerical

results

In the present study, results of analytical and numerical for-

mulations explained in Sects. 4 and 5 are to be compared
with each other. Unless otherwise stated, the following mate-
rial properties are to be used for all examples:
Fig. 2  Material grading rules considered in the present study

Fig. 3  Typical variations of the elastic fields in annular structures

13
Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering (2020) 42:109 Page 11 of 19  109

Fig. 4  Variations of the elastic fields in cylindrical and spherical structures under internal pressure with material grading rules (a/b = 0.6)

13
 109   Page 12 of 19 Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering (2020) 42:109

Table 2  Displacement and stresses in a FGM annulus and cylinder under pressure (a/b = 0.6)

r∕b P-FGM E-FGM V-FGM L-FGM MT-FGM T-FGMsym T-FGMasym S-FGM D-FGM SINE-FGM
ur

Annulus (disk)
 0.6 1.932915 1.880410 1.713012 1.817315 2.077231 1.648464 1.456144 1.784578 2.164572 1.766634
 0.7 1.773808 1.724714 1.567647 1.665367 1.905178 1.473176 1.321306 1.637996 1.989985 1.617929
 0.8 1.659779 1.614157 1.467442 1.558685 1.780977 1.369697 1.230029 1.538062 1.860089 1.514821
 0.9 1.578467 1.535400 1.396678 1.482982 1.693064 1.300280 1.167793 1.463652 1.767350 1.441710
 1. 1.522155 1.480690 1.347147 1.430238 1.632574 1.253614 1.125885 1.411249 1.704000 1.390483
𝜎r

 0.6 − 1.000000 − 1.000000 − 1.000000 − 1.00000 − 1.000000 − 1.000000 − 1.000000 − 1.000000 − 1.000000 − 1.000000
 0.7 − 0.519333 − 0.522787 − 0.537036 − 0.52862 − 0.523829 − 0.638075 − 0.585459 − 0.515323 − 0.506834 − 0.532364
 0.8 − 0.254246 − 0.254637 − 0.259872 − 0.25701 − 0.262111 − 0.350923 − 0.316406 − 0.229103 − 0.254512 − 0.256386
 0.9 − 0.097557 − 0.096506 − 0.094709 − 0.09595 − 0.102717 − 0.146824 − 0.131944 − 0.085569 − 0.102633 − 0.093865
 1. 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000
𝜎𝜃

 0.6 2.921525 2.834017 2.555021 2.728859 3.162051 1.098188 2.125000 2.674297 3.307620 2.644390
 0.7 1.910918 1.924194 1.940909 1.928421 1.852886 1.706397 1.710459 2.113575 1.841617 1.946052
 0.8 1.341958 1.362986 1.437855 1.392840 1.337238 1.579413 1.441406 1.381763 1.261352 1.424166
 0.9 0.996711 0.998963 1.028446 1.012069 1.031055 1.397007 1.256944 0.851869 0.995716 1.005519
 1. 0.774633 0.753532 0.685571 0.727857 0.830827 1.252629 1.125000 0.718193 0.867176 0.707625
𝜎 eq

 0.6 3.529424 3.444658 3.175398 3.342982 3.763060 1.817747 2.764168 3.290314 3.904865 3.261470
 0.7 2.216690 2.231989 2.257848 2.240009 2.162910 2.099462 2.066358 2.412868 2.140521 2.259765
 0.8 1.485490 1.506532 1.583862 1.537540 1.485737 1.780995 1.622909 1.509412 1.405993 1.568158
 0.9 1.048898 1.050546 1.078923 1.063297 1.086062 1.475906 1.327842 0.897717 1.050799 1.055586
 1. 0.774633 0.753532 0.685571 0.727857 0.830827 1.252629 1.125000 0.718193 0.867176 0.707625
ur

Hollow cylinder
 0.6 1.843974 1.794056 1.635196 1.734253 1.982565 1.582676 1.395346 1.700586 2.064347 1.685950
 0.7 1.668221 1.622322 1.475818 1.567053 1.792774 1.399958 1.250375 1.538672 1.870507 1.522596
 0.8 1.539705 1.497590 1.362566 1.446622 1.653285 1.285033 1.148965 1.424417 1.724849 1.406006
 0.9 1.444856 1.405591 1.279529 1.358032 1.550909 1.204001 1.076596 1.337423 1.617307 1.320271
 1. 1.375280 1.337959 1.218151 1.292767 1.476155 1.145799 1.024555 1.272872 1.539188 1.256861
𝜎r

 0.6 − 1.000000 − 1.000000 − 1.000000 − 1.00000 − 1.000000 − 1.000000 − 1.000000 − 1.000000 − 1.000000 − 1.000000
 0.7 − 0.517461 − 0.521078 − 0.535911 − 0.52714 − 0.521935 − 0.640502 − 0.585459 − 0.513868 − 0.504329 − 0.531086
 0.8 − 0.252787 − 0.253252 − 0.258799 − 0.25575 − 0.260713 − 0.352442 − 0.316406 − 0.227506 − 0.252781 − 0.255210
 0.9 − 0.096891 − 0.095864 − 0.094171 − 0.09535 − 0.102085 − 0.147468 − 0.131944 − 0.084822 − 0.101881 − 0.093287
 1. 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000
𝜎𝜃

 0.6 2.948671 2.857245 2.566293 2.747716 3.202499 1.046581 2.125000 2.686054 3.352283 2.659249
 0.7 1.914161 1.927763 1.944928 1.932107 1.854824 1.707364 1.710459 2.121129 1.843165 1.950066
 0.8 1.337412 1.358971 1.435771 1.389580 1.332614 1.585828 1.441406 1.378673 1.254793 1.421672
 0.9 0.990489 0.992993 1.023611 1.006559 1.025163 1.403120 1.256944 0.844811 0.988599 1.000250
 1. 0.769108 0.748237 0.681235 0.722963 0.825521 1.258130 1.125000 0.711837 0.860771 0.702883
𝜎 eq

 0.6 3.555746 3.467145 3.186244 3.361199 3.802434 1.772544 2.764168 3.301657 3.948428 3.275799

13
Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering (2020) 42:109 Page 13 of 19  109

Table 2  (continued)
𝜎 eq

 0.7 2.218621 2.234347 2.261029 2.242631 2.163535 2.102119 2.066358 2.419345 2.140366 2.262844
 0.8 1.480085 1.501699 1.581136 1.533533 1.480291 1.788289 1.622909 1.505375 1.398425 1.564962
 0.9 1.042318 1.044231 1.073798 1.057465 1.079831 1.482366 1.327842 0.890257 1.043277 1.050006
 1. 0.769108 0.748237 0.681235 0.722963 0.825521 1.258130 1.125000 0.711837 0.860771 0.702883

Table 3  Displacement and stresses in a FGM sphere under pressure (a/b = 0.6)

r∕b P-FGM E-FGM V-FGM L-FGM MT-FGM T-FGMsym T-FGMasym S-FGM D-FGM SINE-FGM
ur

Hollow sphere
 0.6 0.732162 0.712753 0.651440 0.689751 0.788078 0.653227 0.564015 0.674000 0.818187 0.670929
 0.7 0.588310 0.572056 0.520340 0.552550 0.632582 0.497293 0.442964 0.541568 0.660058 0.536744
 0.8 0.494551 0.481086 0.437758 0.464718 0.530655 0.412319 0.368268 0.458741 0.553621 0.451764
 0.9 0.432077 0.420510 0.383153 0.406418 0.463212 0.358793 0.320524 0.401376 0.482694 0.395374
 1 0.390471 0.380057 0.346433 0.367379 0.418554 0.324078 0.289513 0.362615 0.436036 0.357425
𝜎r

 0.6 − 1.000000 − 1.000000 − 1.000000 − 1.00000 − 1.000000 − 1.000000 − 1.000000 − 1.000000 − 1.000000 − 1.000000
 0.7 − 0.467642 − 0.470997 − 0.484544 − 0.47652 − 0.471315 − 0.577916 − 0.527727 − 0.465460 − 0.455333 − 0.480216
 0.8 − 0.210625 − 0.211084 − 0.215854 − 0.21322 − 0.216985 − 0.292783 − 0.262596 − 0.190215 − 0.210269 − 0.212878
 0.9 − 0.075555 − 0.074787 − 0.073541 − 0.07442 − 0.079502 − 0.114576 − 0.102419 − 0.066374 − 0.079281 − 0.072852
 1 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000
𝜎𝜃

 0.6 1.314670 1.268459 1.122475 1.213693 1.447806 0.362931 0.913265 1.176191 1.519492 1.168877
 0.7 0.778808 0.784201 0.789068 0.784986 0.751433 0.667519 0.677129 0.871834 0.749542 0.792167
 0.8 0.513416 0.522384 0.553474 0.534708 0.509677 0.599008 0.544563 0.536513 0.478661 0.548291
 0.9 0.368824 0.370123 0.382668 0.375609 0.380958 0.518949 0.464475 0.315335 0.366532 0.373743
 1 0.283875 0.276304 0.251860 0.267087 0.304293 0.462604 0.413265 0.263624 0.317002 0.259851
𝜎 eq

 0.6 2.314670 2.268459 2.122475 2.213693 2.447806 1.362931 1.913265 2.176191 2.519492 2.168877
 0.7 1.246450 1.255198 1.273612 1.261502 1.222748 1.245434 1.204855 1.337293 1.204875 1.272382
 0.8 0.724041 0.733468 0.769329 0.747923 0.726662 0.891791 0.807159 0.726728 0.688930 0.761169
 0.9 0.444379 0.444909 0.456208 0.450025 0.460460 0.633526 0.566893 0.381709 0.445813 0.446595
 1 0.283875 0.276304 0.251860 0.267087 0.304293 0.462604 0.413265 0.263624 0.317002 0.259851

Em = ESUS410 = 200 GPa 𝜌m = 𝜌SUS410 = 7750 kg∕m3 𝜈m = 𝜈SUS410 = 0.3

Ec = EAl2 O3 = 393 GPa 𝜌c = 𝜌Al2 O3 = 3970 kg∕m3 𝜈c = 𝜈Al2 O3 = 0.3

1
An aspect ratio of a∕b = 0.6 and only the internal pres- 𝜎𝜃 (r) = 𝜎 (r) (34b)
sure are to be considered here, 𝜔 = 0 , for P-FGM annular 𝜌c 𝜔2 b2 + pa 𝜃
structures. Stress and displacements are put in nondimen-
sional form as follows Ec
ur (r) = u (r) (34c)
𝜌c 𝜔2 b3 + bpa r
1
𝜎r (r) = 𝜎 (r)
𝜌c 𝜔2 b2 + pa r (34a)

13
 109   Page 14 of 19 Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering (2020) 42:109

Fig. 5  Variations of the elastic fields in a cylinder and an annulus under combined internal pressure and centrifugal forces with both the material
grading rules and aspect ratios

13
Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering (2020) 42:109 Page 15 of 19  109

Table 4  Elastic fields in a FGM annulus and cylinder under combined pressure and rotation (a/b = 0.6)

r∕b P-FGM E-FGM V-FGM L-FGM MT-FGM T-FGMsym T-FGMasym S-FGM D-FGM SINE-FGM
ur

Annulus (disk)
 0.6 1.115848 1.057651 0.937109 1.056283 1.289800 1.108505 0.556688 1.055223 1.388902 1.167784
 0.7 1.072561 1.016364 0.899992 1.014952 1.239966 1.061057 0.532706 1.014075 1.336368 1.122376
 0.8 1.049273 0.993925 0.879141 0.992036 1.212060 1.027997 0.516358 0.993117 1.309152 1.096728
 0.9 1.033004 0.978577 0.865133 0.976075 1.190890 1.000656 0.502876 0.983271 1.288011 1.078112
 1 1.010559 0.957679 0.847156 0.955033 1.163362 0.973125 0.489130 0.964103 1.258026 1.054069
𝜎r

 0.6 − 0.024570 − 0.024570 − 0.024570 − 0.02457 − 0.024570 − 0.024570 − 0.024570 − 0.024570 − 0.024570 − 0.024570
 0.7 0.133817 0.127595 0.116588 0.129555 0.138658 0.070033 0.040141 0.147922 0.159818 0.149913
 0.8 0.162904 0.159177 0.154746 0.162373 0.162160 0.102613 0.055695 0.200237 0.176355 0.182293
 0.9 0.111738 0.111460 0.112803 0.113141 0.108209 0.074098 0.039295 0.128596 0.111025 0.119842
 1 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000
𝜎𝜃

 0.6 1.852375 1.755381 1.554478 1.753100 2.142295 0.932837 0.919713 1.751334 2.307465 1.938935
 0.7 1.289819 1.264618 1.241754 1.310785 1.349809 1.387917 0.772453 1.448590 1.386787 1.505765
 0.8 0.945444 0.934056 0.954546 0.984268 1.012232 1.295191 0.661649 0.996646 0.994400 1.141469
 0.9 0.704957 0.688572 0.688483 0.719016 0.779375 1.131221 0.570100 0.628103 0.781406 0.808939
 1 0.514280 0.487369 0.431123 0.486022 0.592042 0.972360 0.488746 0.490638 0.640217 0.536422
𝜎 eq

 0.6 1.864781 1.767794 1.566908 1.765513 2.154685 0.945361 0.932241 1.763747 2.319848 1.951336
 0.7 1.228389 1.205894 1.187759 1.251049 1.286098 1.354259 0.753185 1.380585 1.314186 1.436686
 0.8 0.875434 0.865516 0.887351 0.913964 0.941683 1.247055 0.635634 0.913144 0.919002 1.062121
 0.9 0.656262 0.640162 0.639586 0.669653 0.731300 1.096052 0.551504 0.574699 0.732233 0.756174
 1 0.514280 0.487369 0.431123 0.486022 0.592042 0.972360 0.488746 0.490638 0.640217 0.536422
ur

Hollow cylinder
 0.6 1.030639 0.976965 0.866120 0.976076 1.192698 1.036308 0.519293 0.972249 1.282713 1.079388
 0.7 0.970670 0.919908 0.815096 0.918991 1.123473 0.972383 0.487144 0.915487 1.209184 1.016494
 0.8 0.932210 0.883146 0.781705 0.881848 1.078177 0.925587 0.463925 0.880032 1.162795 0.975161
 0.9 0.902953 0.855468 0.756822 0.853676 1.042413 0.887076 0.444844 0.856926 1.125685 0.943218
 1 0.871084 0.825566 0.730758 0.823670 1.004272 0.850947 0.426806 0.828489 1.084353 0.909414
𝜎r

 0.6 − 0.024570 − 0.024570 − 0.024570 − 0.02457 − 0.024570 − 0.024570 − 0.024570 − 0.024570 − 0.024570 − 0.024570
 0.7 0.136315 0.129975 0.118823 0.132042 0.141636 0.073548 0.042265 0.149873 0.162889 0.152830
 0.8 0.165866 0.161982 0.157348 0.165286 0.165651 0.107089 0.058168 0.202558 0.180062 0.185692
 0.9 0.113829 0.113432 0.114581 0.115147 0.110620 0.077189 0.040952 0.130483 0.113663 0.122117
 1 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000
𝜎𝜃

 0.6 1.877087 1.778784 1.575770 1.777154 2.173898 0.955373 0.939809 1.770146 2.338761 1.966372
 0.7 1.301231 1.275435 1.251961 1.322152 1.363236 1.408085 0.782261 1.457305 1.401043 1.519327
 0.8 0.946410 0.934827 0.954769 0.984728 1.012914 1.296935 0.661688 0.998819 0.996113 1.141468
 0.9 0.693734 0.677972 0.678428 0.707773 0.765858 1.113426 0.560279 0.620508 0.767193 0.795490
 1 0.487142 0.461687 0.408667 0.460627 0.561626 0.934372 0.468649 0.463322 0.606411 0.508578
𝜎 eq

 0.6 1.889491 1.791195 1.588198 1.789566 2.186286 0.967892 0.952332 1.782558 2.351142 1.978771

13
 109   Page 16 of 19 Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering (2020) 42:109

Table 4  (continued)
𝜎 eq

 0.7 1.238711 1.215670 1.196981 1.261325 1.298225 1.372789 0.762008 1.388448 1.327116 1.448969
 0.8 0.875343 0.865283 0.886629 0.913371 0.941087 1.246845 0.634607 0.914522 0.919403 1.060881
 0.9 0.644404 0.628975 0.629014 0.657802 0.716977 1.076909 0.540966 0.566648 0.717149 0.742006
 1 0.487142 0.461687 0.408667 0.460627 0.561626 0.934372 0.468649 0.463322 0.606411 0.508578

Results are shown in Table 1. Figure 1 shows a com-
parison of the elastic fields in P-FGM annular structures. A
perfect accordance between analytical and numerical results
is observed from Table 1. As seen from Fig. 1 and Table 1,
an annulus has somewhat higher radial displacements than
a cylinder. Both the radial displacements and hoop stresses
in a sphere are less than half of those in cylinders and annuli
under the same pressure and aspect ratio.
7 Numerical examples
Material and geometrical properties are taken as the same
as the previous section for annular structures. The variation
of the effective Young’s modulus along the radial coordi-
nate based on the chosen material grading rule associated
with the chosen inhomogeneity index is shown in Fig. 2.
As seen from this figure, for the inhomogeneity indexes in
hand, T-FGMsym offers a thick outer ceramic layer (over 25%
of the thickness), while T-FGMasym displays a thick inner
ceramic layer (over 25% of the thickness). D-FGM presents
a metal layer at the outer surface (approximately 25% of
the thickness). S-FGM exhibits both thinner inner and outer
layers (roughly 8% of the thickness) with ceramic and metal,
respectively. V-FGM and S-FGM present concave-down-
ward patterns having negative slopes, while the remaining
P-FGM, E-FGM, MT-FGM exhibit concave-upward curves
with negative slopes. It may be noted that those different
patterns are designedly chosen to search the elastic response
of such structures.
Typical variations of the elastic fields in annular struc-
tures are illustrated in Fig. 3. Equivalent Von Mises stresses
are defined by
√ In order to investigate effects of the aspect ratios on the
𝜎eq = 𝜎r2 − 𝜎r 𝜎𝜃 + 𝜎𝜃2 (disk and cylinder) (35a)
𝜎 eq = ||𝜎r − 𝜎𝜃 || (sphere) (35b)
Variations of the elastic fields in cylindrical and spheri-
cal structures under internal pressure with material grading
rules are shown in Fig. 4 in a comparative manner. Since
the graphs of both a circular annulus and a cylinder are very
similar to each other, Fig. 4 does not include the figures for
an annulus. However, some numerical results are presented
in Tables 2 and 3 for such annular structures to differentiate
the numerical differences. The maximum radial displace-
ment occurs at the inner surface of annular structures for
all material grading rules. However, the hoop stress and
equivalent stress variations in T-FGMsym annular structures
differ from the others. In T-FGMsym annular structures, the
maximum hoop stress and equivalent stress are observed at
the vicinity of the inner surface while they are observed at
the inner surface in the annular structures graded by other
grading rules. Apart from those, it is again observed from
Fig. 4 and Tables 2, 3 that the radial displacements and
hoop stresses together with equivalent stresses in a sphere
are less than half of those in cylinders and annuli under the
same pressure and aspect ratio for all material grading rules.
Although sphere, cylinder, annulus are suitable for different
engineering environments, this finding may be helpful in
case of use as pressure vessels.
From Fig. 4 and Tables 2, 3, it is revealed that a T-FGMsym
structure offers the best solution. As stated above, a thick
outer ceramic layer (over 25% of the thickness) is afore-
thought by using appropriate inhomogeneity indexes in
T-FGMsym. A T-FGMasym rule having been intended a thick
inner ceramic layer (over 25% of the thickness) seems the
best second choice for the equivalent stresses in such annular
structures.
D-FGM is found as the worst choice having been a metal
layer at the outer surface (approximately 25% of the thick-
ness). MT-FGM is also the other worst choice with n = 0.6
among concave-upward curves such as P-FGM and E-FGM.
A V-FGM structure having n = 1.5 seems the best among
the concave-downward patterns without both the inner and
outer layers.
variation of elastic fields, both a circular annulus and a
cylinder are studied for a/b = 0.6 and a/b = 0.9 under com-
bined internal pressure and centrifugal forces. Results are
given in Fig. 5 and Tables 4, 5. It can be seen from Fig. 5
and Tables 4, 5 that as the thickness of an annular structure
decreases, the dimensionless radial displacements consider-
ably increase, the dimensionless radial stresses decrease, the
hoop stresses increase, and finally the equivalent stresses
increase. It can be seen that the existence of the centrifugal

13
Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering (2020) 42:109 Page 17 of 19  109

Table 5  Elastic fields in a FGM annulus and cylinder under combined pressure and rotation (a/b = 0.9)

r∕b P-FGM E-FGM V-FGM L-FGM MT-FGM T-FGMsym T-FGMasym S-FGM D-FGM SINE-FGM
ur

Annulus (disk)
 0.9 1.978715 1.957483 1.728267 1.945708 2.369923 1.911098 1.068119 1.944876 2.434267 2.128255
 0.92 1.965507 1.944411 1.716677 1.932715 2.354154 1.898000 1.060731 1.931917 2.418136 2.114099
 0.94 1.953072 1.932104 1.705767 1.920478 2.339252 1.885553 1.053674 1.919807 2.402968 2.100763
 0.96 1.941242 1.920398 1.695408 1.908827 2.324992 1.873581 1.046906 1.908444 2.388480 2.088032
 0.98 1.929784 1.909066 1.685417 1.897548 2.311122 1.862002 1.040390 1.897466 2.374327 2.075667
 1 1.918380 1.897787 1.675493 1.886335 2.297372 1.850753 1.034089 1.886322 2.360213 2.063371
𝜎r

 0.9 − 0.02457 − 0.02457 − 0.02457 − 0.02457 − 0.02457 − 0.02457 − 0.02457 − 0.02457 − 0.02457 − 0.02457
 0.92 0.000982 0.000704 − 0.00185 0.000710 0.002182 − 0.016255 − 0.016347 0.004331 0.006759 0.003929
 0.94 0.015260 0.015027 0.013374 0.015255 0.014404 − 0.008404 − 0.009891 0.025801 0.019936 0.019118
 0.96 0.019403 0.019337 0.019440 0.019655 0.016929 − 0.002952 − 0.005085 0.030044 0.020532 0.022060
 0.98 0.014169 0.014231 0.015257 0.014422 0.011729 − 0.000180 − 0.001820 0.017933 0.012708 0.014685
 1 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000
𝜎𝜃

 0.9 2.191201 2.167610 1.912926 2.154527 2.625877 1.073261 1.178495 2.153602 2.697370 2.357357
 0.92 1.855916 1.846619 1.783436 1.894655 1.961375 1.773590 1.147158 2.068209 2.040887 2.139483
 0.94 1.576792 1.573272 1.593210 1.646304 1.676030 1.935692 1.117081 1.793324 1.645436 1.893048
 0.96 1.342753 1.339638 1.368799 1.408375 1.469969 1.936047 1.088145 1.270626 1.405917 1.607104
 0.98 1.144952 1.139031 1.120051 1.179886 1.306085 1.896419 1.060242 1.021145 1.267341 1.307483
 1 0.976275 0.965795 0.852668 0.959967 1.169146 1.849299 1.033276 0.959960 1.201126 1.050062
ur

Hollow cylinder
 0.9 1.810066 1.790657 1.581126 1.779947 2.168396 1.752380 0.979468 1.777933 2.226495 1.946798
 0.92 1.792931 1.773702 1.566115 1.763093 2.147910 1.735513 0.969985 1.761122 2.205514 1.928410
 0.94 1.776653 1.757593 1.551855 1.747077 2.128402 1.719398 0.960896 1.745222 2.185597 1.910933
 0.96 1.761080 1.742185 1.538229 1.731748 2.109672 1.703875 0.952158 1.730141 2.166494 1.894176
 0.98 1.746008 1.727276 1.525078 1.716917 2.091497 1.688868 0.943734 1.715568 2.147909 1.877933
 1 1.731166 1.712597 1.512144 1.702323 2.073644 1.674312 0.935587 1.701042 2.129584 1.861946
𝜎r

 0.9 − 0.02457 − 0.02457 − 0.02457 − 0.02457 − 0.02457 − 0.02457 − 0.02457 − 0.02457 − 0.02457 − 0.02457
 0.92 0.001122 0.000843 − 0.001728 0.000852 0.002353 − 0.016112 − 0.016243 0.004451 0.006932 0.004091
 0.94 0.015462 0.015227 0.013557 0.015461 0.014647 − 0.008159 − 0.009739 0.025980 0.020183 0.019356
 0.96 0.019601 0.019533 0.019618 0.019855 0.017164 − 0.002695 − 0.004936 0.030226 0.020775 0.022290
 0.98 0.014300 0.014360 0.015373 0.014552 0.011883 − 0.000007 − 0.001723 0.018063 0.012869 0.014831
 1 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000
𝜎𝜃

 0.9 2.199563 2.175865 1.920027 2.162788 2.637084 1.078354 1.184461 2.160329 2.708023 2.366513
 0.92 1.860584 1.851244 1.787749 1.899462 1.966881 1.780143 1.150735 2.072435 2.046472 2.145148
 0.94 1.578273 1.574736 1.594605 1.647829 1.677737 1.938720 1.118273 1.794876 1.647278 1.894856
 0.96 1.341207 1.338103 1.367318 1.406720 1.468043 1.934547 1.086953 1.269813 1.404138 1.605042
 0.98 1.140272 1.134402 1.115770 1.175089 1.300459 1.890253 1.056665 1.016962 1.261601 1.301898
 1 0.968133 0.957748 0.845647 0.952002 1.159659 1.838457 1.027310 0.951286 1.190943 1.041269

13
 109   Page 18 of 19 Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering
forces makes a positive contribution to the variation of the
equivalent stresses.
Under combined loads, A T-FGMasym pattern having a
thick inner ceramic layer (over 25% of the thickness) seems
the best choice under combined loads. An almost uniform
equivalent stress distribution along the thickness of the thin-
ner structure is also observed for this type of pattern.
8 Conclusions
A far-reaching and accurate stress and displacement analysis
of pressurized/rotating annular structures, namely a circular
annulus, a hollow cylinder and a hollow sphere, is exam-
ined analytically and numerically under internal pressure
and centrifugal forces. Different grading patterns for the
inhomogeneous structure material were obtained by grad-
ing a ceramic (aluminum oxide/Al2O3) and a metal (stainless
steel/SUS-410) based on the ten total material grading rules.
Variation of the elastic fields (radial displacement, radial
and hoop stresses including the equivalent Von Mises stress)
is presented in both tabular and graphical forms. Combined
effects of both the pressure and rotation are also studied for
cylinders and annuli having aspect ratios of 0.6 and 0.9. It
is observed that a pattern with gradually increasing ceramic
constituent toward a thick ceramic layer at the outer surface
is found as the best under pressure loads. Combined pressure
plus centrifugal forces require a pattern having a ceramic
layer at the inner surface with decreasing ceramic constitu-
ent toward the outer may be preferable.
The variation of elastic properties grading patterns
considered in the present study may be a strong clue for
other forthcoming investigations with different advanced
materials.
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