Resear

chMet
hodol
ogy
Ol
asil
eBabatundeAdedoy
in
NearEastUni
versi
ty

1.
0 I
ntr
oduct
ion
Thef
iel
dofnat
uralsci
encesdeal
swi
tht
hest
udyofphy
sicalwor
ld,whi
l
ethef
iel
dof
soci
alsci
encest
udi
eshumanbehav
ior
,vi
ews,cor
rel
ati
on,andaswel
lasi
nst
it
uti
ons.
Thef
actt
hatsomer
efer
stosoci
alsci
encesasasof
tsci
encei
sunr
elat
edt
oabsence
ofobj
ect
ivi
tyi
nthef
iel
dbutr
athert
heobj
ectunderi
nqui
ryi
sthesoci
all
i
feofhuman
whi
chi
sdi
ff
icul
ttoobser
veandgi
veaccur
atemeasur
ement(
Neuman,2014)
.The
i
nqui
ri
esi
ntot
hesoci
all
i
feofman,
“under
standi
ngexact
lyhowi
tist
hatweknowwhat
weknow”
,focusi
ngont
hemeanssoci
alsci
ent
ist
sgett
oident
if
ysoci
alt
rut
hscanbe
ascer
tai
nedt
hroughsoci
alsci
encer
esear
chmet
hodol
ogy(
Blackst
one,2018)
.Though
t
her
ear
esev
eralsour
cesofknowl
edge,butsoci
alsci
encer
esear
cher
sar
edependent
onor
gani
zedpr
ocedur
etoascer
tai
nsoci
alf
act
sandt
heseor
gani
zedst
ruct
uresar
e
ot
her
wiseknownasr
esear
chmet
hods(
Blackst
one,
2018)
.

2.
0 Resear
ch

Resear
ch i
s a wel
l
-st
ruct
ured i
nqui
ry about phenomenon,f
or t
he pur
pose of
ascer
tai
ningf
act
sandi
nnov
ati
onofl
ogi
calconcl
usi
ons.Resear
chi
nsoci
alsci
ence
cont
exti
sdesi
gnedf
or,
aroundandunder
takenbyhuman.

2.
1 Ty
pesofSoci
alResear
ch

Neuman(
2014)st
atedt
hatt
het
ypeofsoci
alr
esear
chi
sdependentont
hedi
mensi
on
oft
her
esear
ch,andt
hedi
mensi
onconsi
stofhow weappl
yresear
chr
esul
tsandt
he
mai
nuser
s,t
her
easonsf
orconduct
ingsuchr
esear
ch,how west
udyt
henumberof
i
ssuesathand,t
imei
ntegr
ati
on,andaswel
lassel
ect
ionoft
echni
quest
oempl
oyi
n
dat
agat
her
ing.Thi
sbasi
cal
l
yresul
tedt
othet
wot
ypesofsoci
alr chasbasi
esear cand
appl
i
edr
esear
ch.

Basi
cresear
cht
hati
sot
her
wiser
efer
stoas“
fundament
alr
esear
ch”
,“pur
eresear
ch”or
academi
cresear
ch i
sthe pr
ogeni
torofv
irt
ual
l
yal
lsci
ent
if
ici
deasand pr
inci
ples
(
Neuman,
2014)becausei
tpr
imar
il
yfocusesont
heest
abl
i
shmentandadv
ancementof
nov
eli
deas,
pri
nci
pleandt
heor
iesaboutphenomenon(
Nat
ionalSci
enceFoundat
ion,
as
ci
tedi
nMansf
iel
d,1980)
.

Appl
i
edr
esear
chi
sani
nqui
ryconduct
edt
opr
off
ersol
uti
onst
ocer
tai
nissuesandt
he
r
esul
tsar
etar
get
edati
nfl
uenci
ngdeci
sions.

Thecl
eardi
sti
nct
ionbet
weent
hebasi
candappl
i
edr
esear
chaspr
esent
edbyNeuman
(
2014)andSur
bhi
(2018)i
nat
abul
arf
ormati
sher
ebygi
venbel
ow:

Compar
isonTabl
eofBasi
c&Appl
i
edResear
ch(
Neuman,
2014;
Sur
bhi
,2018)

Basi
s f
or Basi
cResear
ch Appl
iedResear
ch
Compar
ison

Def
ini
ti
on I
t’
sar
esear
cht
hatf
ocusedon I
t’
sdev
elopedt
opr
off
er
t
heexpansi
onofcur
rent sol
uti
onst
ocer
tai
n
sci
ent
if
icacquai
ntance. pr
obl
ems.

Nat
ure I
t’
stheor
eti
cal I
t’
spr
act
icabl
e

Pr
imar
yAudi
ence Schol
ars Non-
resear
cher
s

Ut
il
it
y I
t’
suni
ver
sal
. I
t’
sli
mit
edt
othei
ssues
t
hatt
her
esear
chi
s
pur
posel
ydesi
gnedf
or.

Resear
ch Ther
e’s hi
gh l
evel of Ther
e’sv
ari
ati
onand
consi
stency consi
stency
. moder
ati
oni
nthe
consi
stency
.

Assessor
s Fel
l
ow r
esear
cher
s ar
e Admi
nist
rat
orsandexper
ts
r
esponsi
blef
orev
aluat
ion. ar
eresponsi
blef
ort
he
ev
aluat
ion.

Pur
pose Toest
abl
i
shl
ogi
cal
and Toest
abl
i
sht
ool
sand
v
eri
fi
abl
ebodyofknowl
edge t
echni
quesf
orsol
vi
ng
pr
obl
ems
I
mpact Academi
cwr
it
ingand Di
rectappl
i
cat
ioni
n
publ
i
cat
ions pr
off
eri
ngsol
uti
onst
o
pr
obl
ems

Goal Topr
ovi
deaddi
ti
onal
knowl
edge Tosol
vepr
act
ical
issues.
t
othecur
rentones

2.
2 Resear
chMet
hodol
ogy

Thet
ermsmet
hodol
ogyandmet
hodsar
etwosi
mil
arandcodependentt
erms;peopl
e
uset
het
wot
ermsi
nter
changeabl
ybuti
twi
l
lbewor
thyofnot
etodi
ff
erent
iat
ethet
wo
concept
sforbet
tercl
ari
fi
cat
ion.Neuman (
2014)r
efer
s met
hodol
ogy as t
he bi
g
st
ruct
uret
hathouses met
hods and t
his schol
ar wentf
urt
her t
o gi
ve an al
l
-
encompassi
ngdef
ini
ti
onoft
het
wot
erms:

Met
hodol
ogymeansunder
standi
ngt
heent
ir
eresear
chpr
ocess-
incl
udi
ngi
ts
soci
al-
organi
zat
ional
cont
ext
,phi
l
osophi
cal
assumpt
ions,
ethi
cal
pri
nci
ples,
and
t
hepol
i
tical
impactofnewknowl
edgef
rom t
her
esear
chent
erpr
ise.Met
hods
r
efert
othecol
l
ect
ionofspeci
fi
ctechni
quesweusei
nast
udyt
osel
ectcases,
measur
eobser
vesoci
all
i
fe,
gat
herandr
efi
nedat
a,anal
yzedat
a,andr
epor
ton
r
esul
ts.(
p.2)

2.
2.1 Lev
elsofSoci
alSci
enceResear
ch

Despi
tet
hef
actt
hatsoci
alr
esear
cher
shav
esomegener
albel
i
efsont
hev
aluesof
i
nqui
ri
esandacquai
ntanceofhumansoci
alact
ivi
ti
es,t
her
eexi
stt
hreel
i
kel
ylev
elst
hat
soci
alsci
ent
ist
smayconductt
hei
rresear
ch(
Blackst
one,
2018)
.Thesel
evel emi
sar cro,
meso,
andmacr
o.

Undermi
cro-
lev
el,
soci
alr
esear
cher
sinv
est
igat
ethel
owestl
evel
sofengagementandi
t
i
ncl
udesper
sonal
i
zedi
nter
act
ion,soci
alengagementwi
thf
ri
endsorcoupl
es.Resear
ch
conduct
edwi
thmeso-
lev
elappr
oachst
udyi
nter
act
ionbet
weengr
oupse.
g.ani
nqui
ry
i
ntot
hev
ari
ati
oni
ntheet
hicsofapar
ti
cul
arf
iel
dtoanot
her
,whi
l
emacr
oisconcer
ned
wi
thi
nvest
igat
ionofsoci
alst
ruct
uresandi
nst
it
uti
onsandaswel
lasi
nter
nat
ional
compar
ati
veanal
ysi
sofsoci
ali
ssuesamongnat
ionse.
g.t
hesoci
alef
fect
sofgl
obal
war
ming.

2.
3 Quant
it
ati
veResear
ch

Quant
it
ati
ver
esear
chi
sregar
dedast
heor
gani
zedi
nqui
ryaboutphenomenont
hrough
col
l
ect
ionofnumer
ical
dat
aandexecut
ionofst
ati
sti
cal
,mat
hemat
ical
orcomput
ati
onal
t
echni
ques.Thesour
ceofquant
it
ati
ver
esear
chi
sposi
ti
vi
sm par
adi hat“
gm t cal
l
sfor
met
hodsgr
oundedi
nst
ati
sti
calanal
ysi
sandi
ncl
udesucht
echni
quesasi
nfer
ent
ial
st
ati
sti
cs, hy
pot
hesi
s t
est
ing, mat
hemat
ical anal
ysi
s, exper
iment
al and quasi
-
exper
iment
aldesi
gnr
andomi
zat
ion,bl
i
ndi
ng,st
ruct
uredpr
otocol
s,andquest
ionnai
res
wi
thl
i
mit
edr
angeofpr
edet
ermi
nedr
esponses”(
Lee,
asci
tedi
nSl
evi
tch,
2011,
p.76)
.

2.
3.1 Feat
uresofQuant
it
ati
veResear
ch

 Dat
aiscol
l
ect
edv
iaor
gani
zedr
esear
chi
nst
rument
sli
kequest
ionnai
res,pol
l
s
et
c.

 Out
comesar
edependentonl
argesampl
esi
zest
hatser
vesasr
epr
esent
ati
vesof
t
heent
ir
epopul
ati
onunderi
nvest
igat
ion.

 Resear
chquest
ionst
opr
ovi
deanswer
stoar
ecl
ear
lyst
atedbyt
her
esear
cher
.

 Hy
pot
hesi
sandt
heor
iesar
etest
ed

2.
3.2 Ty
pesofQuant
it
ati
veResear
ch

1.Descr
ipt
iveResear
ch

2.Cor
rel
ati
onal

3.Quasi
-exper
iment
aland

4.Exper
iment
al

2.
3.3 Pr
osandConsofQuant
it
ati
veResear
ch

 Pr
osofQuant
it
ati
veResear
ch
 1.Si
mpl
i
cit
yofAnal
ysi
s:Dat
aanal
ysi
sunderquant
it
ati
ver
esear
chi
sfai
rl
y
easyt
oanal
ysi
sduet
othef
actt
hatdat
agot
tenar
einnumer
icaland
st
ati
sti
cal
for
mat
.

2.Consi
stency
:Ther
e’s ext
remel
y hi
gh l
evelof r
eli
abi
l
ity of r
esear
ch
i
nst
rument
sthatcanbeascer
tai
nvi
ast
ati
sti
calcal
cul
ati
onsl
i
keCr
onbach
Al
phaCoef
fi
cientandot
her
s.

3.Gener
ali
zat
ionofResul
ts:Fi
ndi
ngsofquant
it
ati
ver
esear
char
emeantf
or
t
hepur
poseofgener
ali
zat
ion.Sampl
esar
ecar
eful
l
ysel
ect
edt
hrough
sampl
i
ng met
hods l
i
ke conv
eni
ence sampl
e,non-
probabi
l
itysampl
i
ng,
r
andom sampl
i
ng et
cfr
om t
he ent
ir
e popul
ati
on and t
he r
esul
ts ar
e
r
epor
tedf
ort
hewhol
epopul
ati
on.

 ConsofQuant
it
ati
veResear
ch

2.
4 Qual
it
ati
veResear
ch

Qual
i
tat
iveResear
chdeal
swi
thgat
her
ingandi
nter
pret
ati
onofnon-
numer
icaldat
afor
t
hepur
poseofunder
standi
nghumanandsoci
alenv
ironment
.Itusual
l
ytar
get
edont
he
mi
cro-
lev
elofsoci
alengagement
.Thesour
ceofqual
i
tat
iver
esear
chcanbet
racedt
o
ant
hropol
ogy
,phi
l
osophy
,psy
chol
ogy
,hi
stor
y,andsoci
ology
,it
smai
nobj
ect
ivef
ocused
ont
hesy
stemat
icdescr
ipt
ionandi
nter
pret
ati
onofphenomenonwhi
l
eithasal
sobeen
seen t
o be hav
e been gai
ning addi
ti
on consi
der
ati
on i
nthe f
iel
d oft
our
ism and
hospi
tal
i
tymanagement(
Mohaj
an,2018andSl
evi
tch,2011)
.Ashl
ey(
2019)st
atedt
hat
qual
i
tat
iver
esear
chi
sst
ruct
uret
odi
scl
oset
hemeani
ngt
hatf
orm act
ionsoft
hepeopl
e
andt
hei
rrel
ati
onshi
pwi
thot
her
s.

2.
4.1 Feat
uresofQual
it
ati
veResear
ch

Despi
tet
hatqual
i
tat
iver
esear
chdoesn’
thav
epecul
i
art
heor
yorpar
adi
gm,
coupl
edwi
th
nodi
ff
erent
iat
edgr
oupoft
echni
quest
oit
sel
f(Denzi
n&Li
ncol
n,asci
tedi
nMohaj
an,
2018)
,thef
oll
owi
ngar
ethef
eat
uresofqual
i
tat
iver
esear
ch.

 I
thasr
esear
chquest
ionsj
ustl
i
keot
herr
esear
ch,buti
ncor
por
atev
ari
etyof
t
opi
cs.Answer
stor
esear
chquest
ionsar
epr
ovi
dedf
orwi
tht
heexcept
ionof
 hy
pot
heses.

 I
tpl
acesconcent
rat
iononpar
ti
cipant
s’under
standi
ngofmeani
ngsandsoci
al
l
i
fei
napar
ti
cul
arcont
ext
.

 Ther
e exi
sts a di
rectr
elat
ionshi
p bet
ween t
he obj
ect
ives and t
heor
eti
cal
st
ruct
uresofr
esear
cher
.

 I
tisf
ull
ygr
oundedi
nanal
l
-incl
usi
veappr
oachandf
inalr
esul
tst
hatar
enot
pr
imar
il
ymeantf
orgener
ali
zat
ion.

 Dat
agot
tenandanal
yzedi
nduct
ivel
yar
edescr
ipt
ivei
nnat
ure.Dat
aar
egot
ten
f
rom i
nter
view not
es,obser
vat
ion paper
s,and document
sli
ke br
ochur
es,
pamphl
et,
leaf
let
set
c.

2.
4.2 Ty
pesofQual
it
ati
veResear
ch

Thoughqual
i
tat
iver
esear
chmet
hodsnat
ural
l
ycov
erobser
vat
ionsandi
nter
views,and
somet
imes sur
vey(
open-
ended sur
vey
)incl
usi
ve,i
tis a canopyt
hati
ncl
ude t
he
f
oll
owi
ngt
ypesofqual
i
tat
iver
esear
chmet
hods;

1.Nar
rat
iveResear
ch

2.Phenomenol
ogyResear
ch

3.Gr
oundedTheor
y

4.Act
ionResear
ch

5.CaseSt
udy

6.Et
hnogr
aphi
cal
Resear
ch

7.Hi
stor
ical
Resear
ch,
and

8.Cont
entAnal
ysi
s

2.
4.3 Pr
osandconsofQual
it
ati
veResear
ch

Accor
ding t
o Regol
i(2019)
,ther
ear
euni
quenessi
n bot
h mer
it
sand demer
it
sof
qual
i
tat
iver
esear
ch,andt
hisuni
quenessar
e;t
echni
quesempl
oyedbyt
her
esear
cher
f
ordat
agat
her
ing,
thet
ypeofdat
acol
l
ect
edandr
esear
cher
’suni
queobser
vat
ionst
hat
ar
eli
abl
etoaf
fecti
nfor
mat
ion.

 Pr
osofQual
i
tat
iveResear
ch

1.Fl
exi
bil
i
ty:I
n qual
i
tat
iver
esear
ch,t
he r
esear
chercan easi
l
y change
mechani
smspr
ovi
dedt
hedat
aav
ail
abl
edoesn’
tseem t
obesuppl
i
ng
r
esul
ts.

2. Human Exper
ience & Obser
vat
ion:Qual
i
tat
iver
esear
ch i
s basi
cal
l
y
desi
gnedt
ocompl
ementt
het
wooper
ati
ngsy
stem ofhumanmi
nd.I
t
embr
aces bot
hthe subconsci
ous means of oper
ati
on t
hatcov
ers
i
nst
inct
iveobser
vat
ionsandt
heot
hert
hati
sint
erest
edi
nassessmentof
t
hesour
cesofdat
apr
iort
odeci
sionmaki
ng.

3.Open-
endedPr
ocess:Theemot
ionalr
eact
iont
hatf
requent
lydet
ermi
neor
i
nfl
uencest
hedeci
sionandorbehav
iorofhumancaneasi
l
ybegot
tenv
ia
t
heopen-
endedpr
ocessofqual
i
tat
iver
esear
ch.

4.Cr
eat
ivi
ty:I
tembr
aces f
reedom oft
he r
espondent
s by encour
agi
ng
par
ti
cipant
stobef
reet
oexpr
esst
hemsel
vesandbysodoi
ng,i
tleadst
o
cr
eat
ivi
tyont
hesi
deoft
her
espondsandi
ncr
easet
hedegr
eeofaccur
acy
ofdat
a.

 ConsofQual
i
tat
iveResear
ch

1.Ext
remeSubj
ect
ivi
tyofDat
a:Dat
agat
her
ingunderqual
i
tat
iver
esear
chi
s
dependentonper
sonal
ment
alact
ivi
tyoft
her
esear
cherasundi
sput
abl
e.

2.Ti
meWast
age:Duet
othel
argenumberofdat
acol
l
ect
edi
nqual
i
tat
ive
r
esear
ch,t
hecol
l
ati
onandsor
ti
ngact
ivi
ti
esdonebyr
esear
cher
sinor
der
t
oext
ractt
hemai
npoi
ntsi
sal
way
sti
meconsumi
ng.

3.Di
sappear
anceofUnseenDat
a:Theunseenl
argesi
zeofdat
asuppl
i
edby
r
espondent
srel
yont
heabi
l
ityofr
esear
cher
sforef
fect
ivemanagement
and i
n a si
tuat
ion wher
eby t
he r
esear
cher cannot per
for
m t
hese
r
esponsi
bil
i
tiesef
fi
cient
ly,
anot
herr
oundofqual
i
tat
ivepr
ocessbegi
ns.
3.
0 Di
scussi
on

I
tisi
mpor
tantt
onot
ethatst
udi
escompar
ingquant
it
ati
veandqual
i
tat
iver
esear
ches
possessed a gener
al pr
obl
em of f
ocusi
ng on met
hods as t
echni
ques, not
met
hodol
ogi
esasl
ogi
cofj
ust
if
icat
ion,whi
l
esomef
requent
lyempl
oyt
heset
erms
i
nter
changeabl
y(Sl
evi
tch,
2011)
.

Thought
hest
ruct
ureofqual
i
tat
iver
esear
chhasbeenmost
lyr
est
ri
ctedt
othemet
hods
adopt
edf
orcol
l
ect
ionofdat
a,whi
l
efor
get
ti
ngt
hei
mpor
tantr
olesofdat
aanal
ysi
s
(
Fiel
ding&Lee,asci
tedi
nSl
evi
tch,2011)
,whi
l
einquant
it
ati
ver
esear
ch,t
her
ear
e
v
ibr
antr
ulesandpr
ocedur
est
obeadopt
edbyr
esear
cher
sfort
hepur
poseofanal
yzi
ng
dat
aandgener
ali
zat
ionoff
indi
ngs.

Ast
hel
argersi
zeofsampl
eisi
mpor
tanti
n quant
it
ati
ver
esear
ch t
o st
and-
in as
adequat
erepr
esent
ati
veoft
heent
ir
epopul
ati
onduet
othepur
poseofgener
ali
zat
ionof
t
her
esear
chf
indi
ngs,
qual
i
tat
iver
esear
chemphasesmor
eoni
deal
i
sm per
spect
ivet
hat
e“
negat si
ngl
ereal
i
tybutmul
ti
pler
eal
i
tiesbasedonone’
sconst
ruct
ionori
nter
pret
ati
on
ofr
eal
i
ty”(
Smi
th,
asci
tedi
nSl
evi
tch,
2011p.77)
.

4.
0 Concl
usi
on

Hav
ingconsi
der
edt
hef
eat
ures,t
ypes,pr
osandconsoft
het
wor
esear
chappr
oaches
underi
nvest
igat
ion,i
thasbeenest
abl
i
shedt
hatsui
tabi
l
ityandorpecul
i
ari
tyofeach
appr
oachi
sdependentont
heobj
ect
ivesorpur
poseofeachi
nqui
ryasout
li
nedby
r
esear
cher
s.

Quant
it
ati
ver
esear
chbestpr
ovi
desanswer
s‘what
’,‘
when’and‘
who’quest
ionsandt
he
f
indi
ngsar
egener
ali
zabl
e,whi
l
eit
scount
erpar
tont
heot
herhandbestanswer‘
how’
and‘
why
’quest
ionsandt
hef
indi
ngsar
enotf
orgener
ali
zat
ion.

Thef
actt
hatt
hecompar
ati
veanal
ysi
soft
het
wor
esear
chmet
hodsf
ocusseson
t
echni
quesofdat
acol
l
ect
iondoesnotnegat
ethecombi
nat
ionoft
het
wor
esear
ch
met
hods (
i.
e.qual
i
tat
ive and quant
it
ati
ver
esear
ch) i
n a si
ngl
eresear
ch.The
combi
nat
ionofqual
i
tat
iveandquant
it
ati
ver
esear
chi
swhatsomeschol
arsr
efert
oas
mi
xedmet
hodort
ri
angul
ati
on.
Ref
erence
Ashley,C.( 2019) .AnOver viewofQual itat i
veResear chMet hods.Ret rieved
f rom ht tps: /
/ www. t
hought co. com/ qual it
ative-resear ch- met hods-
3026555
Blackstone,A.( 2018) .Pr i
nci pl esofsoci ol ogi calinqui ry:Qual itativeand
quant itat i
vemet hods.Ret ri
evedf r om
ht tps:// openl ibrar yrepo. ecampusont ario.ca/ j
spui /handl e/ 123456789/ 2
96
Mansf ield,E.( 1980) .Basi cResear chandPr oduct ivit
yI ncreasei n
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ieved
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