Arba Minch University

College of social science and humanity Department of communication and media

studies

Assessing the impact of citizen journalism on the practice of traditional media: in

case of EBC TV political news coverage from Nov- Jan 2010E.C.

Senior Essay Submitted to the Department of communication and media studies, in

partial fulfillment of BA Degree in communication and media studies field.

Prepared By: Mekdes Lemma

Advisor: -Tamirat Mitiku (MA)

June, 2018

Ethiopia, Arba Minch

Approval
Senior Essay entitled as “Assessing the impact of citizen journalism on the practice
of traditional media: in case of EBC TV political news coverage from Nov- Jan
2010E.C.” by student Mekdes Lemma is approved for the partial fulfillment of BA
Degree in communication and media studies field.

Signed by the Examiner

Examiner Signature Date

__________________ ___________ _________

Advisor Signature Date

__________ ____________________

Dean
Acknowledgment

During in my study I contact with and benefited from a number of people who deserve to be
acknowledged. First of all I would like to thank the alignment of God for his presence with me in
all circumstance of my life. Even if I have a luxury good to give him, God nothing need from me
but only thanks.

I would like to express my sincere and hearted gratitude to my advisor Tamirat Mitiku (MA)
who gives to me his constructive, invaluable comment and suggestion from the beginning to end
of this paper. Next to this I would like to express my special thank for my teacher Zerihun Hailu
Above in my words for over all his sacrifices to help me through giving information over. And
also I like to thanks my beloved family for their contribution throughout my learning time. As
well as my special gratitude for all my teachers who teach me from grade one up to this and my
friends Tinbit Beyene and Kuri Tesfaye for their encouragement additionally I would like to
thanks all questionnaire and interview respondents.

I
Acronyms

1. User Greated Content (UGC)

2. Ethiopia Broadcast co-operation (EBC)
3. Cable network news (CNN)
4. Canadian television (CTV)
5. Citizen journalism (CJ)
6. Ethiopia news agency (ENA)
7. Associated press of America(AP)
8. Peace journalism(PJ)

II
Abstract

Journalism is a form of writing that tells people about things that really happened, but that they
might not have known about already. www.RobertNiles.com. Journalism, is the collection,
verification, presentation, and editing of news for presentation through the media, in this sense,
refers to the study of the product and production of news. The study of journalism involves
looking at how news is produced, and how it is disseminated to the public through mass media
outlets such as newspapers, news channel, radio station, television station, and more recently, e-
readers and smart phones. The information provided pertains to current events, trends, issues,
and people. But, because of the emergence of smart phone many online media created citizen
become accessible early while the event happens. Then, this study is conduct to assess the impact
of citizen journalism on traditional media practice in case of EBC TV political news coverage
from Nov–Jan 2010 E.C. This study tried to answer research question and achieve major as well
as specific objective. This study focused only EBC political news coverage because EBC is the
main stream media in Ethiopia. In fact the study has significant for all media owner and media
outlet users. Triangular research design is use for the study and the study to have necessary
information for this study the researcher employed data gathering tools like: -interview for EBC
TV news producer and citizen journalism activists which is select purposive sampling techniques
and, questionnaire for respondents which is select convenience sampling techniques. The
researcher used mixed approaches which are qualitative and quantitative approaches to
analysis and present the data in statement and table.

Then the result found that most of online media are practiced in news reporting and they get
more follower day to day based on their fastest in news reporting and accuracy. However,
traditional media like EBC TV station minimize their number of audience because of their
lateness. In case of this the accuracy of EBC TV news loses.
III
Table of contents
Contents Page

Acknowledgment……………………………………………………………………….. I

Acronyms…......................................................................................................................II

Abstract…………………………………………………………………………………III

Table of contents……………………………………………………………………....... IV

CHAPTERONE: Introduction………………………………… ……………………..1

1.1 Back ground of the organization………………………………………………………. 3

1.2. Statement of the Problem……………………………………………………………….4

1.3. Research Question…… ……………………………………………….………………5

1.4. Objective of the Study ………………………………………………………………..5

1.4.1. General objectivity

1.4.2. Specific objectivity

1.5. Scope of the Study ……………….....................................................................................5

1.6. Significance of the Study…………………………………………………........................6

1.7. Limitation of the Study…………………………………………………………………..6

1.8. Organization of the Study……………………………………………………………….6

CHAPTER TWO…………………………………………………………………….….7
2. Review literature related with the study

2.1. Definition of news……………………………………………………………………….7

2.2. Sources of news …………………………………………………………………………7

IV

2.3. Function of news………………………………………………………………………..8

2.4. Characteristics of news……………………………………………………………….…9

2.5. Blog media…………………………………………………………………………9

2.6. Journalism………………………………………………………………………….10

2.7. Citizen journalism…………………………………………………………………..10

2.8. Social media and citizen journalism…………………………………………………11

2.9. Role of media and journalism ……………………………………………………….14

CHAPTER THREE…………………………………………………………………..15
3. Research Method and Methodology

3.1. Research Design…………………………………………………………………….. 15

3.2. Population of the Study……………………………………………………………….15

3.3. Sample size and Sampling Techniques………………………………………………..15

3.4. Data Gathering Instrument…………………………………………………………….16

3.5. Data Collection Procedure………………………………………………………… ….16

3.6. Method of Data Analysis…………………………………………………………… ….17

CHAPTER FOUR………………………………………………………………………18
4. Data Analysis and Interpretation

4.1. Demography of the Respondents……………………………………………………….. 18

4.2. Interest of Respondent to use media………………………………………………….. …21

4.3. Quality of news report…………………………………………………………………..22

4.4. Relevancy of the media ………………………………………………………………….24

4.5. Impact of citizen journalism……………………………………………………………...24

CHAPTERFIVE……………………………………………………………………………..28

5. Conclusion and Recommendation

V

5.1. Result ……………………………………………………………………………………28

5.2. Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………29

5.3. Recommendation…………………………………………………………………………30

REFERENCE

APPENDEX

VI
VII
 CHAPTER ONE: INTROUDUCTION

1. General Overview of the Study

The term citizen journalisms are as varied as the names it is known by: guerilla, networked,
participatory, street, or open source journalism, to give a few examples. Shayne Bowman and
Chris Willis describe it as the act of a citizen, or group of citizens, playing an active role in the
process of collecting, reporting, analyzing and disseminating news and information.(NadinJurrat
2011)Citizen journalism is a concept based on the active participation of readers, viewers and
listeners in the process of gathering, selecting, analyzing and broadcasting news and
information.

With such journalism, audience becomes journalists. Rosen (2008) supports the idea when he
defines citizen journalism as “When the people formerly known as the audience employ the press
tools they have in their possession to inform one another”. Citizen journalism is to journalism
what democracy, the active participation of citizens, in politics and civic life, is to governance. It
involves active participation of citizens in news gathering and reporting.

Some scholars trace the European and U.S. origins of citizen journalism back to 17th and 18th
century pamph leteering. What makes it so much more powerful in the 21st century; however, is
the speed, low cost and global reach with which topics can be brought to the national and
international news agendas, including issues that those in power would prefer to be ignored.
According to its advocates, this is one of the great democratic opportunities of citizen journalism.

At the same time, many mainstream media organizations are under financial pressure, especially
the newspaper industry, and have cut jobs on investigative and foreign desks. In some countries,
including the United States, many local newspapers are closing down. People increasingly feel
that a highly concentrated and controlled mass media no longer provides the information relevant
to their lives but are following commercial and political aims. In countries with repressive
governments, citizens become weary of the official news that is served up to them,as the internet
provides an alternative source to state-controlled propaganda. This is where citizen journalists
1
can fill avoiding. (NadinJurrat 2011).
Alternative journalism plays the multiple roles of exposing corruption, encouraging
accountability, documenting abuses of power, and giving alternative views on local and
international current affairs. Because citizen journalism is known to inform and educate and
report from within crisis so as to enrich traditional journalism for the general public to better
understand the story there is no need to emphasise its importance. Collaborating with mainstream
journalism, though, would be and added value to it because standing alone it is not credible.
(Session sma-nda 2016).

Traditional media are the media which is used to deliver event which are relevant for the society.
Traditional media such as; print and broadcast media. Broadcast media like television and radio.
Broadcasting is a medium that disseminates via telecommunications. Mass medium is medium-
(usually plural) transmissions that are disseminated widely to the public. Broad cast, air,
transmit, beam, send-broad cast over the airwaves, as in radio or television. Hppts: //www. The
free dictionary, com.

Media play a very important role in spreading images, of threats. Large scale conflicts mostly
involve people who do not know each other is created and spread by the media- old and new or
blog media. Media play a crucial role in the escalation of conflicts. And also playing taming
conflict- if we want them to do so. Feiches D, 2013.

Media are mostly in the hands of the powerful. Peace journalism training is an established
academic field that offers a remedy to the propaganda-driven mainstream media. It has infused
journalism practices with the lessons of peace and conflict studies and provides journalism the
tools to combat; vs. Peace journalism has always been controversial, since some journalists
regard it as a breach with journalistic norms of impartiality. (cf. L oyn 2007).

Media in the conflict cycle is concentrate on the positive role. The media can make a
constructive contribution to conflict prevention, how they can detect violence at an early stage
and monitor peace agreements, and how they can increase social cohesion, which would not
exclude any minority group, would at the same time be the best prevention of future conflict.

In the “conflict cycle” and discusses the potential positive role of the media at any stage of the
cycle.
But a stylized presentation of conflict (escalation, hot phase, de- escalation, peace) does not
really correspond to reality in most cases. Reality is much more and makes it difficult to make a
clear cut distinction between different phases of a conflict: conflict prevention, escalation, large
scale violence, and reconciliation, large scale violence, and reconciliation can all take place at
the same time, often with different emphasis in different regions of a conflict affected country.
https://www.conflictsolving.com.

1.1. Background of the Organization

In Ethiopia the main stream media is EBC it was established by the order of Emperor Haile
Selassie and initially operated by a British firm, Thomson in 1964. It also owned by Ethiopian
government 100%.Its’programing includes news, sport, music and other entertainment. A
majority of the programming is broadcast in Amharic, the official federal language of the
government of Ethiopia. In addition some news segments are broadcast in other language such as
Afan Oromo, Somali, Tigrigna, Hariri, as well as English. The current structure and goals of
were established in1987 with proclamation 114/87.

The main channel of EBC news is the one which is having 24 hours coverage, with content on
culture, politics, documentaries’, and economy. https://en.m. Mainstream media.org.

In the work of news EBC were slower than citizen journalism when compute with citizen
journalism. For example in case of conflict reporting citizen journalism posted every event which
is happening everywhere. The role of media in conflict cycle: conflicts start in the minds of
men. It is therefore important to know how they get into the minds of men. By and large, we are
what we eat and we think what we read or hear on traditional media.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

According to Bowman and Willis, “the intent of a citizen’s participation is to provide
independent, reliable, wide ranging and relevant information that a democracy requires”.
However, due to the fact that in general citizen journalists are not professionally trained or
simply do not have these intentions not all contributions from citizen journalists adhere to ethical
standards that can be expected of professional journalists. Moreover, citizen journalists,
especially those who write, usually give a very personal and therefore often biased view of an
event. Some clearly identify their intentions political or other such as Indy media or The Huffingt
on Post; many mainstream news organizations indicate UGC, and whether this content can be
verified by other sources. But others place personal accounts of citizens alongside reports from
their staff, making it more difficult to distinguish amateur and therefore unchecked content from
professional content, which has been checked for accuracy, objectivity, truthfulness and fairness.

Many citizen contributors do not see themselves as journalists but rather as activists, and
therefore do not believe they should adhere to media ethics. However, if their work is published
in the media, it can have damaging effects’, especially on sites where the editorial gate keeping is
left completely to the audience. (Nadine Jurrat 2011)For citizen journalism to have a greater
impact on traditional journalism and play an important role in the society, it needs to be
organised, bound by rules and codes of ethics, and those who engage in it need to understand the
guidelines that must be followed to publish news.

In fact non-professional writers have shared information and highlighted perceived injustices
through pamphlets and brochures. In contrast to traditional journalism, which brought news as a
completed product to its audience in a vertical way, citizen journalism is a more horizontal and
conversational sharing of news, which is always unfinished. (S.Allan and E.Thorson (eds),
2009.). The same is true any citizen journalist gather and distribute an event early when it
happen, traditional media like, print media, broadcast media are not because of their editorial
policy. According to that the researcher conduct the study to assess the impact of citizen
journalism on the practice of traditional media journalist in case of EBCTV political news
coverage from Nov- Jan2010E.C.
4

1.3. Research Questions

The research questions of this study are

 1. What are the impact that citizen journalist have on the practice of traditional media
journalist?
2. What are the mechanisms to manage the impact of citizen journalism on EBC?

1.4. Objectivity of the Study

The study has general and specific objectives.

1.4.1. General objective of the study

To assess the impact of citizen journalist on the practice of traditional media journalist in case of
EBC TV political news coverage from Nov- Jan 2010e.c

1.4.2. Specific objective of the study

1. To know the impact of citizen journalist on EBC.

2. To describe the mechanisms to manage the impact of citizen journalism on EBC.

1.5. Scope of the Study

There are many broad casting media in Ethiopia which is gather and deliver different news
stories just like, sport, break news, political news. But, the researcher focused only on EBC TV
political news because from the researcher pre observation Ethiopian news source like broad cast
and blog media as the main stream EBC TV political news latest than blog media.

So, this research confined to only the impact of citizen journalist on traditional media journalist
in case of EBC TV political news coverage in the month Nov- Jan 2010E.C.

1.6. Significance of the Study

The question who are citizen journalism? Certainly traditional media owners need to know about
how they affect by citizen journalists. All kinds of media out lets full fill what the audience want
5
to inform.

Unknowingly use any online media which citizen journalist done on affect their psychology
through seeking unedited event. https://www.blogger.com.
So, the outputs of this research are

 The study is important for the researcher to know the impact of citizen journalism on
EBC TV news coverage.
 The study is important for the next researcher as sources who do related with this title.
 The study helps traditional media owner.
 The study is relevant for media users for news purpose.

1.7. Limitation of the Study

At the study time the researcher faced some challenges like gain the interviewee person who give
information about online media news reporting. Financial shortage was the main problem of
the study. Because the researcher was deeply participate in every online media, for search
purpose and to collect information about EBC TV news program through tele phone call need
money and also connection was the most and the most problem when the researcher collect the
event.

1.8. Organization of the Study

This study consists/ organized by 5chapers.The first chapter consist the introduction with
background of the study along with its statement of the problem, research question, and
objectives of the study, significance of the study, scope of the study and limitation of the study.
The second chapter forward the literature review which is related with the title. The third chapter
explain the methodology of the study. The fourth chapter presents data analysis and
interpretation. The fifth chapter presents the Result, conclusion and forward recommendation.

CHAPTER TWO

2. LITRATURE REVIEW 6RELATED WITH RESEARCH TITTLE

2.1. Definition of News

News is the account of an event, not the event itself. News is an accurate, unbiased account of a
current, timely event, which is reported in the media outlets and is significant to a large number
of people in a locality. Furthermore, in contemporary thinking, today’s news is about real life,
real people, real event, real places or real issues in real world reported in real time using any
available means of communication. Mitchel chainley,(2000).

2.2. Source of News

Every story begins as a stream does from a source. You cannot find a great story today that does
not have a story. The major reason most person who are unfamiliar with the news gathering
process often wonder how reporters gather and assemble they sustain the daily publication of
news information how do they get access to information and information sources, and how do
they sustain the daily publication of news in their media organizations.

Sources of news are listless, some sources are:

 Academic journals: research by academics published in journals is a frequent source of

news stories. Here the journalist job is to spot a potential story among qualifications and
to render the story intelligibility to the reader.
 Entertainment industry: It is an increasingly important source for today’s media and
celebrities gain immensely because of popularity through media coverage. Films, serial
and various other programmers gain only if media has been highlighting them.
 Government news network: The government news network produces vast number of
news release on behalf of the government departments and agencies on a regional and
national basis.
 News agencies: they are the foot soldiers of journalism at a national and international
level, allowing media organizations to cover stories in areas where they have few or no
staff.

Agencies keep a check on offices and local bodies and look out for news stories here.
Newspaper, radio, television,
7 big news media house, depends largely on the news
agencies for general news coverage. Some famous news agencies are AP (Associated
press of America print), and ENA (Ethiopia news agencies) etc.
  People potential stories can be suggested by people you meet while at work, rest and
play. This can range from somebody mentioning that they have just seen a police car
parked in their street to other substantial information provided by the common people.

2.3. Functions of News

News contains much that is new. News is anything out of the ordinary. News is anything
published in a newspaper which interests a large number of people. The main functions of news
are:

 News informs people about anything unusual that take place in the society. Event that
affect people’s lives are news, the more people affected the bigger the news.
 People learn something new every day through news they get from newspaper or
television and any other blogging media. They read about things they have heard about
and also would like to read about.
 News affects people and is capable of stirring widespread awareness. News touches the
deepest emotion of the people and somehow to everyone. Thus news affects the
government as well as the common people.
 Conflicts between man to man and also between man and environment are carried out as
news. These affect us in one way or other.
 News focus on the economic, political and cultural aspects of a nation and people
throughout the world learn about other nations through news. News forms an image of
a nation to the outside world.

2.4. Characteristics of News8

(Fundamental of News Reporting.Ikeja: John West Publications Ltd.)
Truth: -Truth news stories must represent factual events and personalities. The reporter should
also ensure that the facts of the news are truthful to the best of his/her knowledge before
publishing or broadcasting such story.

Objective: - The news covers to the consumer intimated without any personal bias or any
outside influence that world make it appear anything but what is. By objectivity, we mean
without any bias. A journalist while reporting news is working under heavy pressure.

Accuracy: -The readers should never be given an opportunity to say that they never believed
what appeared in the paper. All facts given in the news item should be accepted by readers
without questions. Accuracy is a pillar on which every story rests.

Balance: - The reporter has to writer all the specific facts correctly, fairly and accurately as well
as objective. News should be balanced in the matter of emphasis and complements. Reporter as
to select and arrange facts in a manner so as to give a balanced view of the whole situation.

Concise and clear: - News must be unite, concise, clear and simple. A story that is diffused,
disorganized and ambiguous in meaning does not have the characteristic quality of news.

Current: - Things are always changing and the news consumers want the most recent
information on subject interest to them. The reader is interested in current and new things.

2.5. Blog Media

A blog (shortened from the phrase “weblog”) is known as many things a digital magazine, diary,
newscast, collector’s meeting place, a showcase for your art, information sharing, teaching hub,
place to learn and learn is well, almost anything you want it to be. A typical blog combines text,
images, videos and links to relevant pages and media on the Web. Blog readers can leave
comments and communicate with the author. In fact, dialogue and interaction are a popular part
of a blog’s success. https://www. Blog media.com.

2.6. Journalism: -Journalism is a form of writing that tells people about things that really
happened, but that they might not have known about already. www.Robert Nile.com
 According to, Pearce, K.J. (2009)Journalism, is the collection, verification, presentation,
and editing of news for presentation through the media, in this sense, refers to the study of
the product and production of news. The study of journalism involves looking at how news is
produced, and how it is disseminated to the public through mass media outlets such as
newspapers, news channel, radio station, television station, and more recently, e-readers and
smart phones. The information provided pertains to current events, trends, issues, and people.

2.7. Citizen Journalism:-According to Cassidy, (2007) Citizen Journalism refers to the reporting
of news events by members of the public using the Internet to spread the information. Citizen
journalism can be a simple reporting of facts and news that is largely ignored by large media
companies. It is easily spread through personal websites, blogs, micro blogs, and social media
and so on. Some types of citizen journalism also act as a check on the reporting of larger news
outlets by providing alternative analysis.

Citizen journalism is all forms of public reporting carried out online. This includes everything
from blogs covering a local Little League tournament to the online posts of citizens in countries
where the national media is government controlled. When an event is too small for larger media
to take notice or the media cannot report the facts without censorship, citizen journalism may be
the only source of information on what is actually occurring behind the media blackout.
Some citizen journalists have gained so much popularity for their reporting and commentary that
they can reach a much wider audience than traditional news outlets.

According to Brian Montopoli2005"Citizen Journalism" is one of those phrases that sound pretty
straightforward, but when you get right down to it, most people aren't entirely sure exactly what
it means. Basically, a citizen journalist is someone from outside the news business who engages
in the kind of journalism that is traditionally the purview of the professionals. A citizen journalist
might send pictures of a significant event into a news outlet. They might share stories about
newsworthy experiences they have had.

10
Or they might analyze report and even disseminate the news themselves. There are reasons for
news organizations to be skittish about relying on citizen journalism. The benefits are clear:
There are immeasurable positives in having someone who happens to be on the scene of a
developing story take pictures or call in a report. But there is also a chance that those reports
would not be reliable. People had seen unimaginable things, but a small percentage, many still
covered in ash, told me tales that were worse than what actually happened.

But wait, you might say cannot people exaggerate when they are talking to a reporter looking for
a quote? And the short answer is that they can, and do. But reporters go to great lengths to
authenticate information whenever possible, as the standards and practices of their news
organization requires. Citizen journalists don't play by the same rules. Most citizen journalists
want to disseminate honest information; some may well have less noble motives. And a citizen
journalist with strong feelings about the environment or gay marriage, say, could consciously
color their coverage of the issue while feigning objectivity.

2.8. Social Media and Citizen Journalism

When users post news and videos to social media sites, they are not sharing their information and
thoughts with a void, without being heard and engaged with. Instead, other users interact (both
positively and negatively) to the information being shared, which provides citizen journalists
with immediate gratification and feedback for their efforts. According to Johnson, et. al
(2007)Meanwhile, people consuming news through social media by watching videos are likewise
given gratification in the form of interaction and participation when they are responding to a
story, providing advice or even just reading comments. Both the immediacy of information and
the interaction provided encourage citizen journalists and consumers of citizen journalism alike.

Despite the potential pitfalls, there are plenty of reasons to welcome the rise of citizen journalism
as long as news consumers understand what they are dealing with. Current TV, for example, a
new cable channel, solicits video submissions from viewers about news in their daily lives that
one would rarely see from traditional news outlets.Ohmy News, a collaborative online
newspaper with the motto "Every Citizen is a Reporter," has become an influential news resource
in Korea and elsewhere. Dan Gillmor's Biosphere, focused on the Bay Area, is providing a
model of citizen journalism on the11internet. And blogs, chat rooms and message boards of all
stripes provide a range of opinion and reporting far beyond what traditional news outlets can
offer. As those traditional outlets take their baby steps towards integrating citizen journalism, it
is interesting to see how much ground they are willing to seed to the non-professionals and how
much the non-professionals want to have to do with the traditional news outlets in the first place.
The idea behind citizen journalism is that individuals who have not been trained as journalists
can use the tools of modern technology and the Internet to cover or verify news stories either
individually or in the form of groups (Glaser, 2006). Citizen Journalism has proved to be an
important tool for communicating information in light of the media blackout and the prohibition
of some traditional media and journalists to cover the details of revolutions.

Furthermore; Citizen Journalism is increasingly becoming a source of major news for traditional
media. In fact, Citizen Journalism was able to change the face of journalism. For example, many
television channels such as CNN, Fox News and the Canadian CTV Canada have adopted citizen
journalism's news. Soon after, YouTube hopped on board a while ago. It should be noted that the
Washington Times newspaper devotes an entire section for the materials they receive from
citizen journalists. According to John Solomon, executive editor of The Times magazine, many
newspapers and magazines use citizens within different countries to provide them with news
stories about the various and interesting issues to readers for not being able to afford the costs of
media coverage from all over the world ( Hogg, 2009 ).

Despite the many benefits of citizen journalism, critics point to the many negative aspects of this
rising trend as it is seen by some journalists as a source that lacks credibility. Several accusations
were made against citizen journalism by Jack Kabeca, former reporter for the Globe and Mail,
that it must be looking for new stories and not redrafting and editing of news published by
traditional media (Hogg, 2009).

Others accused Citizen Journalism as responsible for the spread of violence in the pictorial news
(Lara, 2013. p198). Some journalists say “that this is a misconception and generalization which
lacks equity.” According to them, CJ may enjoy more credibility than the traditional media, as
evidenced by the following: 12
 1- The video images that were broadcast across television screens about the tsunami in
Japan would never have been seen by the world if citizens at the scene had not filmed it.
(Abu AlFadel, 2011).
2- Young people believe that when information intersects on the pages of dozens or even
hundreds of citizens participating in the site, it must then be gaining credibility that the
traditional media may lack.
3- Human rights activists who are actually electronic activists became the faces we see or
hear commenting on screens, and therefore bloggers and Twitter users are no longer
virtual creatures who could not set the agendas.

4- With regard to questioning the credibility of “witnesses” who refuse to disclose their
identities, Internet activists believe this as inaccurate. In a country where opponents are prone to
violence like detention, or murder, one naturally fears for his life, and therefore it becomes his
right to remain anonymous to the public. The citizen journalist verifies callers’ credibility and
also ensures a range of factors including the presence of a person in the place, and the coherence
of the story (Citizen Journalist Symposium, 2012). Following the same path, one study
experienced the impact of the information about a writer and hyperlinks on a citizen journalism
Web site on the perceived credibility of stories and results showed that credibility is enhanced
most greatly when both hyperlink and writer information are included and, to a lesser extent,
when just hyperlink or writer information is present. (Johnson and Wiedenbeck, 2009)

According to Johnson, et. al (2007), while the studies conducted on traditional media reflect that
the biased writing reduce the level of credibility of news blogs, the bloggers, on the other side,
see that blogging, includes thoughtful analysis of current events and that is something missing in
the traditional media.

(Johnson,et-al ,2007 &Neuman (2011) support the view that the in-depth coverage of the events
comes from blogs and social networking.
13
The problem here is the weakness of skills of citizen
journalists compared to traditional journalists. In that respect, bloggers (online media user)
trained on news writing on one case they write a collection of articles that are post on one of the
public television stations' websites. It turns out that the most important elements to strengthen
their skills are success in motivating them to accept the idea of training. No doubt, the nature of
the training and its content is an important element too, but trying to bridge the gap between
professional journalists and citizen journalists is not an easy matter. In an attempt to study
bloggers' perception of the difference between blogging and journalism using news framing
theory, Sheehy &Ji, (2009) revealed that bloggers (online media user) do not consider blogging a
form of journalism, while many believe that the relationship between the two is very strong. On
the other hand, they feel there is higher credibility to their news than the news of traditional
media (Cassidy, 2007)

2.9. Peace Journalism and Role of Peace Journalism:-

Peace Journalism (PJ) uses conflict analysis and transformation to update the concept of balance,
fairness and accuracy in reporting. The PJ approach provides a new road map tracing the
connections between journalists, their sources, the stories they cover and the consequences of
their reporting the ethics of journalistic intervention. It opens up a literacy of non-violence and
creativity as applied to the practical job of everyday reporting.

“Peace Journalism makes audible and visible subjugated aspects of reality,” Professor Johan
Galtung.

14
CHAPTER THREE

3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter would present the methodology of research use procedure implant to realize the
research objectives. According to planners Selvam,(2004.p,2),research methodology is a system
of methods, procedures and techniques used to find the result of research problem.

3.1. Research Design

The researcher design this study in triangulation research design because the most well-known
approach to mixing methods is the Triangulation Design. The intent in using this design is to
bring together the differing strengths and non- overlapping weaknesses of quantitative methods
( trends, generalization) with those of qualitative methods (small sample size, details, in depth)
(Patton, 1990) The study also uses both qualitative and quantitative methods. Qualitative method
used to explain or discuss deeply in text form. Whereas, quantitative method used to describe a
data collect through numerical despondence.

3.2. Population of the Study

The population and data source or units of analysis of this study are media message in forms of
news stories, audience who attend EBC TV political news stories, citizen journalists and also
persons who use citizen journalist news.

3.3.Sample Size and Sampling Technique

The study used convenience sampling technique to select questioner respondents and purposive
sampling technique for interview respondents from EBC TV newsroom worker or journalist and
citizen journalist. The researcher used Convenience sampling because it is quick, inexpensive,
and convenient. According to Leiner, D. J. (2014). Convenience Samples and Respondent Pools.
1-36.Convenience samples are useful for certain purposes, and they require very little planning.
Researchers simply use participants who are available at the moment.

The researcher was distributing 40 questioners for conveniently selects respondent from online
media user and EBC TV viewer. But only 32 respondents are response the questioners.

15
The study used purposive sampling technique. According to https://dissertation.
Ladder.com/purpose-sampling.php#types. Purpose Sampling, subjects are selected based on
study purpose with the expectation that each participant will provide unique and rich information
of value to the study. The purpose sampling technique, also called judgment sampling, is the
deliberate choice of a participant due to the qualities the participant possesses.So, for this study
no one can give relevant information about the organization or web in terms of news gathering
and distribution process.

3.4. Data Collection Instruments

The study used data collection instruments are;

Phone in interview, questioners such as open and closed- ended and also observation to make
the study more accurate and scientific.

3.4.1. The study used telephone interview to gather the data from purposively select participant
such as EBC News producer and citizen journalism activists. The data collected via it is
revealing the valid data for the research objective to prepare interview for EBC TV news room
worker and citizen journalism activists. It is important for researcher to justify the event.
Majumdan (2005: p, 236) states that “interview is an interaction between two or more individual
in which one person provides the necessary play verbal stimuli and other responds to it by a
verbal replay.”

3.4.2. Other tools used to gather information for study is questioner open and close-ended.
Questioner would conduct for audience who are familiar with EBC TV news and online media
user .The reason to choose both open and close-ended questionnaires; it enables for the
researcher to gain both qualitative and quantitative data.

3.4.3. The other one is observation it is also important to get first hand information for the study
as well the researcher proof the data and make the study accurate. As well as observation is a pre
planned research tool. (Burns, 1999).

16

3.5. Data Collection Procedure

Data collected from news producer in EBC TV from Nov - Jan2010 and citizen journalist activist
through interview. Data collected from EBC TV news follower as well as from online media
user through questioners.

The data collect procedure to observe news which is produced in EBC in Nov- Jan 2010E.C and
online media which is citizen journalist use for news purpose. According to this to collect the
data through interview first the researcher prepared interview for both media worker
appropriately after that the facilitate sutation to communicate through tel phone with them to
acquire accurate information lastly the researcher call to him and gather what she want. The
procedure used for questioners prepare the questioners which have coherent with the research
question and objectivity as well as answer it then distribute the questioner for the respondent
which is selected convenience sampling technique.Then communicate within them when they
face same challenges finally the researcher collected the questioners.

In the observation time the researcher observe the data from Google and from same online
media.

3.6. Method of Data Analysis

After collect the data, the study analysis using mixed approach; use percentage as statistical tools
to describe quantitative data. According to Gustav Fechner (2005), quantitative research is the
systematic empirical investigation of observable phenomena via statistical, mathematical or
computational techniques and also it develops and employs mathematical models, theories and
hypotheses pertaining to phenomena.

Whereas the qualitative data explain through in text from that the data gather through open ended
questioners, interview and observation. Patton, M. Q. (2002). Qualitative research and evaluation
methods 3rd ed. qualitative research is the strategy of research that is constructed usually
emphasizing words rather than quantification in collection and data analysis of data.

17

CHAPTER FOUR
4. Data Analysis and Presentation

This study is conducted with the aim of assessing the impact of citizen journalism on the practice
of traditional media journalist in case of EBC TV news coverage. In this study the researcher
analyses and presents the data gathered through questionnaire, interview and observation.

40questionnaires were distributed and 32 were returned. The questionnaire has two parts; the
first part deal with respondents profile, while the second part focused on the quality of news
reporting on EBC TV as well as on online media by citizen journalists in news coverage and
relevancy of them lastly impact of citizen journalism on traditional media specially on EBCTV
political news coverage. The result from the questionnaire presented in percentage by using
quantitative method cloth ended questioners and discussed in detail open ended questioners by
using qualitative method. The researcher conducted interview with the EBC TV news editor and
take one citizen journalism practitioner lastly information from observation interpreted.

4.1 Demography of the Respondents

Table 1, Sex distribution of the respondents

No Sex No of respondents Percentage (%)

1 Male 18 56.25%
2 Female 14 43.75%
Total 32 100%

Table 1, shows that from the total respondents of the questioners 18 (56.25%) are male
respondents. While 14 (43.75%) are female respondents. As the above table indicates that
majority of the respondents are males. This implies that most of the respondents are male.

18
Table 2, Age distribution of the respondents

No Age No respondents Percentage (%)

 1 Below 25 12 37.5%
2 26-35 11 34.4%
3 36-45 5 15.6%
4 46 -55 and 4 12.5%
above
Total 32 100%

Table 2, is described that 12(37.5%) of the respondents are below25 age group, 11(34.4%) are
from 26-35, and 5(15.6%) respondents are from 36-45 as well as 4(12.5%) respondents are from
46 – 55 and above. As the above table indicates that majority of the respondents are from the age
group of 15-25. This implies that most of the respondents are youths.

4.2. Interest of Respondent Using Media For News Purpose

Table 7, Which media is interest for you to uses for news?

No Kind of media used No of respondents Percentage (%)

1 Ethiopia broad cast corporation TV 8 25%

(EBC TV)

2 Online media 11 34.375%

3 Both 9 28.125%

4 Others 4 12.5%

Total 32 100%

Table 7, is described that 11(34.375%) of the respondents are online media user, 9(28.125%)are
who use both media as news sources and 8(25%) respondents are EBC TV media user as well as
4(12.5%) respondents are who use19other media out lets.

As the above table indicates that majority of the respondents are online media users. In the above
what the respondent for example EBC TV users listed as a reason to select it because of social
media impact which means in the way of information distribution they did not care for human
psychology, backlash simply they report what they want to deliver. And also what online media
user the reason what they choose online media because of it fastest to deliver event, while the
event happen they disseminate it before EBC TV report it. However, both media user response
that online media the event deliver early and EBC TV report lately so, it is important to cross
check.

4.3. Quality of News that Citizen Journalist and EBC TV News Coverage.

Table 8, What look like the accuracy of both media in terms of their news?

Media No Level of accuracy No of Percentage (%)

respondents

1 Accurate 3 9.4%

EBC TV 2 Hidden the fact 4 12.5%

3 Inventively

4 Nearer of the fact 5 15.6%

Total 12 37.5%

1 Accurate 6 18.75%

Online 2 Hidden the fact 4 12.5%

media

3 Inventively 2 6.25%

4 Nearer of the fact 8 25%

Total 20 62.5%

Total 20+12=32 37.5%+62.5%=100%

20
Table8, EBC TV data show as 3(9.4%) of respondents are respond EBC TV news is accurate,
and 4(12.5%) of respondents are said EBC TV news is through hidden the fact
however,5(15.6%) of the respondents are said EBC TV news is nearer to the fact when they
report events.

In short this table indicates as EBC TV news are more nearer to the fact.

However online media show as 6(18.75%) of respondents are respond online media media news
is accurate, and 4(12.5%) of respondents are said online media news is through hidden the fact
however, as well as 2(6.5%) of the respondents argue that online media news are inventively
report events and 8(25%) of the respondents are response that online media news report as nearer
to the fact. In short this table indicates as online media news are more nearer to the fact.

As a general the above data indicated as online media were report events nearer to the fact it is
not absolutely true what happen. However, EBC TV news program is less accurate than online
media news. So, it accuracy is two hand of EBC TV news.

As the researcher observation most of the time online media deliver any political and conflict
news without any edition. But, all are true which is happen in fact some time adding unnecessary
idea which is reason for conflict. However, EBC TV political news present after the event
happens or after the audience hears the event through online media media. And its news is not
present all things what happen or what online media present, it missed or cut event. For
example, in the month December, 2010E.C the conflict between the cultures in ambo,
debirezeyit, ziway at that time many people was died and EBC report as some people was died
by their problem and also just the conflict was solved. However online media posted the conflict
was very calamitous for life as well as it is not stopped and continues for long in this case the
accuracy of EBC TV news hide by online media and all citizens came to use online media and
seek every day new information early.

4.4. Relevancy of Media

Table 9, Which media is relevant for you to use for news purpose?
21
No Media No of respondents Percentage (%)

1 online 19 59.4%
2 Ethiopia broadcast corporation (EBC 13 40.6%
TV)

Total 32 100%

Table 9, indicate that relevancy of EBC TV and online media from the total respondent
19(59.4%) of the respondent responses’ as online media are more relevance than EBC TV in
terms of news reporting.

As the respondents stated that the online media are more relevant because any one can access
easily as any time, most of the time citizen journalism practitioners post immediately while or
after the event happened. However, high censorship EBC somehow it last they do not refer to
watch EBC TV news.

Key Finding
4.5. Impact of Citizen Journalism on the Practices of EBC on News Coverage

4.5.1.Activity of EBC Reporter

As the interviewee of EBC TV stated that all EBC news reporter perform their responsibility
attentively on their work position. To perform their news production every day they
communicate with every employer22who do in news room on what they report, how,for whom and
decide on each and every question. When they produce around political issue they consider or
balance the view of state and society. To produce news after gather event where it happen in
short. Their source of news is primary and tangible evidence some times they take an event from
Blog media which are legal online media journalist news. After the reporter gathered event edit
any unnessery and intangible evidence to make the news more accurate, balance as well as to
keep the accountability of an organization. After reporter edit what he/she gather, gate keepers
were cross check those news and avoid the word which is contrary with government. Because
EBC is under control the of government so, their news did not contradict with state. According
to that all news mostly political news produced or check in different news room. In all above
case EBC news reporting become late than citizen journalists.

4.5.2. Impact of Citizen Journalists on EBC

 What are the impact that citizen journalism have on EBC?

As a respondent view Citizen journalists’ impact on EBC news. Citizen journalism practitioner
defame the image of EBC through reporting its negativity. EBC loss it audience due to the
emergence of citizen journalism because every one can gather, make and upload news and
information to the public with out censorship and process of editing as well as selecting and it is
fastest than traditional media (EBC). When one accident or something is happen every one can
take photos, write and upload online to the audience but EBC reported through process for
production, in case EBC become late. Because of it latestness and timeliness people choose
online media news which citizen journalists participate on. And also we know most of the time
EBC report on developmental journalism news about the countries development activities and
the governed works or to broadcast developmental journalism works to build road for the
society, different construction.

However, Citizen Journalists know report every thing the conflict situation or any disturbance
activities or instabilities so that a person that have the events around their circumstance. If there
is any new thing happen especially around in stable situations of the country report their news
online. So that citizen journalists have more impact on EBC news. EBC loses the editorial
policies of the station means accuracy
23 become minimize because EBC is the greatest
government media station with our countries. P lus to lies their audience, the audience by them
self to know this situation means (the lies) the station losses of credibility. EBC minimize run
(competence) with other media most of the people shift to different private station, online media
which is citizen journalists participate on and a broad station. A broad (foreign station) can be
transmit in Amharic like VOA to know the truths the credit-abilities in this kinds of activities to
lose their competent for the better media stations.

As the interviewee of EBC TV stated that citizen journalists has great impact on EBC TV.
Citizen journalists posted a news immediately after the event happen because no censorship, no
editor or steps to edit, absence of accountability and responsibility, they have freedom to report
every thing they have not legality and they did not give any care for the government power
simply focused on public interest and inform the society and gain acceptability. Because of this,
citizen journalism practitioner directly post what they want and observe. The traffic read the
news, before the traditional media present and the audience already taker the side. This makes
traditional media’s news incredible, loss run in society. The impact of citizen journalism is not
only on accuracy and run of the event also on business or economical problem also one of. This
means according to the latestness of EBC news presenting through TV channel that online media
influce through presenting before EBC present or deliver to the audience. Generally, as the first
and government media station EBC leave (forget) this lacks of credibility.

What Ato Abel Mulugeta the EBC TV news reporter interviewee said “the impact of citizen
journalism is semslike what TV and Radio impact on newspaper and magazine.’’

For example:-From Nov-Jan 2010 e.c. in case of political issue as well as conflict reporting
between nation EBC reporters face many challenges when they report their news. The reporter
try to balance and keep peace but citizen journalists report early all things what happened. In
case the audience select online media news and mostly satisfied by the online media news
because of its fastestness in terms of reporting event early as well as audience want to know all
thing what happen every where.
24
Interview 2 from citizen journalism practitioner
citizen journalism practitioner report news early while it happen through seeking any event
everywhere. They presenting any event presenting at place or as a choice they create a group
which are homogenous group or who have common goal or aim. All the member of a group tries
to seek event from where they like and post absolutely what they gather without editing because
they did not have editorial policy or legality according to those factors they report without
considering any news reporting ethics. News story they report like political party speech, any
conflict, business and any other. During reporting those news they did not focused on news
element,and also they present through keeping most of the society feeling. Because, their target
is inform the public what happen on their surroundings. However, they faced some challenges
during reporting events. Like,-Network connection.

- Confidence to gather event while happen.

4.6. How to Manage the Impact of Citizen Journalism on the Practice of

EBC News Reporting?

As the respondent response on the above question the organizations try to solve this problem by
changing their reporting styles not only reporting the government works or like developmental
journalism. Reporting the organization should include their reports uncomfortable situation
because to lie their community. As a reporter the organization (the station) to give a freedom of
expression for their reporting, to gain the reporters free press and free expression to report each
and every activity to remove this impact, plus the EBC journalists report truthful and credible
information to the society and post their reports on their web to dismiss their defame or backlash.
So, in short an organization does such things to solve the impact of citizen journalism in their
self:-

1. Full fill what the audience want from them, to know the audience; the station
conduct the research, research is strong mechanism just like SWOT analysis help to know the
weakness and strength of the station, Report every political news two side reporting (government
25
and keep audience) interest in their report, prepare participatory real programs to know every
interest of the audience and gather feed back from audience about the status of the news, don’t
exaggerate their report, if their report is exaggerated the news lose it accuracy or truth as well as
balance, and also creating blog and website for news purpose and reshape their technique of
news reporting. Because audiences were shift (change) their media choices when the media are
not full fill audience need in terms of news unless they did not shift.

As the interview respondent that the office performs its activities well. There is a gap when they
report news for the audience. Till now they measure what they are expected to produce and only
evaluate how much information can they distribute to the audience. From the above
explanations, about EBC the researcher can deduce that there is almost they don’t want to see
what is looks like their relation with audience satisfaction in case of news,and how can they
sustaining the continues relation with it audience. The main target of the media is it’s audience
so when they can caching of their audience attention by the means of preparing online,societal
problem solve report as well as to increase it’s fastestness. So EBC manager or all follower
parties to maintain their relationship with the audience because with out audience unless, they
can’t compete or manage impact of citizen journalism.

 Additionally Information Impact of Citizen Journalism on Peace Keeping

in the Country
As the researcher observation the role of citizen journalism in case of peace keeping that all
online media news is simply deliver news or event what is happen for example in Dec, 2010
E.C conflict between walayita and Tigre people in shashemena town and the online media
post all of the phenomena between them and what the government take solution for the
conflict without balancing.
Post different political party view on the conflict which opposed with the Ethiopian
government. According to that the conflict takes long period. However, EBC try to report
news to the audience through balancing those groups action to create peace.
According to Goffman (1974) the concept of Media framing theory in media studies the
media focuses attention on certain events and then locates those events within a particular
field of meaning. Media framing
26 argues that how a news story is presented in the media
(the frame) can some time be as important as the news story itself because it influence
how the audience perceive the story. However citizen journalists do not consider to report
conflict events.
 So, citizen journalists are not play role in peace keeping process when compare with EBC.
The main source of the researcher judge her observation is peace journalism course.
 There are efforts to endorse the use of media to facilitate conflict resolution, and ‘peace
media.’ Peace media can be defined as the use of "radio, television, and printed
journalism, to promote peace, to disseminate truthful information or alternate viewpoints
that could turn public sentiment for peaceful resolution of conflict, or to counter ‘hate
radio’". Peace media personnel are thought to be objective and impartial when describing
the parties involved in the conflict, but not taking sides and submissively watchful when
it come up to portraying peaceful means as the only acceptable way of resolving
conflicts. Wolfe (2004) maintains that media in many ways can add to restructuring the
course of events in a peaceful way. For instance, media can stress the rewards of peace
building, encourage individuals and groups involved in peace ideas, and balance the view
of the players. Normally, however, media put across the opposing messages to the public.

CHAPTER FIVE

5. Result, Conclusions and Recommendation

5.1. Result

The researcher gains the following results for the specific objective of the study from the
questioner response, interview and the researcher observation.
27
Specific objective of the research

1. To know the impact of citizen journalist on EBC.

2. To describe the mechanisms to manage the impact of citizen journalism on EBC.

 Citizen journalism impacted EBC- on the run of EBC in the society, organizational image
also extinction (abolition) and in economical as the interviewee response.
 The technique to solve the impact of citizen journalism on EBC the respondent stated that
prepare real program to gather feed back about their way of news reporting, conduct
research attentively, report news in two way (as two side), create legal website for news
purpose, focused on audience interest and their news reporting,
 In terms of citizen journalism news accuracy they are more accurate than EBC news
reporting. Mostly online media (blogger) post event accurately and nearer to the fact.
However, EBC is not report news accurately compare with EBC. They report through
hidden the fact as the questioner responses.
 In case of conflict solving citizen journalism play less role as the researcher observation.

5.2. Conclusion

This study conducted on the impact of citizen journalism on the practices of EBC TV political
news coverage from Nov – Jan, 2010E.C. This study tried to answer research question and
achieve major as well as specific objective. This study focused only EBC political news
coverage because EBC is the main stream media in Ethiopia. To achieve the objectivity the
28
researcher use triangular research design and use an instrument to gather data for the study
questioners, interview and observation. For questioner respondents the researcher used convince
sampling technique and purposely sampling technique for interview respondents. After gathering
the data the researcher analyzed through mixed approach. According to the specific objective of
the study the researcher concluded that;-

1. To know the impact of citizen journalist on EBC.

2. To describe the mechanisms to manage the impact of citizen journalism on EBC.

According to the impact of citizen journalism on the practice of EBC TV political news, the
researcher concluded that blog media impacted on EBC political news coverage. EBC is under
the control of government or state so reporter can not report any event which is contradict with
government but, the society want to know every thing which is happen in this case EBC news
become overshadow in the society, citizen journalists report every event without editing, because
they did not have legality and responsibility as well as accountability their aim is inform
audience what happen through keeping audience interest rather than government in this case
audience choose online media which citizen journalists participate on.

The mechanisms that are important (use) to solve the impact of citizen journalism on EBC
political news prepare real program which is participator to the audience to give feed back about
the status of EBC way of news reporting,conduct research actively about their news program,
create website for news purpose, change their previous way of news reporting in two side are
the major mechanism what the respondents stated.

As the interest of media for the user the researcher concluded that the society is more interest to
use online media because of what online media report any event which is interest for user but,
EBC TV news is more focused on the editorial policy in that case EBC lose its audience.

Based on the accuracy of both online and EBC TV news the researcher concluded that online
media is more accurate or report as nearer to the factual evidence. On the online media report
every event which is happen is report without editing. However, EBC TV news report after many
steps. In this case the factual events become hidden.

According to the relevance of those online and EBC news, the researcher conclude that online
media is more relevant than EBC news what anyone can practices without license and also at
29
any time can get news from but EBC TV news is transmittable.
As the role of citizen journalism in case of conflict solving according to presenting everything
what happen between any political party and every social groups whether positive and negative
side of the groups create confusion in the society and that confusion is enlarge to conflict.

5.3. Recommendation

According to Leykun (1977), it is obvious that the existences of any media rely highly on the
existence of a good number of audiences. Unless the audiences are satisfied with what the media
transmit they may not become regular listeners or viewer, they can stop watching or listening.
From experience, in most cases people get motivated to give feed backs when the issues are
relevant to their life, follow their problem and when they are contented / discontented with a
program. So, it would be crucial to conduct research on audience satisfaction for any media so as
to know the status of its audience. Since producing and transmitting programs without audience
would simply mean waste of time, energy and resources.

So,The researcher came up with the following recommendations after analyzing the finding of
the study from the response of the respondent and the EBC news reporter. The recommendation
read as follows: -

 EBC to become effective and run regarding to news reporting keep the interest of the
audience what they want to inform, know about the phenomena. In order to draw good
image about EBC news accuracy create awareness about rule of news reporting in the
society.
 Additionally, EBC to make fast their news report create website for their news reporting
purpose as well as prepare real program which is participator to gain feed back about the
status of their news.
 EBC to become run in terms of news reporting change their way of reporting through
using technique which can express the event inventively or don’t exaggerate the exact
event.

30
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APPEDIXES

PART I. PERSONAL PROFILE

1. Sex: Male Female
2. Age: Below 25 25-35 35-45 45-55 Above 55
33
PART II. QUESTIONS ON EVALUATING AUDIENCE SATISFACTION

1. Do you have relation with Ethiopia Media? Yes No

2. Do you like news program? Yes No

3. If your answer is yes which media do use for news? Ethiopia Broadcasting Corporation

online media both others

4. If you do not like why explain your reason clearly.

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

5. If your answer is both what look like online media news in terms of news elements?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
_________
6. What about Ethiopia Broadcasting Corporation news in terms of news elements?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______

7. How citizen journalist report any conflict news? Accurately through hiding fact

Inventively Nearer to the fact

8. How Ethiopia Broadcasting Corporation Media report conflict news? Accurately
Through hiding fact inventively Nearer to the fact

9. If you use both media which one is more important for you?
Online media Ethiopia Broadcasting Corporation Media

10. If you say online media how?

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
34
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

11. If your answer is Ethiopia Broadcasting Corporation Media why?

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
12. If you use both media for news purpose do you think that citizen journalist have impact on
traditional media ?
Yes No

13. If your answer is yes what are the impacts explain in brief?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______

14.If your answer is yes how EBC ( an organization) can manage such impacts put your
argument?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______

Interview I for Ethiopia Broadcasting Corporation news

producer.
1. How do you perform your task?35
2. Do you full fill the editorial policy in your news production process?
3. What are your sources for your news?
4. Do you report early what any event happen?
5.If your answer is no what is the reason that affect you to report the event early?
6. If your answer is no according to your latest what challenge do you faced in your news
product?
7. How the organizations prepare to manage the impact of citizen journalism for the future?

Interview II for who is citizen journalism practitioner.

1. Do you report events early?

2. What are the sources of your news?
3. How do you produce your news stories?
4. How do you report it according to editorial policy?
5. Do you face any challenge when you gather events?

6. How you passed it?

7. What is your plan for the future to manage that challenge to be effective?

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Broadcast Journalism Training Council (2001) Welcome to the BJTC.

Report conflict event in Oct, 2010 E.C.

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Amihara people in bride well(jail)

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Broadcast Journalism Training Council (2001) Welcome to the BJTC.

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