Summer Internship

Submitted to the Amity University Uttar Pradesh In partial fulfilment of

requirements for the award of the Degree of

(B.Sc. (H) Mathematics)

By

Rashi Jain
Enrollment No: A4455618059

Under the guidance of:

Dr.Shweta Upadhyaya

Amity Institute of Applied Sciences

Amity University, Uttar Pradesh

Sector 125, Noida – 201303 (India)

 AMITY INSTITUTE OF APPLIED SCIENCES
Synopsis of Summer Internship
Title: GAMMA AND BETA FUNCTIONS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS

Name of Guide: Dr. Shweta Upadhyaya

Programme: - B.Sc. Year/Semester: - 5th semester

(H)Mathematics

S.No. Enrolment No. Name Signature

1. A4455618059 Rashi Jain

Summary:-Brief study about gamma and beta functions and their real life
applications

Resource requirement: -Internet Services, Laptop, Books, Research Papers.

Schedule of work completion:- In each week, I devoted 15 hours of working. I

worked for about 2 hours daily and studied about my topic in detail.

Signature of Student:

Signature of Guide:

Signature of Programme Leader:

Name:

Approval by Board of Faculty

Member Signature Remark (Approved / Not Approved)

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 DECLARATION

I, RASHI JAIN student of B.SC. (H) MATHEMATICS hereby declare that the
Summer Internship titled “GAMMA AND BETA FUNCTIONS AND THEIR
APPLICATIONS” which is submitted by me to Department of Mathematics, Amity
Institute of Applied Sciences, Amity University, Uttar Pradesh, Noida, in partial
fulfillment of requirement for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Science, has not
been previously formed the basis for the award of any degree, diploma or other
similar title or recognition.

Noida

Date: 20 May, 2020

RASHI JAIN

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 CERTIFICATE

On the basis of declaration submitted by RASHI JAIN, student of Amity University, I

hereby certify that the Summer Internship titled “GAMMA AND BETA
FUNCTIONS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS” which is submitted to Department of
Mathematics, Amity Institute of Applied Sciences, Amity University, Uttar Pradesh,
Noida, in partial fulfillment of requirement for the award of the degree of Bachelor Of
Science, is a faithful record of work carried out by her under my guidance and
supervision.

To the best of my knowledge this work has not been submitted in part or full for any
Degree or Diploma to this University or elsewhere.

Noida

Date: 20th May 2020

Dr. Shweta Upadhyaya

Department of Mathematics

Amity Institute of Applied Sciences

Amity University, Uttar Pradesh, Noida

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Iamextremely gratefultoDr.Shweta
Upadhyaya,DepartmentofMathematics,AmityInstituteof
AppliedSciences,AmityUniversity,Uttar Pradesh,Noida,underwhosesupervisionand
guidancethisworkhasbeendone andwithout whosewisecounsel,keeninterestand
soundcriticalsuggestionsthroughout thepreparationofthisreport,it wouldnot have
beenpossibletocompletethis.

Iwouldalsolikeexpressmygratitudetomyfamily,friendsfortheirunendingsupport
andtirelesseffortthatkeptmemotivatedthroughoutthecompletionoftheproject.

Yourssincerely.

Rashi Jain

A4455618059

B.Sc. (H) Mathematics

(2018-21)

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Abstract…………………………………………………………………………….…1

The Gamma function…………………………………………………………………2

Convergence of gamma function…………………………………………….4

Properties of gamma function…………………..……………………………5

Types of gamma function……………………………………………………5

Incomplete gamma function………………….………………………………6

Graphical representation………………………………….………………….7

Some special values of the gamma function…………………………………7

Applications of Gamma Function……………………………………………………8

The Beta Function…………………………………………………………………...11

Convergence of the beta function…………………….…………………….11

Properties of beta function…………………………………………...……..12

Incomplete beta function………………………………….………………..12

Applications of Beta Function……………………………………………………...13

Relation between Gamma and Beta Function……………………….……………...15

Conclusion………………………………..…………………………………………17

References…………………………….…………………………………………….18

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ABSTRACT

Many“special functions” arise in the concern of the solutions of several differential equations.
Special functions are some fundamental functions that are crucial enough to be granted their
own name. These incorporate the eminent exponential, logarithmic and trigonometric
functions, and go on to the famous Gamma, Beta and Zeta functions. Special functions have
immense applications in pure mathematics, as well as in applied areas such as, heat
conduction, electrical current, and solutions of wave equations, quantum mechanics and heat
equations.In this report we will study mainly about Gamma and Beta function, their properties
and their applications.Gamma functions have integral functional representations and explicit
series, and thus supply ideal tools for establishing transformation formulae and useful
products. Gamma function can be used as adynamic means in solving some valuable
mathematical problems.Beta function is important in calculus due to its close connection to
gamma function but in some cases it is convenient to use beta function instead of certain
combinations of the values of gamma function. Most of the complex integrals can be reduced
to expressions involving the beta function. The gamma- beta relationship in some cases is also
of great use.This report contains convergence, properties, types and some real life
applications, in various fields, of gamma and beta functions.

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THE GAMMA FUNCTION

Inspite of the importance of the gamma function in many various parts of mathematics,
calculus books usually treat this function in a very sketchy and complicated fashion.

In mathematics, the theory of the gamma function moreacknowledged as Euler’s integral of

second kind, is one of the commonly used extension of the factorial function of the natural

numbers, i.e. finding an expression that has the value n!.Forall positive integers , and further

can be stretched to arbitrary real numbers on the similar moment.

It can be represented in various ways given below:

 GAUSS EXPRESSION:

Deform As follows:

Because natural number may be arbitrary, when as follows:

Hence,

Since x is already good in anything besides 0,-1,-2,… replacing function By

We obtain the gauss expression.

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 EULER EXPRESSION:

 INTEGRAL EXPRESSION:

Here,

So,

Now let Then because

We will proceed in the same way,

Hence,

For the sake of simplicity in writing, we mainly use the well-known improper integral:

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Now, replacing the integer n by any arbitrary real number such that it still converges,

we get:

( -(1)

CONVERGENCE OF GAMMA FUNCTION

By using, Cauchy test of integral convergence,

If , then is a proper integral. Let,

But if then has 0 as a point of infinite discontinuity. Also, .

Let

Then,

Hence, is convergent if is convergent.

Is convergent if or . -(2)

If then has as point of infinite discontinuity. Consider,

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=0

Hence, is convergent.

is convergent -(3)

Gamma function is convergent if . (by eq.(2) and (3))

PROPERTIES OF GAMMA FUNCTION:

 The duplication formula:

( ) ( )=

 ( )= = ( ),

When, =1

( ) = 0! = = =1

And it turns,

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( ) = 1 ( ) = 1.1 =

( ) = 2 ( ) = 2.1 =

( ) = 3 ( ) = 3.2 =

So, in general, we can write,

( )= =1,2,3,…

This is known as recurrence formula.

 The reflection formula:

( ) ( )=

 The gamma function has no zeroes, so reciprocal gamma function is an entire

function.

TYPES OF GAMMA FUNCTIONS:

Under this topic we will study about different types of gamma function which are obtained by
differentiating the known gamma function:

1. POLY-GAMMA FUNCTION:

The th derivative of the gamma function is well-known as the poly-gamma

function. It is meromorphic function, it is given by:

This expresses the poly-gamma function as Laplace transform of ,

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2. DI-GAMMA FUNCTION:
The di-gamma function is known for being the logarithmic derivative of the gamma
function. It is first of the poly-gamma function.

Some special values of di-gamma function are:

3. TRI-GAMMA FUNCTION:
It is second kind of gamma function.

Some special values of the tri-gamma function are:

INCOMPLETE GAMMA FUNCTION:

The incompleteupper gamma function is given by:

Γ( )

Whereas the incompletelower gamma function is given by:

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where s is a complex parameter, such that the real part of s is positive.

( ) + ( )

GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION:

 Thefunction is finite for positive integers.

 The function approaches to when or gamma of zero, i.e. Γ is undefined.

 The curve is continuous for all

SOME SPECIAL VALUES OF GAMMA FUNCTION:

For better understanding of the properties of the gamma function, we will find its value for
some commonly used real numbers:

 Γ

Consider, (

Putting,

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If we put ,

 Γ

Using the property: ( )= ( )

Putting ,

We get, ( )= Γ

 Some other commonly used values for the gamma function are listed below:

APPLICATIONS OF GAMMA FUNCTION:

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While gamma function’s standard bent was to interpolate and model the factorial function,
geometers along withmathematicians have developed and discovered many other amusing
applications, some of which are mentioned here:

 It is one of the most widely used functions because it is employed in many

distributions.
I. Gamma distribution:
The probability distribution function of the gamma distribution with two
parameters is given by:

II. Chi-squared distribution:

It is a subfamily of gamma family of distributions. It arises when we have a
sum of squared normal distribution variables. It plays an outsixe role in
statistics. It is used in population mean and population variance of normal
population. It’s probability density function is given by:

 The Laplace Transforms of many functions, which are very helpful while solving
exercises in engineering and science, use the Gamma function.

 Fractional derivatives are calculated with the help of gamma functions. It is defined
as

For any doublet and for ,

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Where { } is the set of arbitrary constants with finite values.

If, we get,

Now suppose we wish to calculate the value of :

 The Zeta function is given in terms of gamma function by:

For always converges, and can be simplified to the following infinite

series:

We know that,

Substituting where k is a positive integer,

The summation of the zeta function becomes:

Hence we get,

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One of the most wonderful discoveries in mathematics is of the zeta function. It has
infinitely many so-called insignificant zeroes on the real line. It plays a pivotal role in
physics, probability theory and applied statistics.
 The gamma distribution is used to describe the distribution of seismic moments of
earthquake and earthquake sequences; the pattern of occurrence of earthquakes in
terms of space, time and magnitude are very erratic and some probabilistic models for
such events have been constructed. These studies or models can be used for
prediction of future occurrences and estimating damage. If an earthquake has not
occurred in the last t times units, it would not help us in knowing about probability of
occurrence during next s time units.

The “functional form of turns out to be close to generalized gamma distribution”:

, for

Where , the variable is equal to constitute a “dimensionless occurrence time”,

the parameter γ comes out to be around 0.7, whereas δ is very close to 1 (for normal
gamma distribution, strictly, δ ≡ 1). The exponential factor accelerates the decay for

θ> 1. The constant is just a “dimensionless scale parameter” and its value is given

to be about 1.4, where is the normal gamma function, which establishes this

distribution, and D is a correction to streamline due to the fact that this description for

very short times, may not be valid, .

THE BETA FUNCTION

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The first Eulerian integral was made known by Euler and is typically introduced by its most

accepted name given by Jacques Binet, denoted by (Greek lowercase) beta function.

It is a two-parameter composition of the Gamma function, defined by:

It plays a major role in calculus as it has a close connection with gamma function.

CONVERGENCE OF BETA FUNCTION:

Let , is a proper integral if , .

If , then 0 the only point of infinite discontinuity and if , then 1 is the only point

of infinite discontinuity.

Now, we will examine the convergence of when and

when .

By using, comparison test in limit form:

 Convergence of when ,

If ,

, is convergent if .

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is convergent.

 Convergence of when

If ,

1-n < 1, is convergent if .

is convergent.

is convergent if .

PROPERTIES OF BETA FUNCTION:

 Reflexive:

 Symmetric, i.eirrespective of the orders of its parameters:

 ,

 ,

 , .

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INCOMPLETE BETA FUNCTION:

Beta-function’s generalized form is known as the incomplete beta-function, given by:

When it becomes the beta function.

The incomplete beta function has many implications in functional analysis, integral
calculus,physics etc.

APPLICATIONS OF BETA FUNCTION:

 In analysis, Wallis integral constitute a family of integrals introduced by John Wallis:

 Both maple and mathematica have beta function knowledge built into their integral
evaluators, sobefore attempting its symbolic evaluation, it will not be necessary to
identify an integral as a beta function.
In mathematica, beta function can be implemented as follows:

1 Beta [ a , b ]

 The beta distribution used to calculate experimental frequency distribution of several

meteorological data such as relative sunshine and humidity of a place and to
determine average time in time management problemsof completing selected tasksis
given by:

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Where and are shape parameters, and are respectively lower and upper

limits, and is the beta function, it is the normalization constant to ensure the

total probability is equal to 1.

 In physics and string approach, function is used to compute and represent the

scattering amplitude for Regge trajectories.

 The derivative of the beta function is a great way to solve some integrals:

For example:

Consider,

Differentiate with respect to x first and then with respect to y, to get

Now put and to have

 We observe the reciprocal of central binomial coefficient:

This is really helpful in solving summations, for example:

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Changing the sign of summation and integral sign due to absolute convergence of the
integrand:

The geometric progression sum is used, now we can easily solve the indefinite
integral and put the limits, so we get

Many other summations can be calculated using the beta function.

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RELATION BETWEEN BETA AND GAMMA FUNCTION

We know that,

Continuing the same process, we get,

Multiplying with in numerator and denominator,

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We have calculated the value of Γ earlier, now we will use this relation also to

calculate the same:

We know that,

Putting p=0 and q=0, we get,

⇒.

Taking square root on the both sides of the above equation, we get:

So, we can use this famous gamma-beta relation for finding many such values.

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CONCLUSION

Out of several improper integrals, some integrals are of great use. The famous gamma
and beta function that we discussed here play extremely important role in today’s
research fields.

The gamma function is the elongation of the factorial function, which is an improper
integral that converges for all positive real numbers. Euler’s integral of second kind
has some important functional properties notably the reflection and duplication
formula. It has many extremely important applications not only in mathematics but
also quantum physics, nuclear physics, plasma physics etc.

The beta integral which has a close connection with gamma function is majorly used
in calculus, and in physics mainly in string theory. Euler’s integral of first kind has
some distinctive properties such as reflexivity and symmetry.

The gamma and beta relationship is also of great use. It provides ease in finding
certain values.

These improper integrals are also inbuilt functions in the popular coding languages
like maple and mathematica.

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REFERENCES

1. Emil Artin, ‘The Gamma Function’, Hamburg University, Germany, 2015.

2. Joel Azose, ‘On the Gamma Function and it’s applications’, University of
Washington, March, 2016.
3. Jammes Bonnar, ‘ The Gamma Function’ ,United States, Feb 2017.
4. S.C.Malik and Savita Arora, ‘Mathematical Analysis, second edition’, Delhi,
1992.
5. Andrews, G.E., Askey, R. and Roy, R., ‘Special Functions’, Cambridge
University, Press, Cambridge, 1999.

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Amity Institute Applied Sciences

WEEKLY PROGRESS REPORT (WPR)

For the week commencing: 20/04/2020 to 25/04/2020

WPR : 1
Enrollment Number: A4455618059
Program: B.Sc.(H) Mathematics
Student Name: Rashi Jain
Faculty Guide’s Name: Dr. Shweta Upadhyaya

Co- Guide’s Name:

Project Title: Application of Beta and Gamma Functions

TARGETS SET FOR THE WEEK

Study about the Gamma Function, convergence criteria and its properties from
various books, research papers and internet sources.

PROGRESS/ACHIEVEMENTS FOR THEWEEK

All targets set were achieved. Books helped in getting a better insight into the topic.

FUTURE WORK PLANS-

To study about Beta function, convergence and its properties from different internet
sources and books.

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Amity Institute Applied Sciences

WEEKLY PROGRESS REPORT (WPR)

For the week commencing: 27/04/2020 to 02/05/2020

WPR : 2
Enrollment Number: A4455618059
Program: B.Sc.(H) Mathematics
Student Name: Rashi Jain
Faculty Guide’s Name: Dr. Shweta Upadhyaya

Co- Guide’s Name:

Project Title: Application of Beta and Gamma Functions

TARGETS SET FOR THE WEEK

Study about Beta function, convergence and its properties from different internet
sources and books.

PROGRESS/ACHIEVEMENTS FOR THEWEEK

All objectives accomplished. Able to find values of various improper integrals.

FUTURE WORK PLANS-

To study about applications of Beta and Gamma function and the relation between
Beta and Gamma function.

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Amity Institute Applied Sciences

WEEKLY PROGRESS REPORT (WPR)

For the week commencing: 04/05/2020 to 09/05/2020

WPR : 3
Enrollment Number: A4455618059
Program: B.Sc.(H) Mathematics
Student Name: Rashi Jain
Faculty Guide’s Name: Dr. Shweta Upadhyaya

Co- Guide’s Name:

Project Title: Application of Beta and Gamma Functions

TARGETS SET FOR THE WEEK

Study about applications of Beta and Gamma function and the relation between Beta
and Gamma function from various books, research papers and internet sources.

PROGRESS/ACHIEVEMENTS FOR THEWEEK

Concluded the topic. Able to solve various problems involving Gamma and Beta
function

FUTURE WORK PLANS-

Good insight into the topic created an interest and I’d like to study and apply it in
various engineering fields.

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