RESPIRATION

r Resplrallon ls a Amphlbollc & CMrgOlllc: celUi!r process.

r ResplrMlon Is an eniymouc process, which 15 olso known as Internal Nlplrellon / IINue raplnlllon/danc
r•pl,-Uon / c:ellular r•pl111tlon / mllodlondrlal Rupl111Uon.
r An lmporlanl !eatwe of re.plratlon Is ilb4milion of metabolic erwrgy llS ATP.
IRespiratory substrata : !
(Cbrbohydrotes - F111s ... P~clleln ➔ ot"""I
r When resptrarcry ,iubstrates Ott catbohydraw llkl! glyccgen. ,tnrch. sucro,e heicO!IC or f11ls. 1han mplrallon
Is known as lloetlng reapn1llon .
r Whan p,oteln Is oxidised In rnsplr.,11011, lhen resplrallon l'> Known as ~ re,plratlon protopfasmlc
componenl!l or eoilular prot&'ln, may 01tidlsed ar 1he thne ol sloMtion & dl~Me
r Exceptlona~ omllon of proteins In legume seeds Is called lloellng 1apl111t1011.
ITypas of respiration : !
(A) Aerobl.; 1apliatlon .. The complcm! oxldalklnol lood with the use of oxyg('nandwhen entlreca,bc,n released.
as CO, Is c..lled as aerobic re,piratlon.

C,H.,06 + 601 + 61 1,0 "'";'°

qlD- Hllkl
I 6C01t + 12H10 + 686 Kc.,! E (38/36ATP)

(BJ Anaerobic mpltatlon ,. Thk k on lnromJ)ll!I• oxldftllon

r Wha,, food Ir. o~ Into alcohol or 0<ganic .>d<ls without use ol OX\19i?n,
During ii most of the e""'911 Is lo5I ln form ol heat. II OOCUIS In cytoplasm and only 2ATP are procb:ed.

C,H.,O• ....,,,...., > 2c,H,OH + 2CO,+ 21 KC.I

(2ATP)

• An~eroblc " '"'lralon was llm rcpa,tod by l<oliyld,ay,

• Anlloroblc ~trnrlon moy takes plllce In bacterill. some 1-r par/l5lllc anlmols (Alc:arta, T ~ plMl!l, R Bes.
& muscles al hum11n body When oxygen Is not 11Valllble, 1han food k lncomplewly oxidised In IO some orgonic
com1>CWx!s &ke ulhanol, itCelic add, lactic dCkl.
• In muscle ook & some bacteria. the 11nergy Is proclured by breaking of glucose Into lactic add Inside the ceDs.
• The amount ol 4'l1el1lJI r e ~ In anaerobic r·e,pc,ollon i, much leM thon otrablc '"-'Plrt1tion
• Fmnantallon k p«rfar,,,.,d by only 50me lw,gi & som" b,,c:1mn (only by microbes) nnd k an ••lrac,,JJular
prOCC!a. Thont Is gain of 2ATP.

2C,H,OH ·• 2CO, + I l•al

In energy generallng proce...,. olthirr inorg;,nlc or organic compounds function as oloctron acxeplors. Tha
tcmu amoblc respiration, ana<?robic respirallon and formentatlon are often used on coorgy 911nerallng
processes.
' In oerobic respiration the llrw ~lectron !IW'plor 1, free 0 1 .
'lnnnneioblcmplrnllon thl! faw ei,tctron acceplon l!org,u~,;c:cmpound orb,org,,nlcco,nf)Olllllk (llllrnl<'Ji)
oll,u r th11n Ir"" 0,
'In lormenll\llon, th<i IIMI t!leetron occupt0< Is 0<g;1nlc h11ern,e,dl,,tm or lhe p<OCl!51, ,,o cxlom.1I IUbst,,noa.
_. Bolh on&erobic respiration and fcnnnnt&lion are lnclompleta Olddellonl.
• lnhlbllotY effect on resplnmon high cone. of oxygen Is cnlled Palteur effect.
 I STIEPS OF RESPIRATION I
(I J ~ - 10tl!".Uffi l11'1J ~kr~flVir..ytL~pl~t:lm
(2]1 FonullotJ al kJql Ct'24 - ~il.Jnk laclDn) Perhnltoc:t,'O'Tldri,l~ spai:e (01W1tcr
1 chl1rnoorl
(3) 7C4 'l'&W o, I0,6~ 0J,CJW - Mt1tJbc af 1uiluirl11J1idtha & t:ylo~gl 111 wsdn1ill 1

(4] Or..:~rrs h1 crtt!iln,e or ~nt1L·r 1 D•mbt.,r,rM or mlror.hoflldll'la end CJJikJMlutj, ~ o n

Ef5
Ocrn11~ lt1 ( JXWSC1nr1P ~ lQ~d (f I pn 1rHdP.J
[l) ~ , - El4P ... Embdm~ M-11of, 'PnmuJ path.M p.
• The glycol,,,-,._~ h cornancm r1lllt!tB foll' nl!rallk. & auat?rcblr. r~!t.l.Jirr1tlon& lxdh,
_.. 01,;col~,~J ~ 111YalVP-~ n ~ ri«ls oi IP-111 binr-h~mk.Ji I fl?.l'i r:I Lnn.~in cytop~ns:m.
• · in glvc-0l~1sts. fteldter comstl.Hij)llon of mtygen nor UooraHon al C0 liike ,:>lace. 1

• lh1 glycc~sis. 1 ghu::~, ~rod'.u_oos 2 rn□I.. of [l'yriuvir ackls,(3·CJ

r 2NADH11 &. 2/\Tr ar,e gontirated ~n gfyco~:sls, which ore P.qool to 8 A1iP.
• Subsbrt!IJ JsWJl ~ forms 4 ATP:- I\Nhen li11e ~ub~b'a1c r,etl!'iil.Ses e.JM-t!f9V kn phcr:1ph01ylaUon
1

or ADP OR romraUr:in af ATP'.' \vi·~h m.d ITS lhen Cc1lled as !Ubmate lewd, phosph~I
GlyccJ~,sJs ~ a~ known iH!5 mldalvi mabollam or calabdllE ~ ,. tbe-caa.151! U llnJks with ait1abolls:m o [
tats and ;;;nnino adds, An tnlc!rm12dlafe PGAL is. used fn-r d,e synll112.SkS or glycerial bater form5 fats 01 Upld. PCA
1

lS usad fm synlhemi o r -Sedne1 ~ Q;tdne.. Almlna r□r.m.s [rom ~ -

 Gl!,'Oxyi.ta Cycle
_. Dlieovcred by Kornberg & Kiebl.dutlng germination ol fatty awla .
.- This cycle con,.,eru lats lnlo sug.,rs so II Is an eumple or ~ all t'l plattts.
.- Glyoxy1<11a cycle occur1 In ~ . cylolal, & mltochoud,la.

FerJMOtatlon
_. Cndck Shank & Paslcur (18981.
_. Fcrmoonlalion Is much similar ID anaerobic respiration. but lhls lsan exllracel!ular process & SW5ITale Is prl!Selll
olbide 1he cell There is gain ol 2ATP.
_. Buchner cll5aMred the enzyme zymll9', wmplex. ...t,lch Is responslble for alooholic lermenlalion.

tr Types of Fcrneltll&11 ,.
(II Wh<tn tht crne 1ype ol product ror,ned In fonoont~tloo 1t- U Ls calbl homo(ermenlallou.
ftil When tht products ol 1-iatlon process are more than one tyPe. IIM!o proces., Is MleiOMffllllltatlon.

(1) Alcoh.oUc lannentaUon :·

This Is the olde5t & the ~ known type ol lmnotniallon ~ormed by i-t & some baclerla

c.11 11O• l\":;,"" 1

; 2C) l,OH + 2CO, + CJlllfllll

- ~2 Pyruvic Acid ~ • 2 Acetaldehyde + 2C0, - -2C,I I OH

Glucose - ..,'-='
'--2N/\DH, - - - -----,c
. /e-
\. 2NAD'

Ak:ohoUc fermentation

(2) lactic acid fermentation :-

h occurs dunng curd lorn111flan
l I D•
Loctoec ➔ HcxOM! / C,H.,0 1 ,....,...,_,,_ _ • 2C,H,O,
L Acid

(3) Acetic acid farmcntatlon

This Is ~erobk: l.rrmenlallon

C,H,OH i O, _.....,"' CH,COOH ~ H,O

Acobcadd

(4) Butyrlc acid fermentaUon •

In r<U'lcld butter, bttyrtc add lennenleUon lakes place Also In jute fiber .
c.H,,o. c ...,....... • c,H.o, , 2001 , 2H,
_. Other cg are cu,mg ol 1:19, llltW\lng ol ........ rtttlrG ol flbtrt, pt oc 11 IQ ol Tobecco
I Respiratory quotient (R.Q.) I
tr Thu rollo ol lb! \'OMlM! of CO, rera,cid lo I~ 'IOlurnc of 0 1 ll!Mn In rospll1lll0n ls cnDcd R Q

RQ. • vol o CO, llberoled

1101 or02c ~

Value ol R Q depends upon 11w typ~ ul 1aplta10ty MJbetnlle --i & me.,_ed by Genoc'9'I ,-plrcmet8t
IFACTORS EFFF.cT1NG CELL RESPIRATION ,-
1) Tffllperatur• :-
I
• Opumum tem1, for resphatlon 1, boolwnn 20-3S•C Mnxlrnum t•inp . Is nround 45' C.
• At low teonp ru•plratlon Is low due 10 lnactlwtlon of e1nzynllll! (Free.at p r - 1ho food) ..t-.u. •• ><!ry high lamp.
d.!cn!.t.. , as anzym,, d,matured Q,. • 2 10 :I lor rut)iratlon.
• Production of 1:iot<1lo crop 1, high on the hlll <1ruo, dw to low tamp thrCIU!Jhout year
O'RJ (Cenlrnl potato ~arch 111\lttul• It •ll11<1led ot Kufrt•Sl1lmlil (11.P)
(2) ~ ,-
• The Inhibition of onMtobic rllliplrollon by 0 1 co,_,llrallon 11, called"' f'Nteur't eff«t
• The mnlmu,n amount of oxygen. al which aerobic rcsplrallon takes place & an&eroblc resptrntlon become
oxllnct Is a.tied a• --111..u,,, point
• Oxygen cone" • t which both ...,,obic & 01111eroblc r<!SplrMion talw p""'4! simultaneously k c.,lled M tmn1tt1ou
point
(3) co. ,-
• II CO. concenlrallon Iner,....,,, Ihen rote of •~•1>lro1km dl'cr~•w• In plnnt<. (becauSI' ilOIMln g~t doM!d)
(4) Salta :-
II • pl.nt I,, 1ran.lerrettd from W<1ter to i.,lt l101111ion. Ii'• rtspiratlon 1nato.w,, 1hl~ I, known M tall ruplrallon.
a_,. oblorp1lon of Ions r~qulre1 mcmbollc energy
(5) Hormona ,-
• IAA. GA & cy1okrnln lneffMC the nisptratlon rnle.
• The rapid locreuo In rote of ,osplrotlon during ripening or rru.111 ~nd ,;e,wsainc:e or klows •nd pl•nl organs 1,
enlw!d ns "Olmoclerlc i-.ptmt1on• This rnle 11 decrrra'8 oh1>r ,onwUme
It Is due lo production or ethylene hormone.
( 6) Ugh! :-
Rate of <llSplratlon lncrllaS<JS w11h lncreaw 1n light lntQl1111y.
Light control, lht slOITIAUII op1•nl119 & inlluenct' on lcmp ftnd ftbo p,(l(b:r t~fllrnlory Stmelrates.
(7) ln}lay, dl-M & woundo :·
Tlw mplrallon lncro- duo to lr"ury wouridlnfl & 1nkrdlon.
(8) lnhlbtlot'1 1
CN, olldti, DNP (Dlnltrophenol), CO, 10!'11'1011@. ~ntlrnycln, a,nyu,I, Ille l1ll'llbit th~ r<>'1lltntloo1.
(9) Aae :
Rnt~ of re,plrotion Is more In young cells Rare of respiration nt mcrlslem npex Is high
(10) Walllr : 5'ted. dl'e slow nHplrlng p;,n of pk,n,,., l»CbUM dry s.i>IKl1. a.-. dtflckm1or I 1,0
2

CMt
11111
--
-----
cytop1asm
1

2 f TP~ ~ Tf!
glycol rs is
energy input. to
'7~
■tart rea,c li ons
(2AJPnell
2 1py _,ate,
1

2 NADH
~ - - - - rN
L - - - - - - -1- - - - - - -
milachondrian e +H· ~~

,.._____ ~~

12NADH
e + H--- - r

INADH e~+w 1Uebs1

C-ycle
8_ 2 F:ADH,.
l w ELEC:tkuh
11'1 TRANSPORT ,32 ._ATP~
..
. , , },-.,._;;....._1
P_H_
OS_P_H_0R _1_~
_ YLA _ID_* _• _ L

• - ,o H·r - water o
e--•oxygen
1

'TYPICAL EINERGY YIELD: 31 ATP