BUỔI 5

RELATIVE CLAUSES
Chúng ta sử dụng mệnh đề quan hệ để bổ sung thêm thông tin mà không cần sử dụng thêm một câu khác. Bằng việc
sử dụng MĐQH, đoạn văn của chúng ta trở nên trôi chảy và không bị lặp từ.
1. How to Form Relative Clauses (cách thành lập MĐQH)
A girl is talking to Tom. Do you know the girl?
 Do you know the girl who is talking to Tom?

2. Relative Pronouns  (đại từ quan hệ)

Relative use example

pronoun
who Đại từ chủ ngữ hoặc tân ngữ chỉ người I told you about the woman who lives
next door.
which Đại từ chủ ngữ hoặc tân ngữ chỉ đồ vật, động vật Do you see the cat which is lying on the
roof?
which Ám chỉ cả câu phía trước He couldn’t read, which surprised me.
whose Đại từ sở hữu cho cả người và vật Do you know the boy whose mother is a
nurse?
Whom Đại từ tân ngữ chỉ người, đặc biệt trong mệnh đề I was invited by the professor whom I met
quan hệ không xác định (trong MĐQH xác định at the conference.
chúng ta thông thường dùng Who)
That subject or object pronoun for people, animals and I don’t like the table that stands in the
things in defining relative clauses (who or which are kitchen.
also possible)

2.1. Đại từ quan hệ THAT

- Ta dùng that với các trường hợp sau:
+ sau cụm từ quan hệ chỉ người và vật
Eg: He told me the places and people that he had seen in London.
+ sau đại từ bất định
Eg: I’ll tell you something that is very interesting.
+ Sau các tính từ hơn nhất, all, every, very, only
Eg: This is the most beautiful dress that I have ever had.
All that is mine is yours.
You are the only person that can help us.
+ trong cấu trúc: It +be+……..+that…………(chính là…………)
Eg: It’s my friend that wrote this sentence.

2.2. Of whom/ of which

Eg: Daisy has three sisters. All of them are teachers.
=> Daisy has three sisters, all of whom are teachers.

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Eg: He asked me a lot of questions. I couldn’t answer most of them.
=> He asked me a lot of questions, most of which I couldn’t answer.

3. Subject Pronoun or Object Pronoun?  (đại từ chủ ngữ hay đại từ tân ngữ)

- Nếu sau đại từ quan hệ là một động từ thì đại từ đó là đại từ chủ ngữ. Đại từ chủ ngữ không thể được lược bỏ.

Eg: The apple which is lying on the table is ripe.

- Nếu đại từ quan hệ không theo sau bởi động từ (trừ đại từ Whose) thì đại từ đó là một đại từ tân ngữ. Đại từ tân
ngữ có thể được lược bỏ ở mệnh đề quan hệ xác định.

Eg: The apple (which) George lays on the table is mine.

4. Relative Adverbs (trạng từ quan hệ)

- trạng từ quan hệ có thể được sử dụng thay cho đại từ quan hệ và giới từ.

This is the shop. I bought my bike in this shop.

 This is the shop in which I bought my bike.

 This is the shop where I bought my bike.

Relative Meaning use Example

adverb
When in/on which Ám chỉ thời gian the day when we met him
Where in/at which Ám chỉ địa điểm the place where we met him
Why for which Ám chỉ lí do the reason why we met him

5. Defining Relative Clauses and non-defining relative clause

Defining Relative Clauses (MĐQH hệ xác định) Non-defining Relative Clauses (MĐQH
không xác định)

MĐQH xác định được dùng để bổ nghĩa cho danh từ
đi trước nó, tức là làm chức năng định ngữ (không
thể bỏ được). Chúng xác định người, vật, sự việc
đang được nói đến là ai, cái nào, điều nào…Mệnh đề
quan hệ luôn đứng ngay sau danh từ mà nó bổ nghĩa.
MĐQH không xác định không phải là thành
phần cốt yếu của câu và có thể loại bỏ mà
không ảnh hưởng gì đến câu.
Khác với MĐQH xác định, MĐQH không
xác định được phân cách bằng dấu phẩy và
không thể bỏ đại từ quan hệ.

- We ‘re looking for someone who we can tell the - That car, which I bought ten years ago, is
truth. still good.

- These are the children that I looked after last - She passed the examination, which makes
summer. me surprised.

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 Chú ý: Chú ý:

- Dấu phẩy không được dùng trong MĐQH xác định.
- Không thể bỏ được MĐQH trong câu vì như thế
làm nghĩa của câu không đủ, không rõ ràng.
- Đại từ quan hệ trong mệnh đề quan hệ xác định
đóng vai trò là tân ngữ có thể lược bỏ.
Ex: The house (which) I am going to buy is not
large.
- That không được dùng trong MĐQH không
xác định.
- Đại từ quan hệ đóng vai trò làm tân ngữ
trong mệnh đề quan hệ thì không bỏ được
Ex: His proposal, which the committee is
considering, is related to exams system.

6. How to Shorten Relative Clauses? 

6.1) Rút gọn bằng cách dùng participle phrases (V-ing phrase)

- Nếu động từ trong mệnh đề quan hệ ở thể chủ động (active), ta dùng present participle phrase thay cho mệnh đề
đó.
Eg: The man who is standing there is my brother.
 The man standing there is my brother

Eg: Do you know the boy who broke the windows last night?
 Do you know the boy breaking the windows last night?

6.2) Rút gọn bằng cách dùng past participle phrase (V-ed phrase)

- Nếu động từ trong mệnh đề quan hệ ở thể bị động (passive) ta dùng past participle phrase
Eg: The books which were written by To Hoai are interesting.
 The books written by To Hoai are interesting.
Eg: The students who were punished by teacher are lazy.
 The students punished by teacher are lazy.

6.3) Dùng cụm danh từ (đồng cách danh từ)

- Dùng khi mệnh đề tình từ có dạng: S + BE + DANH TỪ /CỤM DANH TỪ/CỤM GIỚI TỪ
Cách làm: bỏ who ,which, that……..và be

Eg: Football, which is a popular sport, is very good for health.

 Football, a popular sport, is very good for health.
My grandmother, who is old and sick, never goes out of the house.
 My grandmother, old and sick, never goes out of the house.
Eg: My grandmother, who is sick, never goes out of the house.
 My sick grandmother never goes out of the house.
Eg: Do you like the book which is on the table?
 Do you like the book on the table?
There must be something that is wrong.
 There must be something wrong.
6.4) Dùng cụm to inf.
- Dùng khi danh từ đứng trứoc có các chữ sau đây bổ nghĩa :ONLY,LAST,số thứ tự như: FIRST,SECOND...hoặc

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so sánh hơn nhất
This is the only student who can do the problem.
This is the only student to do the problem.
- Động từ là HAVE/HAD
I have many homework that I must do.
I have many homework to do.
- Đầu câu có HERE (BE),THERE (BE)
There are six letters which have to be written today.
There are six letters to be written today.

6.5) Mệnh đề tính từ thành tính từ ghép

- Ta sẽ rút gọn mệnh đề thành một tính từ ghép bằng cách tìm trong mệnh đề một số đếm và danh từ đi sau nó, sau
đó ta để chúng kế nhau và thêm dấu gạch nối ở giữa.

Eg: I have a car which has four seats.

 I have a four-seat car.
I had a holiday which lasted two days.
 I had a two-day holiday.

7. Cleft sentence (câu chẻ)

Cấu trúc chung:

It be+ Thành phần nhấn mạnh that/who/whom Thành phần còn lại

- Nhấn mạnh chủ ngữ (S) : It be S that/who V O A.

- Nhấn mạnh tân ngữ (O) : It be O that/whom S VA.
- Nhấn mạnh trạng ngữ (A) : It be A that SVO

EXERCISE:
Exercise 1: Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions.
1. The Taj Mahal, _______ is recognized as one of the wonders of the world, was built by an Indian King in memory of
his beloved wife.
A. which B. that C. where D. what
2. She is going to sell the business, __________ is a great shame.
A. that B. which C. it is D. what
3. I have two sisters, _______ are very good at computer science.
A. both of who B. whom C. both of them D. both of whom
4. He told her not to eat it,___________that there was a risk of food poisoning.
A. explaining B. explained C. to explain D. he explained
5. I enjoyed talking to the people _______ I had dinner last night.
A. with whom B. whom with C. with who D. who with
6. The artist, _______ painting you bought, is a classmate of mine.
A. whom B. whose C. from whose D. from whom
7. Those _______ to join our club must fill in this form first.
A. when tried B. if wanting C. who want D. if they want
8. Mrs. Hoa, _______ son is studying at the University of Law, is a farmer.

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A. who B. whose C. whom D. her
9. Louis Pasteur, _______ discovered a cure for rabies, was a French scientist.
A. he B. that C. who D. whom
10.Some of the boys _______ didn’t come.
A. whom I invited them B. I invited them
C. I invited D. when I invited
Exercise 2: Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions.
1. The preservation of ancient sites and historical buildings is a job____________requires a person ready to fight a long
battle.
A. whose B. which C. of which D. what
2. The restaurant_____ Bob recommended was too expensive.
A. which it B. that C. where D. at which
3. Mexico City,______ is the capital of Mexico, is a cosmopolitan city.
A. which B. that C. where D. what
4. We went to different places _______you can find people________language was hard to understand.
A. where – which B. where — whose C. that - whose D. which - whose
5. We came within sight of Everest,__________has attracted so many climbers.
A. the summit of which B. which the summit
C. whose summit of D. of which the summit
6. The manager called in my new colleagues,__________ I had already met.
A. one of who B. one or two of whom
C. both of them D. all of them
7. The record_______ ,________has been produced by a completely new method, will be released next week.
A. which I told you about - Ø B. that I told you - which
C. I told you about — which D. about which I told you - Ø
8. A skilled workforce is essential,_____________ why our training course program is so important.
A. that is B. which C. which is D. this is
9. They are the people _______houses were destroyed by the flood.
A. their B. whose C. what D. which
10.I read about the child __________life was saved by her pet dog.
A. whom B. who C. her D. whose
Exercise 3: Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions.
1. My computer, _______ mouse doesn’t work, cannot be used now.
A. whose B. which C. while D. because
2. Some of the guests _______ I invited didn’t come.
A. whose B. whom C. them D. which
3. The police have to try to catch the men _______ drive dangerously.
A. who B. whom C. they D. which
4. Jane did not fill her car up with petrol before she left,____________was careless of her.
A. which B. it C. that D. what
5. They always give the available seats to _______ comes first.
A. whoever B. whom C. which D. whomever
6. A home computer _______ an opportunity for convenient and efficient work at home is becoming more and more

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common.
A. provides B. is provided C. which provide D. providing
7. Near the White House is another famous landmark_________________the Washington Monument.
A. is which B. which call C. called D. it is called
8. There was a small room into _______ we all crowded.
A. which B. where C. that D. it
9. I received two job offers,___________I accepted.
A. which neither B. of which neither C. neither of which D.neither of that
10.I have three brothers, _______ are professional athletes.
A. two of whom B. two of them C. two of who D. two of that
Exercise 4: Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions.
1. The woman _______next door is a famous singer.
A. lives B. who live C. living D. that living
2. The house ______ in the storm has now been rebuilt.
A. destroyed B. destroying C. which destroyed D. that is destroyed
3. The man ______ at the blackboard is our teacher.
A. stood B. stands C. standing D. to stand
4. Tom was the last ______the classroom yesterday.
A. to leave B. leaving C. left D. leaves
5. Linda was the last student ______ at the oral exam.
A. to be asked B. asking C. asks D. to ask
6. The bridge _____ by French architects is very nice.
A. was designed B. designing C. to design D. designed
7. The problems ______they are discussing at the meeting are very important.
A. who B. which C. Ø D. both B and C
8. Michael told me about students _______have just got the scholarship.
A. which B. Ø C. who D. whose
9. The ring ______ is made of gold and diamond.
A. she is wearing it B. he gave it to her C. Linda like D. she is wearing
10. It__________ in Hanoi__________ I was born and grew up.
A. is/ that B. was/ that C. was/ where D. is/ which
11. It__________ Lan __________ always helps him in his trouble.
A. was/ who B. was/ that C. is/ who D. is/ which
12. It was The World Cup 2002__________ in Korea and Japan.
A. which was held B. that were held C. that was held D. that held
13. It was in 1990________She met her husband.
A. When B. that C. which D. in which
14. It is my recent computer _______helps me a lots in preparing tasks for my students.
A. which B. that C. who D. whom
15. It was not until midnight ________back home.
A. that she came B. did she come C. when she came D. that she come
16. It was _______that I bought my favorite book.
A. that bookshop B. at that bookshop C. the bookshop D. on that bookshop
17. It was _______that Terrorists attacked the Twin Tower of The USA.
A. 11th September B. on 11th September C. in 11th September D. by 11th September

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