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Article history: Amine functionalized multilayer graphene (Af-MLG) and amine functionalized multi wall carbon nano
Received 29 December 2019 tube (CNT) (Af-MWCNT) were fabricated by sonication method, maintaining the ratio of both the nano
Accepted 13 February 2020 fillers as 1:1 and were termed as hybrid fillers due to its composition. The effects of both these fillers
Available online xxxx
on the mechanical properties of epoxy composites were researched upon. Hybrid composite samples
were characterized using Scanning electron microscope (SEM) for morphology study. The mechanical
Keywords: behaviour of graphene reinforced epoxy based composites (Gr/Ep-C) were studied using continuum
Micro-mechanical model
based micromechanical models such as Halpin –Tsai (H-T) and Mori –Tanaka (MT). The mechanical
Nano composites
Graphene
properties were depicted graphically. The variation in properties have been evaluated with respect to fil-
Mechanical Properties ler weight fraction and aspect ratio using a well defined MATLAB code. The ratio of longitudinal and
transverse modulus to the modulus of matrix was then plotted with weight fraction and aspect ratio.
When weight fraction and aspect ratio were increased from 0 to 10% and 0–1000 for H-T and M-T models
an expected enhancement in the ratio of longitudinal modulus to the modulus of matrix was noticed.
Ó 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection and of the scientific committee of the 10th International Conference of Materials Processing and
Characterization.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.02.407
2214-7853/Ó 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection and of the scientific committee of the 10th International Conference of Materials Processing and Characterization.
Please cite this article as: S. Nagar, K. Sharma, N. Kukreja et al., Micromechanical and experimental analysis of mechanical properties of graphene/CNT
epoxy composites, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.02.407
2 S. Nagar et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
This particular research is more focused on the strengthening E11 1 þ 2ðl=tf Þguf
¼ ð1Þ
efficiency of graphene filler based composites using continuum Em 1 guf
based MM models and experiment was done on hybrid fillers com-
posed of (Af-MLG) and (Af-MWCNT) and their synergistic effects E33 1 þ 2guf
were investigated upon. The sample was fabricated keeping ratio ¼ ð2Þ
Em 1 guf
of (Af-MLG) and (Af-MWCNT) nano fillers 1:1 [13,14]. The tensile
strength and tensile modulus were computed using computer
Ef =Em 1
based tensile testing machine. H-T and M-T models were used to g¼
elucidate the effect of nano filler structural parameters on the
Ef =Em þ 2 l=t f
strengthening efficiency of Gr/Ep-C and graphene/CNT epoxy com-
posite [15]. To the best knowledge of the authors, the aspect ratio 2.2. Mori-Tanaka (M-T) model
’a’ of graphene filler was assumed to be constant in many of the
researches, hence more analytical studies were to be needed. Cur- The best prediction for the properties was offered by M-T the-
rent research also focused on higher aspect ratio’s of filler and its ory for composites with respect to aspect ratios. Three principle
corresponding effect on strengthening efficiency [16]. Further- orthogonal directions used to calculate composite stiffness corre-
more, the effect of varying weight fraction on strengthening effi- sponding to M-T model was depicted by Fig. 2(b). The longitudinal
ciency of Gr/Ep-C was also investigated. To provide an ease to and the transverse stiffness (E11 and E33) in M-T model have been
the reader, a comparison between clay and graphene based com- expressed in Eqs. (3) and (4) respectively where lis the filler length
posites has also been done. MATLAB coding is done for whole ana- and t f is the filler thickness.
lytical work.
E11 1
¼ ð3Þ
2. Continuum and conventional filler based micromechanical
Em 1 þ uf ðA1 þ 2tm A2 Þ=A
models
E33 1
¼ ð4Þ
Theoretical and numerical models [17–25] predicted the Em 1 þ uf ½2tm A3 þ ð1 tm ÞA4 þ ð1 þ tm ÞA5 A=2A
strengthening efficiency of Gr/Ep-C composites. Though a number
where uf is the filler weight fraction ,tm is the Poisson ratio of the
of mechanics based models have been designed to predict the
matrix ,A; A1 ; A2 ; A3 ; A4 ; A5 are calculated from the matrix, filler prop-
properties of filler based composite materials, however the analyt-
erties and components of Eshelby tensor [23], which depend upon
ical performance of Halpin-Tsai (H-T) and Mori-Tanaka (M-T) was
filler aspect ratio (l=t f ) (where land t f are the major and minor diam-
incredibly good, especially when they have been applied on nano
eters of an ellipsoidal disk shaped inclusion) and dimensionless
filler reinforced composites [23–25]. These MM models were
elastic constant of the matrix.
deployed to observe the effect of nano filler weight fraction (uf ),
The values of modulus of elasticity of fibre, modulus of elasticity
aspect ratio (a), stiffness ratio (Ef/Em) on the mechanical properties
of the matrix (Ef and Em) Poisson ratio of filler, Poisson ratio of
of Gr/Ep-C at macroscopic level [26–28]. The schematic illustration
matrix (tf and tm ) [26,27] and shear modulus of fibre and shear
of Gr/Ep-C composite has been shown in Fig. 1.
modulus of matrix (Gf and Gm) taken in this paper are illustrated
in Table 1.
2.1. Halpin-Tsai (H-T) model
3.3. Characterizations
Please cite this article as: S. Nagar, K. Sharma, N. Kukreja et al., Micromechanical and experimental analysis of mechanical properties of graphene/CNT
epoxy composites, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.02.407
S. Nagar et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx 3
Fig. 2. Three principle orthogonal directions used to calculate nano-composite modulus corresponding to (a) H-T model (b) M-T model.
Table 1 modulus (E11 =Em ). As shown in Fig. 4(a) and (b), it was indicated
Elastic properties of fiber and matrix. by the test results that E11 =Em effectively enhanced as ‘a’ increases
Fiber and Matrix properties Ef and Em (GPa) tf and tm Gf and Gm (GPa)
(for different values of uf ) for both synergistically combined gra-
phene/CNT epoxy composite and graphene epoxy composite even
Fiber (Graphene) 1000 0.19 493
Matrix (Epoxy) 10.5 0.33 1.2
in high aspect ratio ranges, eventually reduces the possibilities of
fracture. A similar trend was also observed with an increase of
uf (for different values of ’a’) for both synergistically combined gra-
room temperature at a displacement rate of 5 mm/min. Morphol- phene/CNT epoxy composite and graphene epoxy composite i.e.
ogy of fractured images obtained after tensile test are further ana- increment then becoming constant at high aspect ratios. These
lyzed using Scanning electron microscope (SEM) enhancement in the properties may be due to the reason that as
aspect ratio increases, the tendency of filler getting embedded in
4. Results and discussion the matrix simultaneously increases, result of which an overall
improvement in strengthening efficiency. This can also be further
4.1. Comparison with Halpin-Tsai and Mori-Tanaka models justified with the fact that the elastic modulus of filler was always
higher as compared to matrix. The comparison between synergis-
Micromechanical models and their constitutive equations were tically combined graphene/CNT epoxy composite and graphene
used to examine the effect of uf , a and Ef =Em on longitudinal epoxy composite signifies that the strengthening efficiency of
Please cite this article as: S. Nagar, K. Sharma, N. Kukreja et al., Micromechanical and experimental analysis of mechanical properties of graphene/CNT
epoxy composites, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.02.407
4 S. Nagar et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
Table 2
Sample code and composition of hybrid composite.
Fig. 4. Variation of longitudinal modulus E11 observed using H-T model with (a) aspect ratio (a), and (b) Weight fraction of filler (uf ).
Please cite this article as: S. Nagar, K. Sharma, N. Kukreja et al., Micromechanical and experimental analysis of mechanical properties of graphene/CNT
epoxy composites, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.02.407
S. Nagar et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx 5
Fig. 6. Variation of longitudinal modulus E11 observed using M-T model with (a) aspect ratio (a), and (b) Weight fraction of filler (uf ).
Please cite this article as: S. Nagar, K. Sharma, N. Kukreja et al., Micromechanical and experimental analysis of mechanical properties of graphene/CNT
epoxy composites, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.02.407
6 S. Nagar et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
Table 3
Comparison of results obtained in current research with Weon et al. [29].
a u% E11 =Em [29] (V 1 ) E11 =Em for SL (Single Layer) Percentage (%) " Difference jV 1 V 2 j
V 1 þV 2 100
Gr/Ep-C (V 2 ) 2
Fig. 8. Comparison of results obtained in current research with Weon et al. [29].
Please cite this article as: S. Nagar, K. Sharma, N. Kukreja et al., Micromechanical and experimental analysis of mechanical properties of graphene/CNT
epoxy composites, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.02.407
S. Nagar et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx 7
Fig. 10. Tensile strength and tensile modulus of composite by Halpin-Tsai method.
Fig. 11. Tensile strength and tensile modulus of composite by Mori Tanaka method.
Please cite this article as: S. Nagar, K. Sharma, N. Kukreja et al., Micromechanical and experimental analysis of mechanical properties of graphene/CNT
epoxy composites, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.02.407
8 S. Nagar et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
Fig. 12. SEM Images of Af-MLG/Af-MWCNT hybrid epoxy composite with nano-filler wt% (a) 0 (b) 0.25 (c) 0.50 (d) 1 (e) 2.
However, above 0.5 wt% of filler reinforcement, a decrease in An improvement of about 2–11% was noticed in longitudinal
tensile modulus value is revealed due to lower dispersion of filler modulus of nano composite (graphene epoxy composites) for
which increases fillers aggregation. Thus best results in terms of same aspect ratio’s, when compared with other research work.
mechanical properties are investigated for hybrid composite with Finally these micromechanical models can be used to predict
0.5 wt% filler content due to homogeneous mixture of composite the strengthening properties for a variety of nano filler/polymer
as confirmed by SEM micrographs.. An increased performance in composites. The novelty and purpose of this research is to have
the form of tensile properties is obtained [28]. materials with high strengthening efficiency which may play a
major roles in structural applications. The materials are both
4.2.2. Morphology analysis Graphene/CNT epoxy composites and graphene based epoxy
The fractured surfaces of hybrid composite samples are ana- composite of which graphene/CNT epoxy composite shows better
lyzed using SEM micrographs as shown in Fig. 12 (a)-(e). Optimum results.
dispersion of fillers in epoxy resin is exhibited by sample B and C.
Moreover agglomeration of fillers in 1 wt% is observed. Microstruc- Declaration of Competing Interest
ture further degrades for quantity to 2 wt% indicating presence of
crack initiation and propagation. The authors declare that they have no known competing finan-
cial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared
5. Conclusions to influence the work reported in this paper.
Please cite this article as: S. Nagar, K. Sharma, N. Kukreja et al., Micromechanical and experimental analysis of mechanical properties of graphene/CNT
epoxy composites, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.02.407
S. Nagar et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx 9
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Please cite this article as: S. Nagar, K. Sharma, N. Kukreja et al., Micromechanical and experimental analysis of mechanical properties of graphene/CNT
epoxy composites, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.02.407
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