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ben.ng@wsp.com
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July 2018
COMPANIES INVOLVED IN THE
PREPARATION OF THIS GUIDE
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Gewiss UK Ltd
2020 Building, Cambourne Business Park
Cambourne, Cambridge CB23 6DW Electrium Sales Ltd (a Siemens Company)
Tel: +44 (0) 1954 712757 Sharston Road, Wythenshawe
Fax: +44 (0) 1954 712753 Manchester M22 4RA
Email: technical@gewiss.co.uk Tel: +44 (0) 161 945 3956
www.gewiss.co.uk Fax: +44 (0) 8456 053114
www.electrium.co.uk
Hager Ltd
Hortonwood 50, Telford, Shropshire TF1 7FT
Tel: +44 (0)1952 675 689
Email: Technical@hager.co.uk
www.hager.co.uk
Timeguard Ltd
Victory Park, 400 Edgware Road
London NW2 6ND
Tel: +44 (0) 20 8450 0515
Fax: +44 (0) 20 8450 0635
Legrand Electric Ltd Email: helpline@timeguard.com
Great King Street North, Birmingham B19 2LF www.timeguard.com
Tel: +44 (0) 370 608 9020
Fax: +44 (0) 345 600 6760
Email: powersales.uk@legrand.co.uk
www.legrand.co.uk
BEAMA is the long established and respected trade association for the
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DISCLAIMER
This publication is subject to the copyright of BEAMA Ltd. While the information herein
has been compiled in good faith, no warranty is given or should be implied for its use
and BEAMA hereby disclaims any liability that may arise from its use to the fullest extent
permitted under applicable law.
Acknowledgements
BEAMA would like to thank IEC, BSI and IET for allowing references to their standards;
Health and Safety Executive (HSE) for reference to their documents.
CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION 5
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2. EFFECTS OF ELECTRICITy 8
2.1 RISK OF ELECTROCUTION 8
2.2 TypES OF ELECTROCUTION RISK 8
2.3 EFFECTS OF ELECTRIC SHOCK ON THE HUMAN BODy 8
4. FIRE pROTECTION 16
4.1 BACKGROUND 16
4.2 pROTECTIvE MEASURES AS A FUNCTION OF ExTERNAL INFLUENCES 16
5. INSTALLATION RISKS 17
5.1 BACKGROUND 17
5.2 TypICAL RISKS 17
6. RCD SELECTION 18
6.1 RCD SELECTION CRITERIA 18
6.2 RCD SELECTION GUIDES 23
8. RCD CONSTRUCTION 28
8.1 vOLTAGE INDEpENDENT RCD 28
8.2 vOLTAGE DEpENDENT RCD 28
10. ANNEx 34
10.1 FIRE pROTECTION – ExTRACT FROM DTI REpORT 34
10.2 REFERENCES 40
10.3 TERMS AND DEFINITIONS 41
1
INTRODUCTION
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the use of electricity is so much a part Most chapters begin with a section that To appreciate the importance of an RCD it is
of everyday life that it is often taken for is designed for the non-specialist or helpful to understand how much electrical
granted and the risks associated with end user. energy it takes to kill a human being. The
its use at home and at work are smallest fuse used in a normal electric plug is
When read in conjunction with BS 7671
underestimated or misunderstood. 3 Amps; it takes less than one twentieth of
Requirements for Electrical Installations
that current to kill an adult in less than one
Residual Current Devices (RCDs) are (The IET Wiring Regulations), the
tenth of a second.
electrical devices which afford a very guidance in this publication will
high degree of protection against the contribute to safe and reliable rcd operation
risks of electrocution and fire caused installations.
The operation of an RCD can be
by earth faults. However, they are not
There can be no doubt that RCDs give understood by taking an analogy from
a solution for all installation problems;
protection against electrocution and the water flowing in a central heating
it is therefore important to understand
can reduce the risk of fire arising from system.
what they can and cannot do.
insulation failure in the electrical
Furthermore, the different types of A leak may occur when the pipework is
installation. This level of protection can
RCDs available on the market can be damaged or punctured. In the same way
never be equalled by circuit-breakers or
confusing. a ‘leak’ of electricity can occur when the
fuses alone.
cable insulation in a circuit is faulty or
This publication has been produced by
damaged.
BEAMA Members for use by specifiers, 1.1 FOR THE NON-SPECIALIST
installers and end users, to give clear In a central heating system, the ‘flow’
guidance on the selection and Readers who are familiar with the role
pipe takes the water from the boiler to
application of the wide range of RCDs and operation of RCDs can skip this
the radiators; if the installation is sound
now available. Guidance is also given on section and move on to section 1.2.
the same amount of water will return to
the installation and maintenance of “what is an rcd?” the boiler as in Figure 1. However, if
RCDs, including many of the installation there is a leak, there will be less water in
conditions that cause ‘unwanted An RCD is a device that is designed to the return pipe than in the flow pipe. If
tripping’. provide protection against electrocution the system had flow detectors in the
or electrical fires by cutting off the flow flow and return pipes, these could be
of electricity automatically when it coupled to a valve so that the valve
senses a ‘leakage’ of electric current closed when the rate of flow in the
from a circuit. return pipe was less than that in the flow
pipe as in Figure 2.
Boiler Boiler
Pump Pump
Flow Flow
Detector 1 Detector 1
Valve Valve
Flow Flow
Detector 2 Detector 2
FIGURE 1 – hEALthy cEntrAL hEAtIng cIrcuIt. thE sAME FIGURE 2 – If thErE Is A LEAk, thErE wILL BE LEss wAtEr In thE ‘rEturn’
AMount of wAtEr fLows In thE ‘fLow’ And ‘rEturn’ pIpEs pIpE thAn In thE ‘fLow’ pIpE. thIs couLd BE usEd to trIp A vALvE.
THE RCD HANDBOOK BEAMA GUIDE TO THE SELECTION AND APPLICATION OF RESIDUAL CURRENT DEVICES (RCDs) 05
The rate of flow of water can be With an RCD, the line (brown) and neutral The basic principle of operation of the
compared with the current in an electrical (blue) conductors pass through the core RCD is shown in Figure 5. When the
circuit and the water pressure can be of a sensitive current transformer, see load is connected to the supply
compared with the voltage. When the line Figure 3, the output of which is electrically through the RCD, the line and neutral
and neutral currents are equal, the RCD connected to a tripping system. In a conductors are connected through
will not trip but when it senses that the healthy installation, the current flows primary windings on a toroidal
neutral current is less than the line current through the line conductor and returns transformer. In this arrangement, the
it will trip. through the neutral conductor and since secondary winding is used as a
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these are equal and opposite the core sensing coil and is electrically
In both cases the leakage is detected
remains balanced. However, when a connected to a sensitive relay or solid
without measuring the leak itself. It is the
leakage of electric current occurs, as in state switching device, the operation
flow and return rates that are measured
Figure 4, the line and neutral currents are of which triggers the tripping
and compared. An RCD compares the line
no longer equal; this results in an output mechanism. When the line and
and neutral currents and switches off the
from the transformer which is used to trip neutral currents are balanced, as in a
electricity supply when they are no longer
the RCD and disconnect the supply. healthy circuit, they produce equal
equal.
and opposite magnetic fluxes in the
transformer core with the result that
there is no current generated in the
1.2 PRINCIPLES OF RCD OPERATION sensing coil. (For this reason the
transformer is also known as a ‘core
balance transformer’).
N SUPPLY N SUPPLY
RCD When the line and neutral currents are
RCD L L
not balanced, they create an out-of-
balance flux. This will induce a current
in the secondary winding which is
used to operate the tripping
mechanism.
06 THE RCD HANDBOOK BEAMA GUIDE TO THE SELECTION AND APPLICATION OF RESIDUAL CURRENT DEVICES (RCDs)
1.3 RESIDUAL CURRENT
DEVICES (RCDs)
RCCB pRCD
(Residual Current Operated Circuit- (portable Residual Current Device)
Additional types of devices:
Breaker without Integral Overcurrent A device comprising a plug, a residual
protection) current device and one or more socket- RCM
A mechanical switching device designed outlets (or a provision for connection). It (Residual Current Monitor)
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to make, carry and break currents under may incorporate overcurrent protection.
A device designed to monitor
normal service conditions and to cause
CBR electrical installations or circuits for
the opening of the contacts when the
(Circuit-Breaker incorporating Residual the presence of unbalanced earth
residual current attains a given value
Current protection) fault currents. It does not
under specified conditions. It is not
incorporate any tripping device or
designed to give protection against A circuit-breaker providing overcurrent
overcurrent protection.
overloads and/or short-circuits and must protection and incorporating residual
always be used in conjunction with an current protection either integrally (an
overcurrent protective device such as a
RDC-DD
integral cBr) or by combination with a
(Residual Direct Current Detecting
fuse or circuit-breaker. residual current unit which may be
Device)
factory or field fitted.
RCBO A device to be used for Mode 3
(Residual Current Operated Circuit- Note:The RCBO and CBR have the same charging of Electric vehicles. rdc-
Breaker with Integral Overcurrent application, both providing overcurrent and
dds are intended to remove or
residual current protection. In general, an
protection) initiate removal of the supply to
RCBO is intended to be used by ordinary
A mechanical switching device designed (unskilled) persons and a CBR is intended to be electric vehicles in cases where a
to make, carry and break currents under used by skilled persons. RCBOs and CBRs are smooth residual direct current equal
more strictly defined by their relevant product to or above 6 mA is detected
normal service conditions and to cause
standards.
the opening of the contacts when the (Bs IEc 62955). the value of 6 mA
residual current attains a given value for smooth residual direct current
IC-CpD was chosen to prevent impairing the
under specified conditions. In addition it
(In-Cable Control and protective Device correct operation of an upstream
is designed to give protection against
for mode 2 charging of electric road rcd type A.
overloads and/or short-circuits and can
vehicles)
be used independently of any other
overcurrent protective device within its An rcd (≤ 30 mA) and control device
rated short-circuit capacity. integrated into a mode 2 charging cable
for electric vehicle charging.
SRCD (Bs En 62752:2016)
(Socket-Outlet incorporating a Residual
Current Device) MRCD
(Modular Residual Current Device)
A socket-outlet for fixed installations
incorporating an integral sensing circuit A device or an association of devices
that will automatically cause the comprising a current sensing means and
switching contacts in the main circuit to a processing device designed to detect
open at a predetermined value of residual and to evaluate the residual current and
current. to control the opening of the contacts of
a current breaking device.
FCURCD when an Mrcd is used in conjunction
(Fused Connection Unit incorporating a
with a Moulded case circuit Breaker
Residual Current Device)
(MccB) or Instantaneous trip circuit
A fused connection unit for fixed Breaker (IcB), either a shunt trip or under
installations incorporating an integral voltage release (uvr) may be used.
sensing circuit that will automatically
cause the switching contacts in the main
circuit to open at a predetermined value
of residual current.
THE RCD HANDBOOK BEAMA GUIDE TO THE SELECTION AND APPLICATION OF RESIDUAL CURRENT DEVICES (RCDs) 07
2
EFFECTS OF
ELECTRICITY
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08 THE RCD HANDBOOK BEAMA GUIDE TO THE SELECTION AND APPLICATION OF RESIDUAL CURRENT DEVICES (RCDs)
In order to understand the wide quickly burn through the surface of the It can be seen from the above
variations in body impedances that can skin resulting in a significant drop in the descriptions that the effect of current
occur, the human body can be viewed external impedance. In the worst case passing through the human body is very
as a flexible container filled with scenario, a person receiving a shock at variable but it is generally accepted that
electrolyte, where the internal 230 V 50 Hz will experience a maximum electrocution at normal mains voltage is
impedance is reasonably constant at current flow of 230 mA through the usually the result of ventricular
approximately 1000 ohms. The wider central body area. This will have fibrillation. This condition is triggered by
variations come from the relatively high dangerous physiological results, the passage of electric current through
resistance at the two contact points on including electrocution. the region of the heart and is normally
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THE RCD HANDBOOK BEAMA GUIDE TO THE SELECTION AND APPLICATION OF RESIDUAL CURRENT DEVICES (RCDs) 09
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AC-1 Up to curve a
AC-2 Curve a up to curve b
AC-3 Curve b up to curve c1
c1 – c2
c2 – c3
Beyond curve c3
FIGURE 6 – tIME/currEnt of ALtErnAtIng currEnt EffEcts (15 - 100 hz) on pErsons for currEnt
pAth corrEspondIng to thE pAssAgE froM LEft ArM Into fEEt And coMpArIson wIth LIMIts of
trIppIng tIMEs of rEsIduAL currEnt dEvIcE IΔn = 30 mA
The details so far have been greatly body impedance will generally be at its fibrillation occurs at a different current
simplified by assuming that normal lowest, with consequently high shock level. All these factors must be
environmental conditions apply and that currents. considered when making a choice of
the source of the electric shock is an RCD for special applications. Under
alternating current supply at 50 Hz. Frequencies of 15-100 Hz are these circumstances, the potential user
Under special conditions, for example considered to present the most serious is strongly recommended to consult the
when a body is immersed in water or in risk. At other frequencies, including manufacturer for appropriate advice.
close contact with earthed metal, the direct current, the threshold of
10 THE RCD HANDBOOK BEAMA GUIDE TO THE SELECTION AND APPLICATION OF RESIDUAL CURRENT DEVICES (RCDs)
3
ELECTRIC SHOCK
PROTECTION
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THE RCD HANDBOOK BEAMA GUIDE TO THE SELECTION AND APPLICATION OF RESIDUAL CURRENT DEVICES (RCDs) 11
3.2 EARTHING SYSTEMS
For a full understanding of electric shock protection it is
necessary to consider the different types of earthing system
in use. BS 7671 lists five types as described below:
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12 THE RCD HANDBOOK BEAMA GUIDE TO THE SELECTION AND APPLICATION OF RESIDUAL CURRENT DEVICES (RCDs)
In a TT system the electricity supply
provider and the consumer must
both provide earth electrodes at
appropriate locations, the two being
electrically separate. All exposed-
conductive-parts of the installation are
connected to the consumer’s earth
electrode.
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3.3 PROTECTION AGAINST which are between the points of designer to consider. The majority of
DIRECT AND INDIRECT contact. these require specialist knowledge or
supervision to be applied effectively.
CONTACT Indirect contact electric shock results
The most practical method for general
(in the context of this document) from contact with an exposed
use is a combination of protective
conductive part made live by a fault
It is a fundamental requirement of earthing, protective equipotential
condition and simultaneous contact
BS 7671 that all persons and livestock bonding and automatic disconnection
with earth potential. This is usually at a
are protected against electric shock in of supply. This method which provides
lower voltage.
any electrical installation. This is subject very effective protection when properly
to the installation being used with Protection against direct contact applied, requires consideration of three
reasonable care and having regard to electric shock (now defined as Basic separate measures by the circuit
the purpose for which it was intended. Protection in BS 7671) is based on designer:
When considering protection against normal common sense measures such
• Protective Earthing
electric shock, it is necessary to as insulation of live parts, use of barriers
understand the difference between or enclosures, protection by obstacles • Protective equipotential bonding
‘direct contact’ and ‘indirect contact’, or protection by placing live parts out of
• Automatic disconnection in the
which was first introduced by the 15th reach. As a result, under normal
event of a fault
Edition of the IEE Wiring Regulations in conditions it is not possible to touch the
1981 (See Figure 7). live parts of the installation or
protective Earthing requires all
equipment inadvertently.
Direct contact electric shock is the exposed-conductive-parts (generally
result of simultaneous contact by Protection against indirect contact metallic) of the installation to be
persons or livestock with a normally live electric shock (now defined as Fault connected to the installation main earth
part and earth potential. As a result the Protection in BS 7671) is slightly more terminal by means of circuit protective
victim will experience nearly full mains complicated hence a number of options conductors (cpcs).
voltage across those parts of the body are given in BS 7671 for the installation
THE RCD HANDBOOK BEAMA GUIDE TO THE SELECTION AND APPLICATION OF RESIDUAL CURRENT DEVICES (RCDs) 13
The main earth terminal has to be ratings of overcurrent device. Reference method is required. It is in this situation
effectively connected to Earth. Typical should be made to the time/current that the RCD offers the most practical
examples of exposed-conductive-parts curves published in BS 7671 or by the solution because it has the ability to
manufacturers of protective devices. operate on circuits having much higher
include:
values of earth fault loop impedance.
• Conduits and trunking 3.4 RCDS AND INDIRECT The basis of RCD protection in this
• Equipment enclosures CONTACT SHOCK situation is to ensure that any voltage,
exceeding 50V that arises due to earth
PROTECTION
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• Class I luminaires
fault currents, is immediately
• The casings and framework of Indirect contact protection by fuses or disconnected. This is achieved by
current using equipment circuit-breakers is dependent on circuit choosing an appropriate residual
earth fault loop impedances being current rating and calculating the
protective equipotential bonding
within the parameters laid down by BS maximum earth loop impedance that
minimises the risk of electric shock by
7671. Where these values cannot be would allow a fault voltage of 50V. This
connecting extraneous-conductive-
achieved or where there is some doubt is calculated by using a simple formula
parts (generally metalwork that is in
about their stability, then an alternative given in BS 7671 Regulation 411.5.3.
contact with Earth) within the location,
to the main earth terminal of the
installation. This means that under fault
RA × IΔn ≤ 50 v
conditions the voltage that is present on
the metal casings of electrical
Where RA is the sum of the resistances of the earth electrode and the protective
equipment is substantially the same as
conductor connecting it to the exposed conductive part (in ohms)
that present on all extraneous-
conductive-parts. Theoretically, a IΔn is the rated residual operating current of the RCD (amps)
person or animal coming into Note: Where RA is not known it may be replaced by Zs.
simultaneous contact with the faulty
equipment and other earthed
Maximum values of Zs for the basic standard ratings of RCDs are given in Table 1,
metalwork will not experience an
unless the manufacturer declares alternative values.
electric shock because of the
equipotential cage formed by the
bonding. In practice, however, a small Rated residual operating current (mA) Maximum earth fault loop impedance
‘touch’ voltage will be present due to Zs (ohms) for U0 of 230 v
differing circuit impedances.
30 1667*
Automatic disconnection of supply is
most important for effective shock 100 500*
protection against indirect contact. It
involves ensuring that the faulty circuit 300 167
is disconnected within a specified safe
time following a fault to earth. What 500 100
constitutes a safe time depends on
many factors and those who require TABLE 1 – MAXIMUM EARTH FAULT LOOP IMPEDANCE (ZS) TO ENSURE RCD
detailed information on this should OPERATION IN ACCORDANCE WITH REGULATION 411.5.3 FOR NON DELAyED
RCDs TO BS EN 61008-1 AND BS EN 61009-1
consult the definitive documents, IEC
TS 60479 series and BS 7671 Regulation
411.3.2. Note 1: Figures for Zs result from the application of Regulation 411.5.3(i) and
When using an overcurrent protective 411.5.3(ii).
device e.g. a fuse or circuit-breaker, for Note 2: *The resistance of the installation earth electrode should be as low as
automatic disconnection, in order to practicable. A value exceeding 200 ohms may not be stable.
meet the requirements of BS 7671, it is Refer to Regulation 542.2.4.
necessary to ensure that these devices
can operate within a specified time in
the event of an earth fault. This is The use of a suitably rated RCD for indirect contact shock protection will permit
achieved by making sure that the earth much higher values of Zs than could be expected by using overcurrent protective
fault loop impedance is low enough to devices. In practice, however, values above 200 ohms will require further
allow sufficient fault current to flow. It is consideration. This is particularly important in installations relying on local earth
possible to calculate the appropriate electrodes (TT systems) where the relatively high values of Zs make the use of an
values using the published time/current RCD absolutely essential.
curves of the relevant device.
Alternatively BS 7671 publishes
maximum values of earth fault loop
impedance (Zs) for different types and
14 THE RCD HANDBOOK BEAMA GUIDE TO THE SELECTION AND APPLICATION OF RESIDUAL CURRENT DEVICES (RCDs)
3.5 RCDS AND DIRECT This type of RCD protection is identical to electrical equipment. Where additional
the more common situation where a protection against this risk is required, or
CONTACT SHOCK
flexible cable is damaged (for example by in the case of a reduced low voltage
PROTECTION a lawn mower) and exposes live system, an RCD with a rated residual
The use of RCDs with rated residual conductors. Here again the RCD provides current of 30 mA or less, can be
operating current of 30 mA or less are protection of anybody who comes into installed in the primary circuit to achieve
recognised as additional protection contact with the exposed live conductors. a 5 s disconnection time.
against direct contact shock. Regulation The extra protection provided by RCDs is In PELV, FELV and reduced low voltage
415.1.1 refers.
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THE RCD HANDBOOK BEAMA GUIDE TO THE SELECTION AND APPLICATION OF RESIDUAL CURRENT DEVICES (RCDs) 15
4
FIRE PROTECTION
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16 THE RCD HANDBOOK BEAMA GUIDE TO THE SELECTION AND APPLICATION OF RESIDUAL CURRENT DEVICES (RCDs)
5
INSTALLATION RISKS
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5.1 BACKGROUND Locations containing a bath or shower RCDs are not a substitute for good
These locations present a much higher wiring practice. However, correctly
It is clear that increased use of correctly risk because a wet body presents a installed RCDs will continue to provide
selected rcds, in addition to good much easier path for an electric current a high degree of protection against the
wiring practice, can reduce the effects to flow to earth. Consequently BS 7671 risks of electrocution and fire even
of electric shock and the possibility of prohibits the use of electrical when an installation deteriorates due
fire risk significantly. rcd protection equipment, other than shavers to poor maintenance or lack of
also provides an additional level of connected through an appropriate compliance with BS 7671.
protection where the wiring complies shaver supply unit, within 3 m of the
with Bs 7671 but the integrity of the bath or shower basin. Nevertheless,
wiring system has been damaged. tragedies have occurred as a result of
people using extension cables to supply
5.2 TYPICAL RISKS portable electrical appliances in these
Mechanical damage to cables locations.
The risk of people cutting through live
Fire risk associated with fixed electrical
cables is well known. Examples include
appliances
the following:
Faulty electrical appliances increase the
penetration of cable insulation in walls risk of fire. For example, fire can occur
and beneath floorboards. This is a when the insulation on an electric
common occurrence during DIy work in motor breaks down due to deterioration
the home. The main danger arises when or external damage.
someone comes into contact with live
This can result in the ignition of any
cables either directly or indirectly,
flammable material, including dust, in
resulting in an electric shock.
the vicinity of the non-insulated ‘live’
Cutting the supply lead or an extension parts.
lead with an electric lawn mower or
hedge trimmer. This is another Bad wiring practice
common occurrence and can result in Although all new and/or modified
either a serious electric shock or death installations must comply with the
when bodily contact is made with the current edition of BS 7671 it is possible
exposed live conductor. that a person may incorrectly erect or
subsequently incorrectly modify an
Trapped or poorly maintained installation.
extension leads. The effects here are
similar to those described above. Examples of the risks of electric shock
and fire resulting from incorrectly wired
vermin. It is surprisingly common for systems include the following:
mice and other vermin to chew through
cables, exposing the live conductors. • Inadequate earthing or bonding
THE RCD HANDBOOK BEAMA GUIDE TO THE SELECTION AND APPLICATION OF RESIDUAL CURRENT DEVICES (RCDs) 17
6
RCD SELECTION
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this chapter is designed to help the against direct contact) This is ensured Table 2 aims to identify RCD use
specifier, installer and end user to when the minimum operating current of together with the benefits provided.
decide on the appropriate residual the RCD is no greater than 30 mA and However, before looking at Table 2
current protection. the RCD operates to disconnect the there are two other classifications of
circuit, within the specified time, in the RCD that need to be considered –
where it is intended to protect the
event of an earth leakage. general and time-delayed operation
whole or part of the fixed electrical
each having Type AC, A, F or B
installation by an rcd, the layman is Installation protection This is
characteristics.
strongly advised to seek expert advice. associated with devices that are used to
protect against the risk of fire caused by
Portable residual current devices 6.1.3 General and Time-Delayed RCDs
an electrical fault. RCDs which operate
(PRCDs) are available for use by the
at residual current levels up to and RCCBs to BS EN 61008: Specification for
non-specialist where normal socket-
including 300 mA provide this type of residual current operated circuit-
outlets are not protected by RCDs. They
protection. breakers without integral overcurrent
may be high sensitivity RCD adaptors,
protection for household and similar
which plug into the socket-outlet, or
6.1.2 Residual Current Devices (RCDs uses (RCCBs) and RCBOs to BS EN
extension units which include a plug, a
61009: Specification for residual current
high sensitivity RCD and one or more
The term RCDs covers a range operated circuit-breakers with integral
socket-outlets.
overcurrent protection for household
of products some of which are
A PRCD is not part of the fixed electrical and similar uses (RCBOs) may be
listed below:,
installation and only protects the defined by the time they take to operate
equipment that is supplied through it. • rccB (residual current as follows.
operated circuit-Breaker without
It should be noted that BS 7671 Integral overcurrent protection)
Regulation 411.3.3 requires additional
protection by means of an RCD. • rcBo (residual current
operated circuit-Breaker with
In practice there may be specific Integral overcurrent protection)
protection issues which are not covered
in this handbook. For additional • srcd (socket-outlet
guidance regarding the suitability of a incorporating a residual current
particular RCD for specific applications device)
it is recommended that readers consult • fcurcd (fused connection unit
any of the BEAMA RCD manufacturers incorporating a residual current
listed at the beginning of this device) prcd (portable residual
publication. current device) WHERE IT IS INTENDED
• cBr (circuit-Breaker TO PROTECT THE
6.1 RCD SELECTION
incorporating residual current
CRITERIA protection) WHOLE OR PART OF
6.1.1 Sensitivity • Ic-cpd (In-cable control and THE FIXED ELECTRICAL
For every RCD there is normally a protective device for mode 2 INSTALLATION BY AN
choice of residual current sensitivity charging of electric road vehicles)
(tripping current). This defines the level
RCD, THE LAYMAN IS
• Mrcd (Modular residual current
of protection afforded. Protection is device) STRONGLY ADVISED TO
divided into two broad categories:
SEEK EXPERT ADVICE.
personal protection (additional
protection of persons or livestock
18 THE RCD HANDBOOK BEAMA GUIDE TO THE SELECTION AND APPLICATION OF RESIDUAL CURRENT DEVICES (RCDs)
It is not possible to achieve selectivity • for residual pulsating direct currents
General RCDs operate with two S type RCDs in series. superimposed on a smooth direct
‘instantaneously’, i.e. they do not current;
have an intentional delay in operation 6.1.4 Types AC, A, F and B RCDs.
and thus cannot be guaranteed to • for residual pulsating rectified direct
‘discriminate’. This means that where Residual current devices may also be current which results from two or
there are two or more general RCDs classified as Type AC., Type A, Type F more phases;
installed in series in an installation; and Type B as follows:
• for residual smooth direct currents
more than one device may trip in the
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Selectivity is achieved between RCDs RCD Type B: RCD for which tripping is
when: achieved as for Type F and in addition:
THE RCD HANDBOOK BEAMA GUIDE TO THE SELECTION AND APPLICATION OF RESIDUAL CURRENT DEVICES (RCDs) 19
In all cases equipment / appliance manufacturers instructions must be considered when selecting the Type of RCD.
Type AC Resistive, Capacitive, Inductive loads generally without any electronic components, typically:
• Immersion heater
• Oven/Hob with resistive heating elements
• Electric shower
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Type B+ Type B+ RCDs are not recognised in BS 7671 and do not have an international or harmonised (BS EN) standard.
20 THE RCD HANDBOOK BEAMA GUIDE TO THE SELECTION AND APPLICATION OF RESIDUAL CURRENT DEVICES (RCDs)
A Type AC RCD should not be fitted
upstream of a Type A, F or B RCD as the
load characteristics that the Type A, F or
B RCD has been selected for could
impair operation of the Type AC RCD.
A Type F RCD should not be fitted
upstream of a Type B RCD as the load
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RCD Type A
S
THE RCD HANDBOOK BEAMA GUIDE TO THE SELECTION AND APPLICATION OF RESIDUAL CURRENT DEVICES (RCDs) 21
DEVICE TYPE RCCB RCBO SRCD FCURCD PRCD CBR MRCD
Earth Leakage
Sensitivity mA (2)
Suitable for
Domestic Applications
Commercial Applications
Suitable as a Main
Incoming Device (CU) (6) (6) (6) (6) (6)
Suitable as an Outgoing
Device on a CU, DB,
PB or SB (5,7)
Provides Personal
Protection
Provides Protection
Against Electrical
Fire(8)
Protection to Socket
Outlets 20A or less
Fixed Wiring
Protection
Portable Appliance
Rated 20A or Less
Can be used to
Discriminate with
Instantaneous
Downstream Device
Notes:
(1) Only if used in conjunction with suitable overcurrent protection (e.g. Fuse/circuit-breaker).
(2) 10 mA RCDs are associated with highly sensitive equipment and high risk areas such as school laboratories
and in hospital areas.
(3) yes provided 30 mA or less, but not normally used.
(4) With time delay.
(5) CU – Consumer unit to BS EN 61439-3.
(6) Must provide double pole isolation
(7) DB – Distribution Board; PB – Panel Board; SB – Switch Board
(8) For agricultural and horticultural premises, the RCD is required to disconnect all live conductors
22 THE RCD HANDBOOK BEAMA GUIDE TO THE SELECTION AND APPLICATION OF RESIDUAL CURRENT DEVICES (RCDs)
6.2 RCD SELECTION GUIDES
The following selection guides are intended to help the specifier or installer decide on the most appropriate solution to
common installation arrangements.
DISTRIBUTION
Choose RCD protection
BOARD (DB)
in line with Figures 14-18.
OR CONSUMER
UNIT (CU)
6.2.2 Sub distribution and final circuit RCD protection options (figures 15– 19)
RCCB
RCBO
PRCD
SRCD
FIGURE 15 – OUTGOING CIRCUIT RCD PROTECTION, SEPARATE FROM THE DISTRIBUTION BOARD
THE RCD HANDBOOK BEAMA GUIDE TO THE SELECTION AND APPLICATION OF RESIDUAL CURRENT DEVICES (RCDs) 23
SPLIT LOAD CONSUMER PROTECTION LEVEL CONSIDERATIONS
UNIT (CU) OR DISTRIBUTION
BOARD (DB) WITH MAIN Commonly used to provide Fault on one of the RCD
INCOMING SWITCH – RCD protection to a group(s) protected circuits will trip out
DISCONNECTOR of circuits e.g. Socket-Outlets the supply to all associated
AND RCCB(S), TO PROTECT supplying portable equipment. RCD protected circuits.
A SPECIFIC GROUP(S) OF Installation partially RCD
Personal protection provided if protected.
CIRCUITS RCD is 30 mA.
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FIGURE 19 – THE MOST COMPREHENSIVE OPTION – INDIVIDUAL OUTGOING PROTECTION ON ALL WAyS
24 THE RCD HANDBOOK BEAMA GUIDE TO THE SELECTION AND APPLICATION OF RESIDUAL CURRENT DEVICES (RCDs)
7
OPERATION AND
MAINTENANCE
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7.1 TESTING BY THE 7.2 TESTING BY THE button as described in 7.1 above. If the
INSTALLER RCD fails to trip, investigate in
END USER accordance with the ‘Trouble shooting’
All rcds should be tested at least once 7.2.1 Time/current performance test chart (Figure 20).
every six months to ensure that they BS 7671 requires a test independent of
are still operative. this can be carried the RCD test button facility to be 7.2.3 Insulation tests
out by the end user. It involves applied to ensure that the RCD satisfies When insulation tests are carried out on
operating the test device (normally a the disconnection times required for an installation, the applied voltage
push button) marked ‘t’ or ‘test’. fault and additional protection as should not exceed 500 V DC (RCDs are
this should cause the rcd to trip, detailed in Chapter 41. designed to withstand this voltage).
disconnecting the supply to the
protected circuit. reinstate the supply The test parameters detailed in Table 4 An RCD in circuit may affect insulation
by reclosing the device or pressing the are in accordance with the requirements resistance test results. It may be
‘reset’ button as appropriate. of the relevant product standards – necessary to disconnect RCDs for the
BS EN 61008 series 1 and BS EN 61009 purpose of these tests.
If the rcd does not switch off the series 1 which satisfy these
supply when the test button is pressed, requirements. 7.2.4 Earth loop impedance testing
the user should seek expert advice.
All tests must be performed with all Some earth loop impedance testers are
loads disconnected using an designed to inject an a.c. test current
appropriate calibrated test instrument through line and earth conductors of up
connected as close to the RCD as to 25 A. This current will trip all RCDs. To
possible. avoid tripping the device during the test
some instruments have the facility to test
7.2.2 Functional test with a 15 mA test current. Others use a DC
current to desensitise the RCD for the
Upon completion of the installation an
duration of the test however this type of
operational check of the RCD should be
tester only works on RCDs that are
undertaken by pressing the RCD test
sensitive to AC faults alone and does not
prevent many types of RCBOs from
tripping. Type A, Type F and Type B RCDs
(designed to the product standards BS EN
61008, BS EN 61009 and BS EN 62423)
Type Rated Rated Standard values of break time (s) and non-actuating time (s) will trip upon detection of the DC
Current Residual at a residual current (IΔ) equal to: desensitising current.
Current
In I∆n I∆n 2I∆n 5I∆na
A Earth loop impedance figures for
A
installations which contain RCDs sensitive
General Any value Any value 0,3 0,15 0,04 Maximum break times
to both AC and DC fault currents (i.e. type
A, type F and type B devices), should be
S ≥25 >0,030
0,5 0,2 0,15 Maximum break times determined either by calculation or by
using a tester having a test current below
Maximum non actuating the device trip threshold. Alternatively, test
0,13 0,06 0,05 times
methods can be used which will not trip
the RCD. One such method is to measure
TABLE 4 – STANDARD VALUES OF BREAK TIME AND NON ACTUATING TIME the earth fault loop impedance on the
supply side of the RCD and add this to the
a For RCCBs and RCBOs of the general type with I∆n≤ 0,030 A, and RCBOs of the general
value of the combined resistance (R1+R2)
type incorporated in or intended only for association with plugs and socket-outlets, 0.25 A
may be used as an alternative to 5I∆n
on the load side of the RCD. This method
also checks the continuity of the
protective conductor.
THE RCD HANDBOOK BEAMA GUIDE TO THE SELECTION AND APPLICATION OF RESIDUAL CURRENT DEVICES (RCDs) 25
7.3 TROUBLESHOOTING
RCD Trips
No Plug in/switch-on
RCD TRIPS?
appliances one at a time.
Yes
No
RCD TRIPS? Next appliance
Switch off all MCBs/remove
all fuses. Reset RCD.
Yes
Last appliance reinstated
Switch on MCBs/replace has earth fault.
fuses one at a time. Submit appliance for repair.
No
RCD TRIPS? Next MCB/Fuse.
Yes
7.3.2 Troubleshooting for the electrical Load side (protected ‘downstream’ side • Too many items of current
contractor/instructed person of the RCD) using equipment containing
• Wrongly specified RCD filter circuits
Potential causes of unwanted tripping:
Supply side (upstream of the RCD) • Wet plaster / condensation • Excessive length of mineral
insulated cables
• Mains borne disturbance • No 'selectivity between
RCDs • Heating elements (e.g.
• Site machinery/plant cookers)
• Lightning strike • Crossed neutral on split load
board • Householder / DIy faults (e.g.
• Equipment or faults external nails/picture hooks)
to the installation e.g. cable • N – E fault
• Moisture ingress (appliances,
joints breaking down causing • High standing earth leakage sockets etc.)
sporadic unwanted tripping to currents caused by:
one or more premises, a fault in For assistance in faultfinding, a step-
• Surge Protection Devices
an adjacent installation by-step trouble shooting flow chart is
(SPDs)
given below.
26 THE RCD HANDBOOK BEAMA GUIDE TO THE SELECTION AND APPLICATION OF RESIDUAL CURRENT DEVICES (RCDs)
7.4 DETAILED FAULT-FINDING IN RCD PROTECTED INSTALLATIONS
TROUBLESHOOTING
RCD INSTALLATIONS
For intermittent
RCD TRIPS RCD DOES NOT TRIP
trips see list of when test button is pressed
will not reset
possible causes.
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Correctly located in
terminals & tight? Use RCD test set
Correct polarity? etc. to test RCD
On TNCS supply
check for N to E
fault close to RCD
Check RCD connections
Note 2
Note 1 N from neutral bar.
L switch off all CB’s or remove fuses.
Note 2 Minimum insulation resistance 2 MΩ.
Note 3 Some test sets are influenced by voltage and certain loads.
THE RCD HANDBOOK BEAMA GUIDE TO THE SELECTION AND APPLICATION OF RESIDUAL CURRENT DEVICES (RCDs) 27
8
RCD
CONSTRUCTION
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8.1 VOLTAGE
INDEPENDENT RCD
voltage independent rcds use the
energy of the earth fault current to trip
the mechanism directly. In this type of
rcd the output from the sensing coil
operates a specially constructed
magnetic relay and so releases the rcd
mechanism, independently of the
mains voltage.
8.2 VOLTAGE
DEPENDENT RCD
Voltage dependent RCDs generally
employ an electronic amplifier to
provide an enhanced signal from the
sensing coil to operate a trip solenoid or
relay (Figure 23). RCDs of this type are
defined as ‘voltage dependent ‘ because
they rely on a voltage source, derived
from the main supply, or an auxiliary
supply, to provide power to the
amplifier. The basic principle of
operation is, however, the same as
voltage independent RCDs. FIGURE 23 – VOLTAGE DEPENDENT RCD DESIGN
28 THE RCD HANDBOOK BEAMA GUIDE TO THE SELECTION AND APPLICATION OF RESIDUAL CURRENT DEVICES (RCDs)
9
DETAILED FAULT-FINDING ON RCD
PROTECTED INSTALLATIONS BY
COMPETENT PERSONS
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An rcd will detect and trip not only on It is important to ensure that there are It is often possible to obtain a
a line to earth fault and may also trip no time-switches, contactors etc. measurement of standing protective
automatically on a neutral to earth fault isolating any part of individual circuits conductor current in final and
depending on the design. the majority from the test equipment whilst the tests distribution circuits using a milliamp
of earth faults occur in appliances, are carried out. Care should also be clamp meter, the circuit live conductors
particularly portable appliances and taken to ensure that equipment will not being encircled by the jaws of the
their flexible cables. this means that in be damaged by the tests. instrument. With this test the instrument
many installations, faults can be located sees the same current as the RCD.
It is also important to disconnect or
easily by unplugging all appliances and
isolate current using equipment A high impedance neutral to earth fault
then plugging them in again. the rcd
wherever possible. Very often it is not may not pass sufficient fault current to
will trip when the faulty appliance is
practical to isolate lighting equipment, trip the RCD. From a safety point of view
reconnected.
in which case to avoid the equipment a neutral to earth fault with little or no
Faults on the fixed wiring are often being damaged by the test voltage, current flow through it does not present
caused by nails or screws driven lighting circuit’s line and neutral a danger. However, when any protected
between the neutral and earth conductors should be connected load is switched on, some of the load
conductors, reversed neutral and earth together for the duration of the test. For current will travel through the neutral to
connections or a neutral conductor other circuits line earth faults are earth fault; when the load current is
touching an earthed mounting box. relatively easy to find since the line large enough the RCD will trip. Because
Withdrawing a fuse or tripping a circuit- conductors can be isolated by the fault is load-dependent, tripping can
breaker in a final circuit does not withdrawing the fuse or by switching off appear to be random. Switching on a
normally interrupt the neutral and may the circuit-breakers. Each circuit should large load connected to another sub-
not prevent an RCD from tripping. Such then be tested separately and the faulty circuit that is healthy may still trip the
a condition could occur whilst altering circuit can then be identified. RCD. This is because part of the load
the circuit wiring. Cutting through a current may flow to earth through the
In the case of neutral to earth faults,
cable could cause the RCD to trip but neutral block and the neutral to earth
neutral conductors should be
this may not be noticed at the time and fault. The symptoms of a partial neutral
disconnected from the neutral bar one
during fault finding, the trip may not be to earth fault are very similar to
at a time and tested individually. The
associated with the cable being cut. unwanted tripping and are discussed in
faulty circuit will then be readily
more detail later.
The most effective way of testing for identified without necessarily
earth faults in the wiring or equipment is disconnecting all neutral conductors.
by measuring the insulation resistance Where RCBOs are installed load cables 9.1 MAINS BORNE
between line and neutral conductors should be disconnected from the TRANSIENTS AND SURGES
and earth using a 500V d.c. insulation device.
Although the overall reliability of RCDs
resistance tester.
It might be assumed that any standing is excellent, in a number of cases
Before commencing insulation protective conductor current below the conditions can occur within an installation
resistance testing it is essential to ensure trip level of the RCD could be ignored. that can cause an RCD to trip when no
that the distribution board or consumer Unfortunately, this is not so because the apparent fault condition can be found.
unit is completely isolated from the RCD sensitivity is effectively increased to This type of unwanted tripping is often
supply voltage and all Overcurrent the difference between the RCD trip incorrectly referred to as ‘spurious’ or
Protection Devices (OCPDs) are current and the standing protective ‘nuisance’ tripping and can be a source of
isolated. conductor current. For example, an considerable frustration for a contractor
RCD with a rated residual operating who attempts to trace this elusive fault.
Safe isolation procedures must be current of 30 mA will have a typical trip However, once the reasons for unwanted
adopted and where necessary the current of 22 mA; if the standing tripping are understood, and it is realised
means of isolation should be protective conductor current is 10 mA it that it is attributable to the installation
secured. will only take an earth fault current of conditions and not the RCD, then a
12 mA to trip the RCD. This could lead methodical course of action will
to unwanted tripping. overcome the problem with a minimum
of effort.
THE RCD HANDBOOK BEAMA GUIDE TO THE SELECTION AND APPLICATION OF RESIDUAL CURRENT DEVICES (RCDs) 29
Two main causes of unwanted tripping The blowing of a simple rewireable fuse Some types of discharge lighting (e.g.
can be identified: can also cause transients. One of the high-pressure sodium lamps and metal
pioneers of fuse technology, H.W. Baxter halide lamps) use external igniters,
• Transient surge currents between
(Electric Fuses, 1950) stated: “It is which produce a series of high voltage
phases or between phase and
noteworthy that, given sufficient pulses, which cease when the lamp
neutral within the installation
inductance, the peak voltage with a 10 starts. These pulses are of short duration
• A combination of supply network inch (copper) fuse wire reached 6000 V but range from 3 kV to 4.5 kV for high-
transient overvoltages, and (approximately 29 times the circuit pressure sodium lamps. Metal halide
lamps are ignited by applying 9 kV
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30 THE RCD HANDBOOK BEAMA GUIDE TO THE SELECTION AND APPLICATION OF RESIDUAL CURRENT DEVICES (RCDs)
other British standards which are
The capacitance to earth required to cause a current flow of 50 mA can be
relevant to earth leakage or rfI
calculated. Assuming an isolated pulse with a 50 µs rise time and a peak voltage
suppression, but which make no
of 1 kV, say:
reference to maximum allowable
earth leakage currents or
capacitance to earth, are:
1000 BS EN 62368-1:2014: Audio/video,
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Xc 20000Ω
0.05 information and communication
technology equipment. Safety
requirements
1
Frequency = 5000Hz BS EN 55011: Industrial, scientific
4 x 50 x 10-6 and medical equipment. Radio-
frequency disturbance
characteristics. Limits and methods
1 of measurement
C= = 1.6nF
2π x 5000 x 20000 BS EN 55013: Sound and television
broadcast receivers and associated
equipment. Radio disturbance
characteristics. Limits and methods
of measurement
In practice, an isolated transient does with additional earth fault problems. These
not occur. There will be several hundred should be taken into account during the
such pulses and they may well have early design stage when MI cable and
peak voltages greater than 1 kV. The RCD protection are to be used together. All this means that there are no clear
cumulative effect of their fast rise times, guidelines limiting the amount of
Another major source of capacitance to capacitance to earth that a manufacturer
coupled with their fast repetition
earth is radio frequency interference (RFI) fits into his equipment. BS EN 60335-1
frequency, could produce sufficient
suppression components. It is common puts maximum limits on the 50 Hz, 230 V
earth fault current to trip an RCD if
practice to connect capacitors between protective conductor current for
sufficient capacitance to earth exists.
live and neutral, live and earth and neutral household appliances to 5 mA for
and earth. These capacitors are usually stationary Class 1 appliances with heaters
9.2 CAPACITANCE TO EARTH supplied on a single ‘delta-connected’ unit (e.g. cookers), 3.5 mA for motor operated
The capacitance of 1.0, 1.5, and 2.5 mm2 to the BS EN 60939 series of standards. Class 1 appliances, 0.75 mA for other Class
flat thermoplastic insulated twin and earth The BS EN 60939 series has no 1 appliances and 0.25 mA for Class 2
cable is approximately 150 pF per metre. It prescriptive requirements concerning appliances. BS EN 60598 place limits on
would not be unusual for a domestic maximum values of capacitance but the maximum protective conductor
installation to have 100 m of 2.5 mm2 covers safety and testing requirements in currents allowed in luminaires. BS EN
cable and 250 m of 1.0 or 1.5 mm2 cable, great detail. The capacitors in these filters 60335-2-90 covers the safety aspects of
which would result in a capacitance to should be Class y (i.e. a capacitor suitable microwave ovens and specify a maximum
earth of up to 52.5 nF. This would allow a for use on 230 V mains systems where protective conductor current of 1 mA.
standing protective conductor current of failure of the capacitor could lead to risk of
an electric shock (see BS EN 60939-2). The Electricity Safety, Quality and
11 µA/m or a cable leakage current of
Continuity (Amendment)
nearly 4 mA for the whole installation (at RFI suppression units, particularly those
230 V, 50 Hz). allowed in non-household appliances, Regulations 2009 (ESQCR) came into
could cause significant standing protective force on 6th April 2009. Effective from
The capacitance to earth of 2.5 mm2
conductor currents and will provide a path 31st January 2003 the Electricity Safety,
mineral insulated (MI) cable is higher,
for currents resulting from transient Quality and Continuity Regulations 2002
approximately 400 pF/m. This would allow
overvoltages. replaced the Electricity Supply Regulations
a standing earth leakage of 30 µA/m. A
1988. There are no requirements in the
commercial or industrial installation could The large value of neutral to earth ESQCR which specify any maximum
contain 500 m of cable, which could capacitance, allowed in permanently allowable value of protective conductor
result in a capacitance to earth of up to earthed equipment, would not normally current in an installation. Until 1988 the
200 nF. This would allow a standing cause a problem. It would become maximum allowable value of protective
protective conductor current of nearly 15 significant if transient overvoltages conductor current in an installation was
mA while providing a very low impedance occurred between neutral and earth. Also, given by the Electricity Supply Regulations,
path for any transient overvoltages. double pole switching would cause an 1937, and was limited to one ten-
The advantages of mineral insulated (MI) RCD to trip since up to full mains voltage thousandth part of the maximum current
cable over plastic insulated types are in no could suddenly appear across this to be supplied to the installation. The
way disputed, but the higher capacitance capacitance during switch off. (See relevant Clause (Clause 26) was referred to
of MI cable can present the contractor Section 9.3). in Regulation 13-9 of the 15th Edition of
THE RCD HANDBOOK BEAMA GUIDE TO THE SELECTION AND APPLICATION OF RESIDUAL CURRENT DEVICES (RCDs) 31
the IEE Wiring Regulations. The 1937 Another significant fact is that, in general, function of cable length. Also, an
Regulations were replaced by the the characteristic impedance of a cable is overhead line behaves as a good aerial to
Electricity Supply Regulations 1988, since very much lower than that of an overhead radio-frequency signals and noise while an
when there has no longer been any line. Only a small fraction of any voltage underground cable, by both its nature and
limitation on protective conductor current surge that travels down a line would be location, is less susceptible to this type of
within the regulations for the supply of transmitted down an equivalent cable. For interference.
electricity. this reason equipment at the end of an
The foregoing analysis indicates that
overhead power line is sometimes
An installation is “deemed to comply” with unwanted tripping of an RCD is less likely
connected to the line by a short length of
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32 THE RCD HANDBOOK BEAMA GUIDE TO THE SELECTION AND APPLICATION OF RESIDUAL CURRENT DEVICES (RCDs)
9.4 NEUTRAL TO EARTH 9.5 DOUBLE GROUNDING problem to be solved. Sections 7.3 and 9.2
FAULTS show that the effects due to protective
‘Double grounding’ is a phenomenon conductor currents can be quite complex.
Although neutral to earth faults do not which occurs when two earth faults – a
normally fall under the heading of phase to earth fault and a neutral to earth Capacitance to earth is frequently the
‘unwanted’ tripping, they can result in fault – occur simultaneously in a circuit cause of unwanted tripping and can easily
intermittent effects within an installation protected by an RCD. Where these earth reach significant levels due to the
that appear illogical and very similar to faults do not present large impedances, cumulative effect of cables and RFI
and therefore the earth fault current is suppression components. Limits on
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THE RCD HANDBOOK BEAMA GUIDE TO THE SELECTION AND APPLICATION OF RESIDUAL CURRENT DEVICES (RCDs) 33
10
ANNEX
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10.1 FIRE PROTECTION – these provisions for fire safety are When electrical conductors are subject
EXTRACT FROM DTI REPORT supplemented by overcurrent and to arcing or overheating and are
sometimes earth leakage protection adjacent to insulation the chemical
the following information is extracted devices in the supply installation. processes of combustion can occur as
from the department of trade and follows:
Industry report residual current For Class II appliances under normal
devices; added value for home safety conditions, no earth fault current path • An initial heating of the insulation
by kind permission. It forms the basis will be involved and no added – the resulting temperature
for the information in section 4 and protection against fire would be increase will be rate dependent
underlines the role of rcds in fire expected if an RCD was used. on the amount of heat
prevention. For Class I appliances, RCDs would be generated, the specific heat of
expected to provide closer protection the product mass, the thermal
10.1.1 The Incidence of Fires in and limit the duration of current flow conductivity of the material and
Household Electrical Appliances and energy transfer to insulation in the the latent heats of fusion and
event of fault currents to earth and vaporisation where these
Table 6 gives details of the average thereby reduce risk of fire ignition. In procedures occur.
annual number of fires to which fire the list of appliances shown in Table 6, • Degradation and decomposition
brigades are called and which have Class I appliances predominate. of the material.
been identified as associated with
faults in electrical appliances (Fire 10.1.2 Electrically Induced Fire Ignition
• Flame ignition – this depends on
statistics UK). and propagation
the availability of oxygen, the
Product safety standards seek to Fires in electrical wiring systems and flash points of the materials and
minimize the risk of fire ignition and to electrical equipment are usually the their limits of flammability.
ensure that if fire ignition does occur result of arcing or overheating
then the fire is contained. In practice, associated with current carrying
conductors.
Other 477.00
Electric cooking appliances 445.00 I
TV 368.00 II
Dishwashers 320.00 I
Tumble/Spin drier 305.00 I
Electric water heating 263.00 I
Refrigerators 253.00 I
Irons 16.00 I
Plugs, socket switch 16.00
TABLE 6 – AVERAGE ANNUAL NUMBER OF FIRES IN THE UK ATTENDED By FIRE BRIGADES WHERE
THE FIRES ARE ATTRIBUTED TO FAULTS IN ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES, LIGHTING OR WIRING
34 THE RCD HANDBOOK BEAMA GUIDE TO THE SELECTION AND APPLICATION OF RESIDUAL CURRENT DEVICES (RCDs)
Product safety standards will generally In the tracking test, if a current of 500 test solution, a track across the
require low flammability materials to be mA or more flows for at least two insulation between adjacent conductors
used where insulation is touching or seconds in a conducting path between developed at a current of 80 mA. As the
supporting electrically live parts. the electrodes on the surface of the current increased to 90 mA, the track
However, even low flammability fire specimen, or if the specimen burns, the glowed red and a yellow flame ignited
resistant plastics can support material has failed the test. along the track. The flame height was
combustion if a high temperature is approximately 8 mm. The current levels
Although the test is designed to be used
maintained for a sufficient length of observed in these tests indicate that a
only for comparative purposes, it is clear
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THE RCD HANDBOOK BEAMA GUIDE TO THE SELECTION AND APPLICATION OF RESIDUAL CURRENT DEVICES (RCDs) 35
10.1.5 Electrical Equipment Faults and line, line to neutral and line to earth) and transformer may be connected to earth
Fire Hazard Limitation series arcs (arcing within one of the and, in the event of a failure to earth, an
conductors). Unlike a circuit breaker RCD can provide protection by limiting
In this section, consideration will be
which detects overloads and short the current flow and the consequent
given to the role which RCDs and
circuit currents and RCDs which detect heating effect.
overcurrent protection devices can play
current imbalance, an AFDD utilises
in reducing the risk of fire associated
electronic technology to analyse the 10.1.5.4 Switch and Relay Contacts
with potential faults in home electrical
signature (waveform) of an arc to
wiring systems and components Failures of contacts may occur due to
differentiate between normal arcing and
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36 THE RCD HANDBOOK BEAMA GUIDE TO THE SELECTION AND APPLICATION OF RESIDUAL CURRENT DEVICES (RCDs)
environmental contamination and 10.1.5.6 Heating Elements reducing the risk of fire in electrical
growth of tarnish films at the contact equipment, they will not respond to
Heating elements may have an earthed
interface. Where connections are made many of the failure modes likely to
sheath. RCDs will provide early warning
to components, surface tracking may initiate fire ignition. Particular problems
of breakdown of insulation and will also
occur as a result of conductive surface arise in detecting overheating of
detect pin holes in sheathing when used
deposits and moisture. Under these connections and in-line wiring faults
to heat water.
circumstances where the tracking is to which are a common cause of fires,
an earthed surface, protection may be 10.1.5.7 Summary however AFDDs provide protection
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Motors Surface contamination of RCD’s will trip at low values of earth leakage Will respond to overheating Will respond to overheating
insulation: current due to: if the motor fails to start, caused by lack of ventilation
carbon tracking. tracking or contamination; cracks or faults in provided the operating or conductor overheating
insulation caused by thermo-mechanical current is set close with while running.
stress or mechanical damage; arcs or sparks running current.
when the motor winding short-circuits or
grounds or when brushes operate improperly.
Transformers Surface contamination of Where there is a failure of insulation between Fusing is usually provided to Over temperature cut-outs
insulation: overheating. the primary winding and earth, RCD prevent overheating under may be fitted.
protection will operate. fault conditions.
Switch and The rating and performance RCD’s can provide protection where tracking Needed for live-neutral fault
Relay Contacts characteristics are not or contamination provides a conductive path protection.
& Controls suited to the duty-cycle. to earth.
Tracking or contamination.
Heating Pin holes in metal sheathing RCD’s will provide an early indication of Needed to protect against
Elements of mineral insulated breakdown of insulation. live-neutral insulation failure.
elements allowing moisture Note. Certain elements may not be sealed by
to penetrate. design and at switch on, significant levels of
earth leakage current can occur due to
moisture ingress.
Wiring Open circuit faults on RCD’s will detect any loose wires which Required to prevent
flexible cords. Short circuit contact an earthed surface. They will also overheating in the event of a
due to insulation damage. detect insulation damage in metal conduct. fault, insulation damage and
live-neutral failure.
Connections Vibration loosening. RCD’s will detect connections loosened by Will protect against high
Mechanical disturbance: for example, vibration which come free and current live-neutral or
deterioration of contact touch earthed surfaces. live-earth contact if
interfaces and overheating. the connection becomes
connections not free.
dimensioned in respect of
their heating.
Electronic Contamination Local protection in the form May be appropriate for some
Circuits of fusing is appropriate. components.
TABLE 7 – POTENTIAL FAULT CONDITIONS FOR CIRCUIT PROTECTION DEVICES AND ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS
THE RCD HANDBOOK BEAMA GUIDE TO THE SELECTION AND APPLICATION OF RESIDUAL CURRENT DEVICES (RCDs) 37
10.1.6 The Comparative Tracking Index insulation between two conductors on
Test (BS EN 60112) a printed circuit board (gap 3 mm) and
a voltage applied between the
conductors. When the voltage applied
was 80 V, bubbles were seen to form at
ELECTROLYTE
the electrode interface with the fluid.
DISPENSING
The measured current was 4.2 mA. At
NEEDLE 10 V the liquid evaporated.
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38 THE RCD HANDBOOK BEAMA GUIDE TO THE SELECTION AND APPLICATION OF RESIDUAL CURRENT DEVICES (RCDs)
bubbles spread to form a central path high conductivity was the presence of bridge insulation to earth and produce a
between the printed circuit board the fluid or its effect in maintaining a low conductivity path, this is likely to trip
conductors. continuous conductive path along the an RCD. However, where the film
track. Examination of the specimen after resistance is such that heating will cause
In a second test at 250 V, the
the test suggested that the fluid played a evaporation, tracks will form below the
phenomena observed were similar to
dominant role in the failure process threshold for RCD operation. RCDs will
those in a conventional tracking test rig
rather than the intrinsic properties of the provide no protection against tracking
with scintillations occurring as the liquid
printed circuit board insulation. or fire ignition when live to neutral
evaporated and eventually a track
insulation is bridged unless there is an
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between the conductors was A third test was made to establish the associated path to earth.
established. The order of current progress of events with a 30 mA RCD in
observed during the test were 8-84 mA. circuit. In the presence of a drop of the The above test shows that high
Following complete evaporation of the fluid across the insulation, the RCD sensitivity RCDs will trip when the
liquid and the cessation of discharge tripped due to the high conductivity of presence of conductive fluid
activity, the resistance between the the fluid. With less liquid present, contamination spillage or spray in
printed circuit board conductors was scintillations occurred and the RCD did appliances results in earth current flow.
measured as greater than 400 MΩ. not trip. Following a second application In such cases, the RCD may arrest the
During the test, a pink coloured flame 2 of the liquid, tracking developed across progress of tracking before flame
mm high was observed apparently the insulation. A period followed in ignition of insulation occurs. Although
associated with decomposition of the which the track glowed red then the only a limited amount of testing has
fluid. The currents involved in this RCD tripped to halt the process. been carried out in the present work, it
experiment suggest that RCD operation is clear that RCDs have the potential to
would have interrupted the process. It is clear from the tests that if reduce the incidence of fire due to
However, the dominant cause of the contamination by conductive fluid can surface tracking.
THE RCD HANDBOOK BEAMA GUIDE TO THE SELECTION AND APPLICATION OF RESIDUAL CURRENT DEVICES (RCDs) 39
10.2 REFERENCES
10.2.1 Documents to which reference is made in this Guide IEc 60479: Effects of current on human beings and livestock
Bs 4293: Specification for residual current-operated circuit- IEc 61140: Protection against electric shock – Common
breakers (Superseded by BS EN 61008 series) aspects for installations and equipment
Bs 7671: Requirements for Electrical Installations. IET Wiring IEc 62955: Residual direct current detecting device (RDC-
Regulations Eighteenth Edition DD) to be used for mode 3 charging of electric vehicles
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40 THE RCD HANDBOOK BEAMA GUIDE TO THE SELECTION AND APPLICATION OF RESIDUAL CURRENT DEVICES (RCDs)
10.3 TERMS AND DEFINITIONS
Circuit-breaker DB – Distribution Board
A device capable of making, carrying and breaking normal An assembly containing switching or protective devices (e.g.
load currents and also making and automatically breaking, fuses, circuit-breakers, residual current operated devices)
under pre determined conditions, abnormal currents, such associated with one or more outgoing circuits fed from one
as short-circuit currents. or more incoming circuits together with terminals for the
neutral and protective circuit conductors. It may also include
Residual Current signalling and or other control devices. Means of isolation
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r.m.s. value of the vector sum of the instantaneous values of may be included in the board or may be provided separately.
the currents flowing through the main circuit of the RCD.
pB – panelboard
RCD – Residual Current Device An assembly containing switching or protective devices (e.g.
Mechanical switching device or association of devices circuit-breakers or fusegear typically in accordance with BS
designed to make, carry and break currents under normal EN 60947-2 and/or BS EN 60947-3) associated with one or
service conditions and to cause the opening of the contacts more outgoing circuits fed from one or more incoming
when the residual current attains a given value under circuits together with terminals for the neutral and
specified conditions. protective circuit conductors. It may also include residual
current protection systems, signalling and or control
Note: See Section 1.3 for definitions of different types of
devices. Means of isolation may be included in the board or
residual current device.
may be provided separately.
THE RCD HANDBOOK BEAMA GUIDE TO THE SELECTION AND APPLICATION OF RESIDUAL CURRENT DEVICES (RCDs) 41
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