JAWAPAN

(m) A s
BAB Coulomb (C)
Pengukuran
1 Measurement

Kuantiti Skalar dan Kuantiti Vektor
Scalar and Vector Quantities

1. kuantiti skalar, kuantiti vektor // scalar quantities, vector quantities

Kuantiti Fizik
1.1 Physical Quantities 2. magnitud, jarak , laju, ketumpatan // magnitude, distance, speed,
density
2. kaedah / method 4. magnitud, arah // magnitude, direction
3. kuantiti fizik / physical quantities
4. kuantiti asas, kuantiti terbitan / base quantity, derived quantity Tugasan 1
Kuantiti Asas dan Kuantiti Terbitan
Base Quantities and Derived Quantities Kuantiti skalar / Scalar quantity Kuantiti vektor / Vector
quantity
1. diterbitkan / derived Jarak / Distance Sesaran / Displacement
2. (a) l , meter / meter
(b) m , kilogram / kilogram Masa / Time Halaju / Velocity
(c) t , saat / second Laju / Speed Pecutan / Acceleration
(d) I , ampere / ampere
Isi padu / Volume Daya / Force
(e) T , kelvin / kelvin
(f) Iv , candela / candela Jisim / Mass Momentum / Momentum
(g) n , mol / mol Suhu / Temperature Berat / Weight
3. kombinasi / combinations
Luas / Area
4. (a) A , m2
(b) V , m3 Ketumpatan / Density
(c) v , m s–1
(d) p , kg m s–1 / N s Penyiasatan Saintifik
(e) F , kg m s–2 / N 1.2 Scientific Investigation
(f) E , kg m2 s–2 / J
Tafsiran Bentuk-bentuk Graf
Interpretation of Shapes of Graph
Memerihalkan Kuantiti Terbitan dalam Sebutan Kuantiti Asas dan
Unit Asas S.I.
Describing Derived Quantities in Terms of Base Quantities and Basic S.I.
1. (a) berkadar terus // directly proportional
Units (b) bertambah secara linear // increases linearly
(c) berkurang secara linear // decreases linearly
1. (a) panjang (l) × lebar (l) × tinggi (l) (d) berkadar songsang, berkadar terus // inversely proportional,
length (l) × width (l) × height (l) directly proportional
jisim / mass (m) (e) bertambah secara tidak linear // increases non-linearly
(b)
isi padu / volume (v) (f) berkurang secara tidak linear // decreases non-linearly
jarak / distance (l) Menganalisis Graf untuk Mendapatkan Rumusan Siasatan
(c)
masa / time (t) Analysing Graphs to Summarise an Investigation
sesaran / displacement (l)
(d) 2. (a) bertambah secara linear // increases linearly
masa / time (t)
(e) m/s = m s–1 Contoh 1
(f) m/s = m s–1 46 cm3, 60 cm3
(g) m s–1 / s = m s–2
(h) kg m s–2 Contoh 2
newton (N) –260°C
(i) kg m s–1
(N s) Contoh 3
(j) kg m s–1 30
(a) (i) = 6 m s–2
kg m s–2 5
(k) = kg m–1 s–2
m2 0
pascal (Pa) (ii) = 0 m s–2
5
(l) kg m s–2 × m = kg m2 s–2 –30
joule (J) (iii) = – 6 m s–2
5

1
   Fizik  Tingkatan 4 Jawapan

Contoh 4 (g) T (s) T 2(s2)

1
(a) (i) × 5 × 30 = 75 m
2
(ii) 5 × 30 = 150 m
1
(iii) × 5 × 30 = 75 m
2 / (cm) / (cm)
4. y2 – y1
(h) 1. Kecerunan, m = x2 – x1
v (m s–1) Gradient
T 2(s2)
35
(y1, y2)
30
m
25
20
(x1, x2)
15 / (cm)

10 Unit SI bagi m ialah s2 m–1. / SI unit for m is s2 m–1.
5 l
2.
T 2 = 4π2  g
t (s) y = mx + c
0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
4π2

m = g
4π2
(a) berkadar terus // directly proportional
g = m
20
(b) (i) = 10 m s–2 (i) bertambah, bertambah
2 increases, increases
pecutan objek / acceleration of object
(ii) v = 10t
(iii) 25 m s–1
PRAKTIS SPM 1
Penyiasatan Saintifik dan Laporan Eksperimen Lengkap
Scientific Investigation and Complete Report Experiment
Soalan Objektif
4. (a) tujuan eksperimen // aim of experiment 1. D 2. C 3. D 4. C 5. C 6. D
(b) dimanipulasikan, bergerak balas, dimalarkan // manipulated, 7. B 8. C 9. A 10. A 11. B 12. C
responding, constant / fixed 13. D
(c) radas, bahan // apparatus, materials Soalan Struktur
(d) susunan // arrangement Bahagian A
(e) prosedur, mengukur // procedure, measure 1. (a) Kuantiti terbitan ialah kuantiti fizik yang diterbitkan
(f) jadualkan // tabulate daripada kombinasi kuantiti asas melalui pendaraban
atau pembahagian atau kedua-dua operasi ini.
(g) Analisis // Analyse Derived quantities are physical quantities that are derived from
(h) kesimpulan // conclusion the combinations of base quantities through multiplication or
division or both these operations.
Eksperimen 1.1
(i) Kuantiti Asas Kuantiti Terbitan
(a) panjang suatu bandul, tempoh ayunan bandul itu // length of a Base Quantity Derived Quantity
pendulum, its period of oscillation
Jisim / Mass Isi padu / Volume
(b) (i) Panjang bandul // Length of pendulum Suhu / Temperature Tenaga / Energy
(ii) Tempoh ayunan // Period of oscillation
(iii) Jisim ladung // Mass of pendulum bob (ii) Kilo / 10­3
(b) 500 cm3 = 500 × (10–2)3 m3 = 500 × 10–6 = 5.0 × 10–4 m3
(f) Panjang bandul, / Length of pendulum, 2. (a) Beza keupayaan // Potential difference
l/cm (b) 0.80 V
40.0 (c) Kuantiti terbitan // Derived quantity
(d)
50.0 v
60.0
(e) Untuk memastikan mata pelajar selari dengan jarum
70.0 penunjuk supaya bacaan tepat tanpa ralat direkodkan.
To ensure students’ eyes are parallel to the pointing needle so
80.0 that accurate readings without errors are recorded.

2
 Fizik  Tingkatan 4 Jawapan 

Bahagian B Bahagian C
3. (a) (i) Kuantiti skalar ialah kuantiti fizik yang mempunyai 4. (a) P: 0.05 V
magnitud sahaja. Q: 0.2 V
Scalar quantities are physical quantities that have (b) Voltmeter P.
magnitude only. – Julat voltmeter P boleh memenuhi julat 0.20 V ke
(ii) Kuantiti vektor ialah kuantiti fizik yang mempunyai 0.80 V yang diperlukan.
magnitud dan arah. Voltmeter P can meet the required range of 0.20 V to 0.80 V.
Vector quantities are physical quantities that have – Voltmeter P dapat memberi bacaan dengan titik
magnitude and direction. perpuluhan yang lebih banyak.
Voltmeter P can give the reading to more decimal places.
(b) Kuantiti Skalar Kuantiti Vektor
Scalar Quantitiy Vector Quantity (c) (i) A = ammeter, V = voltmeter
(ii) R = Reostat / Rheostat
Panjang Sesaran Fungsi R ialah mengawal magnitud arus.
Length Displacement The function of R is to control the magnitude of the current.
Isi padu Halaju (d) (i) Diberi 1 inci / Given 1 inches
Volume Velocity = 0.025 m, maka / so
Tenaga Daya 30 inci / inches = 30 × 0.025
Energy Force = 0.75 m
40 inci / inches = 40 × 0.025
Laju Momentum
Speed Momentum
= 1.00 m
60 inci / inches = 60 × 0.025
Suhu Pecutan = 1.50 m
Temperature Acceleration Maka dimensi adalah
Ketumpatan Berat 0.75 m × 1.0 m × 1.5 m.
Density Weight So the dimensions are
0.75 m × 1.0 m × 1.5 m.
(c) – Skala suhu harus dalam darjah Celsius. Oleh itu, isi padu tangki
The temperature scale should be in degree Celsius. Hence, volume of the tank
– Menggunakan skala Celsius adalah lebih mudah = 0.75 m × 1.0 m × 1.5 m
dalam projek penyelidikan ini. = 1.125 m3
Using a Celsius scale is more convenient in this research
(ii) – Pembaris meter digunakan untuk mengukur
project.
dimensi peti keselamatan.
– Julat suhu harus mempunyai suatu nilai minimum
A metre rule is used to measure the dimensions of the
yang kurang daripada 10°C dan suatu nilai
safety box.
maksimum yang lebih besar daripada 125°C.
The temperature range should have a minimum value – Pembaris meter juga cukup panjang untuk
which is smaller than 10°C and a maximum value which is mengukur ketinggian, panjang dan keluasan peti
bigger than 125°C. keselamatan.
– Julat suhu sedemikian dapat memenuhi julat yang A metre rule is long enough to measure the height, the
diperlukan untuk 10°C hingga 125°C berdasarkan length and the area of the safety box.
kriteria itu. (e) (i) Untuk meningkatkan ketepatan dalam menentukan
Such a temperature range can accommodate the required diameter bola ping pong.
range of 10°C to 125°C based on the criteria. To increase the accuracy in determining the diameter of
– Cecair dalam termometer adalah merkuri. the ping pong ball.
The liquid in the thermometer is mercury. (ii) X = 1.1 cm Y = 2.1 cm
– Merkuri ialah pengalir haba yang baik dan cepat (f) Jejari / Radius = (2.1 – 1.1) ÷ 2
berubah apabila suhu persekitaran berubah. = 0.5 cm
Mercury is a good conductor of heat and quickly changed
when the environmental temperature change.
– Warna cecair di dalam termometer harus legap.
The colour of the thermometer liquid should be opaque.
BAB
Daya dan Gerakan
– Hal ini akan menolong pemerhati mengambil
bacaan pada termometer dengan lebih mudah. 2 Force and Motion
This will make it easier for observers to take readings on
the thermometer.
– Termometer R dipilih. Gerakan Linear
Thermometer R is chosen. 2.1 Linear Motion
– Termometer R mempunyai skala Celsius, julat suhu
daripada –10°C hingga 200°C, diisikan dengan Menghuraikan Jenis Gerakan Linear bagi Objek yang Berada dalam
Keadaan Pegun, Halaju Seragam dan Halaju Tidak Seragam
merkuri, dan ia adalah legap. Describing the Type of Linear Motion of an Object in Stationary, Uniform
Thermometer R has a Celsius scale, a temperature range Velocity and Non-uniform Velocity
of –10°C to 200°C, is filled with mercury and is opaque.
(d) (i) 2°C dan 85°C 1. garis lurus // straight line
(ii) 2°C – 0°C = 2°C 2. sifar, tidak bergerak // zero, at rest
Terdapat bendasing di dalam ais yang digunakan.
3. sesaran // displacement
There are impurities in the ice used.
5. berbeza // different

3
   Fizik  Tingkatan 4 Jawapan

Menentukan Jarak, Sesaran, Laju, Halaju dan Pecutan

Determining Distance, Displacement, Speed, Velocity and Acceleration
(d) Pecutan 2
Accelerating
u= = 100 cm s–1 = 1 m s–1
0.02
A  Jarak dan Sesaran / Distance and Displacement 6
v= = 300 cm s–1 = 3 m s–1
1. panjang lintasan, skalar // length of the path, scalar 0.02
3–1
2. paling pendek, vektor // shortest, vector a=
(6 – 1) × 0.02
Contoh 1 = 20 m s–2
(a) 20 + 12 + 15 = 47 km (e) berkurang 4.5
u= = 225 cm s–1
(b) = 52 + 122 = 13 km decreasing 0.02
3. meter (m) // metre (m) = 2.25 m s–1
1.5
B  Laju dan Halaju / Speed and Velocity v= = 75 cm s–1
0.02
1. kadar perubahan jarak, skalar / rate of change of distance = 0.75 m s–1
travelled, scalar 0.75 – 2.25
jarak (m) distance (m) a= = –12.5 m s–2
Laju, v = / Speed, v = time (s) (7 – 1) × 0.02
masa (s)
2. kadar perubahan sesaran, vektor // the rate of change of (f) Pecutan / Accelerating 4
u= = 20 cm s–1
displacement, vector 10 × 0.02
sesaran (m) displacement (m) = 0.2 m s –1
Halaju, v = / Velocity, v = 6.5
masa (s) time (s)
v= = 32.5 cm s–1
Contoh 2 10 × 0.02
= 0.325 m s–1
47 km 13 km 0.325 – 0.2
(a) = = 62.67 km j–1 (b) = = 17.33 km j–1 a = 0.325 – 0.2 /
0.75 j 0.75 j 5 × 0.2
47 km 13 km = 0.125 m s–2
= = 62.67 km h–1 = = 17.33 km h–1
0.75 h 0.75 h
(g) Halaju / velocity 9
C  Pecutan / Acceleration u= = 45 cm s–1
halaju halaju akhir, v – halaju awal, u 10 × 0.02
1. Pecutan = = = 0.45 m s –1
masa masa diambil, t
1.5
velocity final velocity, v – initial velocity, u v= = 7.5 cm s–1
Acceleration = = 10 × 0.02
time time taken, t
= 0.075 m s–1
v–u
Maka / Therefore, a = 0.075 – 0.45
t a= = –0.3 m s–2
5 × 0.2
2. meter per saat per saat (m s–2) / metre per second per second
(m s–2) 4. masa, sinar infra-merah // time, infra-red beam
Penerangan gerakan Jenis gerakan Contoh 3
Explanation of motion Types of motion
Pengiraan halaju/pecutan
(a) bertambah / increasing 30 – 0 Calculation of velocity/acceleration
= 10 m s–2
3 1. 8
v=
(b) halaju seragam 10 – 10 6 × 0.02
constant velocity
= 0 m s–2 = 66.67 cm s–1
3
= 0.667 m s–1
(c) diperlahankan / slowing 10 – 40
down = –10 m s–2 2. 16
3
u=
15 × 0.02
Analisis Gerakan = 53.33 cm s–1
Motion Analysis
= 0.533 m s–1
2. 0.02 s 3. 2
u= = 100 cm s–1
3. Jenis gerakan Pengiraan halaju/pecutan 0.02
Type of motion Calculation of velocity/ 5
acceleration v= = 250 cm s–1
0.02
(a) halaju seragam 20 = 2.5 m s–1
yang kecil / small = 2.5 – 1
10 × 0.02 a=
constant velocity = 100 cm s–1 5 × 0.02
= 1 m s–1 = 15 m s–2

(b) halaju seragam 20

yang sederhana =
6 × 0.02
medium constant = 166.7 cm s–1
velocity = 1.667 m s–1
(c) halaju seragam 20
yang tinggi / high =
3 × 0.02
constant velocity = 333.3 cm s–1
= 3.333 m s–1
4
 Fizik  Tingkatan 4 Jawapan 

3. v = u + at
4. 2
u= v = 10 + 8(5)
10 × 0.02
= 10 cm s–1 = 50 m s–1
= 0.1 m s–1
8 Tugasan 1
v=
10 × 0.02
= 40 cm s–1 1. (a) 16 m
= 0.4 m s–1 (b) 1.6 m s–2
0.4 – 0.1 (c) 4 m s–1
a= (d) 13 m s–1
6 × 0.2
= 0.25 m s–2 (e) 4 s
(f) 7 m
5. 2 (g) 2.4 m s–2
u=
10 × 0.02 (h) 6 m s–1
= 100 cm s–1 2. Diberi / Given : u = 10 m s–1, v = 0 m s–1, t = 20 s, a = ?
= 1.0 m s–1 Menggunakan rumus / Using formula , v = u + at
4 0 = 10 + (a)(20)
v=
10 × 0.02 a = –0.5 m s–2
= 20 cm s–1 3. Diberi / Given: u = 2 m s–1, a = 3 m s–2, t = 5 s, v = ?
= 0.2 m s–1 Menggunakan rumus / Using formula, v = u + at
0.2 – 0.1 v = 2 + 3(5)
a=
4 × 0.2 v = 17 m s–1
= –1.0 m s-2
4. (a) Diberi / Given: u = 0 m s–1, s = 250 m, t = 10 s, a = ?
1
Contoh 4 Menggunakan rumus / Using formula, s = ut + at2
2
1. (a) Jumlah jarak / Total distance = 30 + 40 + 60 = 130 km 250 = 0(10) + 12
(b) Sesaran / Displacement:  302 + 402 = 50 km (a)(10) 2

130 a = 5 m s–2
(c) Laju purata / Average speed = = 65 km j–1 / km h–1 (b) Diberi / Given: u = 0 m s–1, s = 250 m, t = 10 s, v = ?
2
50 Menggunakan rumus / Using formula, s = 12(u + v)t
(d) Halaju purata / Average velocity = = 25 km j–1 / km h–1, 250 = 12
2
36.86° barat laut / north-west (0 + v)10
2. (a) Jumlah jarak ke arah Utara / Total distance toward North v = 50 m s–1
= s = vt = 50 × 5 = 250 m
Jumlah jarak ke arah Timur / Total distance toward East
Graf Gerakan Linear
= s = vt = 40 × 15 = 600 m 2.2 Linear Motion Graphs
Jumlah jarak / Total distance = 250 m + 600 m = 850 m
(b) Sesaran / Displacement:  6002 + 2502 = 650 m Menyelesaikan Masalah Gerakan Linear dengan Menggunakan
850 Persamaan
(c) Laju purata / Average speed = = 42.5 m s–1 Solve Linear Motion Problems by Using Equations
20
650
(d) Halaju purata / Average velocity = = 32.5 m s–1 A Graf Sesaran-Masa / Displacement-Time Graphs
20
2. halaju // velocity
Menyelesaikan Masalah Gerakan Linear dengan Menggunakan (a) (i) 50 m (ii) 100 m
Persamaan 100
Solve Linear Motion Problems by Using Equations (b) = = 5 m s–1
20
1. (a) s (b)
t B Graf Halaju-Masa / Velocity-Time Graphs
(c) v (d) a 2. pecutan // acceleration
Contoh 5 3. sesaran // displacement
(a) (i) 10 m s–1 (ii) 20 m s–1
1. v2 = u2 + 2as
(b) 5 m s–1
0 = 302 + 2a(15) 1
900 (c) × 4 × 20 = 40 m
   a = –   2
30 C Graf Pecutan-Masa / Acceleration-Time Graphs
= −30 m s–2
3. (a) (i) 3 m s–2
1
2. (a) s = ut + at2 (ii) 4 m s–2
2 1
(b) 2 m s–2

200 = 0(10) + a(100)
2 Menganalisis Graf Sesaran-Masa untuk Menentukan Jarak, Sesaran
a = 4 m s–2
dan Halaju
1 Analysing Time-Displacement Graphs to Determine Distance, Displacement
(b) s = (u + v)t
2 and Velocity
1
200 = (0 + v)10 1. (a) rehat / rest // malar / constant
2
400 = 10 v (b) positif, malar, positif, seragam // positive, constant, positive,
v = 40 m s–1 constant

5
   Fizik  Tingkatan 4 Jawapan

(c) negatif, malar, negatif, seragam // negative, constant, Contoh 8

negative, constant
(a) Halaju = Kecerunan graf sesaran-masa
Contoh 6 Velocity = Gradient of displacement-time graph
10
Penyelesaian / Solution: 0 – 2 s, v = = 5 m s–1
2
(a) OB: Objek itu bergerak 5 m ke depan dengan halaju positif. 0
The object moved 5 m forward with positive velocity. 2 – 6 s, v = = 0 m s–1
24
BC: Objek itu berada dalam keadaan rehat. 10
The object is at rest. 6 – 8 s, v = –   = –5 m s–1
CD: Objek itu bergerak 8 m ke depan dengan halaju positif. 2
The object moved 8 m forward with positive velocity. (b) v / m s–1
DE: Objek itu bergerak 10 m ke belakang dengan halaju
negatif dan kembali ke titik permulaan. 5
The object moved 10 m backward with negative velocity and
returned to its starting point.
(b) (i) Apabila / when t = 7 s, s = 5 m 0 t/s
2 6 8
(ii) Apabila / when s = 10 m, t = 18 s
(c) (i) Halaju = kecerunan graf / Velocity = gradient of the graph
5 –5
v = = 1 m s–1
5
(ii) Objek itu adalah pegun. Maka, halaju = 0 m s–1 Contoh 9
The object is stationary Therefore, v = 0 m s–1
10 – 5 5 (a) s/m
(iii) = = 0.625 s–1
18 – 10 8 36
0 – 10 10
(iv) v= = –   = –2.5 m s–1 28
22 – 18 4
Menganalisis Graf Halaju-Masa untuk Menentukan Jarak, Sesaran,
Halaju dan Pecutan
Analysing the Velocity-Time Graph to Determine the Distance, Displacement, 12
Velocity and Accelerationand Velocity

1. (a) sifar, seragam, sifar // zero, uniform, zero 0 t/s

4 8 10
(b) positif, bertambah secara linear, pecutan seragam
positive, increases linearly, constant acceleration
(c) negatif, berkurang secara linear, pecutan seraga (b) a / m s–2
negative, decreases linearly, constant acceleration

Contoh 7
1.5
(a) (i) u = 5 m s−1
(ii) v = 0 m s−1 0 t/s
4 8 10
(iii) v = −5 m s−1
1
(b) (i) Luas di bawah graf / Area under the graph = (5 × 2) = 5 m –2
2
1
(ii) Luas di bawah graf / Area under the graph = (–5 × 2) = –5 m
2 Menyelesaikan Masalah Melibatkan Graf Gerakan Linear
(iii) 5 + (−5) = 0 m
5 Solving Problems Involves Linear Motion Graphs
(c) a = –  
2 (a)
AB: 20, titik mula // 20, starting point
2.5 – 5
= –2.5 m s–2 // = –2.5 m s–2 BC: 15, positif // 15, positive
1–0
CD: 10, positif // 10, positive
Menterjemah dan Melakar Graf DE: 45, negatif // 45, negative
Interpreting and Sketching Graph
(b)
(i) 45 – 20, 25
1. (a) rehat / rest (ii) 10
(b) sifar / zero (c)
(i) rehat, 0 // rest, 0
(c) sifar / zero 15
(ii) = 3 m s–1
(d) bertambah, tetap / increasing, constant 5
(e) sama, malar / same, constant 45 – 35 10
(iii)
v= = = 1.0 m s–1
(f) sifar / zero 20 – 10 10
(g) meningkat, meningkat / increasing, increasing 0 – 45 45
(iv) = –   = –5.63 m s–1
(h) bertambah, pecutan, luas / increasing, acceleration, area 28 – 20 8
(i) positif, seragam / positive, constant
(j) berkurang, menurun / decreasing, decreasing Tugasan 2
(k) seragam, pecutan, luas / constantly, acceleration, area
(l) negatif, pecutan / negative, acceleration 1. (a) Halaju, v = bacaan pada paksi-y
Velocity, v = reading at y-axis
(i) v = 10 m s–1 (ii)
v = 18 m s–1

6
 Fizik  Tingkatan 4 Jawapan 

(b) Sesaran, s = kawasan di bawah graf

Displacement, s = area below the graph Tugasan 3
1
(i) s = (5 × 10) = 25 m 1. Diberi / Given: u = 0 m s–1, s = 10 m, g = 1.6 m s–2, t = ?
2 1
(ii) s = 5 × 10 = 50 m s = ut + gt 2
1 2
(iii) s = (6 × 18) = 54 m 1
2 10 = 0 + (1.6)t 2
2
(c) Pecutan, a = kecerunan graf //Acceleration, a = gradient of t = 3.54 s
the graph
10 2. Diberi / Given: u = 10 m s–1, s = 0 m, g = –9.8 m s–2, t = ?
(i) a= = 2 m s–2 1
5 s = ut + gt 2
0 2
(ii) a= = 0 m s–2 1
5 0 = 10t + (–9.8)t 2
5 2
(iii)
a= –   = –1.25 m s–2 0 = t(10 – 4.9t)
4
13 t = 0 dan/and t = 2.04 s ∴ t = 2.04 s
(iv)
a= = 3.25 m s–2
4
18 Menerangkan Konsep Inersia Melalui Contoh
(v) a= –  
6
= –3 m s–2 2.4 Explain the Concept of Inertia Through Examples

2. (a) AB: Halaju seragam / Constant velocity
BC: Halaju sifar / Zero velocity
CD: Halaju seragam, objek kembali ke kedudukan asal
Constant velocity, object returns to the original position
(b) AB: Pecutan seragam / Constant acceleration
BC: Pecutan sifar / Zero acceleration
CD: Pecutan seragam / Constant acceleration
1. rehat, gerakan // rest, motion
2. pegun, halaju malar, daya luar // rest, uniform velocity, external
force
3. (a) pegun, ke belakang // stationary, backwards
(b) ke hadapan // forward
Hubungan antara Jisim dengan Inersia
Relationship between Mass and Inertia

Gerakan Jatuh Bebas 4. rehat, gerakan // rest, motion

2.3 Free Fall Motion
1. sama, rintangan udara // same, air resistance
2. daya graviti, 9.8 m s–2 // gravitational force, 9.8 m s–2
3. lebih cepat, lebih besar, masa yang sama, pecutan yang
sama, masa yang sama // faster, bigger, same time, equal
acceleration, same time
4. pecutan graviti, g // gravitational acceleration, g
5. tarikan graviti, medan graviti // gravitational attraction,
gravitational field
6. daya graviti // gravitational force
7. m s–2
Eksperimen 2.1
Tujuan / Aim: nilai pecutan, graviti // acceleration, gravity
Perbincangan / Discussion:
1. hampir sama, jarak // almost identical, distance
2. lebih kecil, geseran, rintangan udara // smaller, friction, air
resistance
Kesimpulan / Conclusion: jarak // distance
5. inersia, jisim, jisim // inertia, mass, mass
Eksperimen 2.2
Pernyataan masalah / Problem statement: sukar // difficult
Inferens / Inference: Inersia, jisim // inertia, mass
Hipotesis / Hypothesis: bertambah, bertambah // increases, increases
Pemboleh ubah / Variables:
(a) Jisim plastisin / Mass of plasticine
(b) Tempoh ayunan / Period of oscillation
(c) Kekerasan bilah gergaji / Stiffness of hacksaw blade
Bahan / Materials: Plastisin / Plasticine
Radas / Apparatus: Bilah gergaji, pengapit-G dan jam randik / Hacksaw
blade, G-clamp and stopwatch
Perbincangan / Discussion:
jisim, tempoh, inersia // mass, period, inertia
Kesimpulan / Conclusion: inersia objek itu juga bertambah // the
inertia of the object increases
Kesan Inersia dalam Kehidupan Seharian
The Effects of Inertia in Daily Life

Menyelesaikan Masalah yang Melibatkan Objek yang Jatuh Bebas 1. diketatkan, besar, gerakan // tightened, big, motion
Solve Problems Related to Free Falling Objects 2. (a) gerakan ke hadapan, terhumban, tali pinggang keledar //
forward motion, hurled, seat belt
Contoh 10 (b) ruangan lebih kecil yang terpisah, inersia // separated
(a) Diberi / Given: s = 15 m, g = 9.8 m s–2, u = 0 m s–1, v = ? smaller compartments, inertia
v2 = u2 + 2gs
Momentum
 = 0 + (2)(9.8)(15) 2.5 Momentum
v = 17.15 m s–1
(b) Diberi / Given: s = 15 m, g = 9.8 m s , u = 0 m s , t = ?
–2 –1 1. jisim, halaju / mass, velocity
1 Momentum / Momentum = jisim / mass × halaju / velocity
s = ut + gt 2
2 p = mv
1 2. vektor, kg m s–1, N s // vector, kg m s–1, N s
15 = 0 + (9.8)t 2
2
t = 1.75 s

7
   Fizik  Tingkatan 4 Jawapan

Contoh 11 4. Jumlah momentum sebelum = Jumlah momentum selepas

Total momentum before = Total momentum after
Momentum, p = mv
m1u1 + m2u2 = (m1 + m2)v
= 0.2 × 50
= 10 kg m s–1 (3)(4) + 4u2 = (3 + 4)(–3)
u2 = –8.25 m s–1
Aplikasi Prinsip Keabadian Momentum dalam Pelanggaran dan 5. Jumlah momentum sebelum = Jumlah momentum selepas
Letupan Total momentum before = Total momentum after
Application of the Principle of Conservation of Momentum in collision and
Explosion 0 = mrvr + mbvb
= (6)(–2) + 0.05vb
1. sebelum, sama, selepas, tidak ada daya luar // before, equals, vb = 240 m s–1
after, no external force
Daya
Contoh 12 2.6 Force
Diberi / Given: m1 = 0.02 kg, u1 = 100 m s–1, m2 = 4 kg, u2 = 0 m s–1,
v=? 1. vektor, magnitud, arah, newton (N) // vector, magnitude, direction,
Menggunakan / Using: m1u1 + m2u2 = (m1 + m2)v newton (N)

(0.02)(100) + (4)(0) = (0.02 + 4)v Aktiviti 2.3

2
v = Analisa data / Analysis of data:
4.02
= 0.498 m s–1 a a

Contoh 13
Diberi / Given: m1 = 5 kg, u1 = 4 m s–1, m2 = 3 kg, u2 = –2 m s–1,
v1 = 3 m s–1, u2 = ?
Menggunakan / Using: m1u1 + m2u2 = m1v1 + m2v2 1
0 —
(5)(4) + (3)(–2) = (5)(3) + 3v2 0 m m
1
v2 = –  
3
= –0.33 m s–1 (a) Graf a melawan m 1
Graph of a against m (b) Graf a melawan
3. arah bertentangan / opposite directions m
1
(a) tidak diabadikan, tidak sama // not conserved, not equal Graph of a against m
(b) sama // equal
(c) diabadikan // conserved Kesimpulan / Conclusion: berkurang // decreases
m1v1 + m2v2 = 0 Aktiviti 2.4
Contoh 14 Analisa data / Analysis of data:
0 = mbvb + mgvg a
= 60vb + (50)( 3)
150
vb = –  
60 Graf pecutan melawan daya
= –2.5 m s–1 Graph of acceleration against force

Tugasan 4 F

1. Momentum, p = mv Kesimpulan / Conclusion: bertambah // increases

= 2 000 × 30
Hubungan antara Daya, Jisim dan Pecutan
= 60 000 kg m s–1
Relationship between Force, Mass and Acceleration
2. Dalam letupan, jumlah momentum sebelum letupan ialah 0
kg m s–1. 2. perubahan momentum // momentum change
Jumlah momentum sebelum = Jumlah momentum selepas
Contoh 15
Maka, jumlah momentum peluru dan pistol selepas letupan
ialah 0 kg m s–1. 1. (a) Diberi / Given: F = 10 N, m = 5 kg, a = ?
In explosion, total momentum before explosion is 0 kg m s–1. F = ma
Total momentum before = Total momentum after 10 = 5a
Hence, total momentum of the bullet and the pistol after the explosion   a = 2 m s–2
is 0 kg m s–1. (b) Diberi / Given:
3. Jumlah momentum sebelum = Jumlah momentum selepas F = 45 N, FR = 15 N, m = 3 kg, a = ?
Total momentum before = Total momentum after F – FR = ma
m1u1 + m2u2 = (m1 + m2)v 45 – 15 = 3a
  a = 10 m s–2
(500)(30) + (3 000)(0) = (500 + 3 000)v
2. Diberi / Given:
v = 4.286 m s–1
FR = 5 N, m = 10 kg, a = 4 m s–2, F = ?
F – FR = ma
F – 5 = (10)

8
 Fizik  Tingkatan 4 Jawapan 

3. Diberi / Given: v–u

F = 60 N, FR = 10 N, a = 2 m s–2, m = ? (b) F = m  t

F – FR = ma 0 – 10
60 – 10 = (m)(2)   = 60  2.5
 = –240 N
m = 25 kg
Tugasan 6
Tugasan 5
1. Ft = m(v – u)      2. Ft = m(v – u)
1. Diberi / Given:
5 = 0.5(v – 0) 500 = 2 (v – 0)
m = 10 kg, u = 0, v = 5 m s–1, t = 2 s, F = ?
v–u v = 10 m s–1   v = 250 m s–1
F = ma = m
t
 
Berat
5–0 2.8
= 10
2

= 25 N  Weight

2. Diberi / Given: 1. daya graviti // gravitational force

F = 10 N, m = 2 kg, u = 0, t = 5 s, s = ? 2. newton (N)
10
F = ma, a = = 5 m s–2 6. Jisim / Mass Berat / Weight
2
Guna / Use : jirim / matter graviti / Gravitational
1
s = ut + at2 skalar / scalar vektor / vector
2
1 kilogram (kg) Newton (N)
= 0 + (5)(52) = 62.5 m
2
3. Halaju seragam bermaksud daya-daya dalam keseimbangan, malar / constant berubah / changes
Constant velocity means forces in equilibrium,
Contoh 16
FR = 5 N, m = 5 kg, F = 25 N, a = ?
F – FR = ma 1. Di Bulan / On the Moon, F = mgBulan
25 – 5 = 5a 120 = m × 1.6,
a = 4 m s–2 120
m= = 75 kg
1.6
Impuls dan Daya Impuls Di Bumi / On Earth, F = mgBumi
2.7 Impulse and Impulsive Force
F = 75 × 9.8 = 735 N
1. besar, jangka masa yang singkat // large, short period of time 2. W = mg Di bumi / On the Earth, 400 = m(10), m = 40 kg
2. (a) berkadar secara langsung / directly proportional Di planet X / On the planet, W = mg,
(b) berkadar songsang / inversely proportional
maka / hence 80 = 40(g), g = 2 N kg–1
3. momentum
4. newton saat (N s) // newton second (N s)

Kesan Masa ke atas Daya Impuls

PRAKTIS SPM 2
Effect of Time on the Impulsive Force
Soalan Objektif
1. sangat pendek, sangat besar // very short, very large
1. B 2. B 3. D 4. C 5. A 6. A
2. memanjangkan, mengurangkan // lengthens/extends, reducing 7. C 8. D 9. D 10. C 11. D 12. C
Mengurangkan Daya Impuls dengan Memanjangkan Masa Hentaman 13. C 14. D
Reducing Impulsive Force by Extending Impact Time
Soalan Struktur
(a) memanjangkan, dikurangkan, kecil // extends, reduced, less
(b) membengkokkan, memanjangkan masa hentaman // bends, Bahagian A
extend the impact time 1. (a) Daya impuls / Impulsive force
(c) memanjangkan masa hentaman, mengurangkan, mencegah (b) Dalam Situasi 1, masa hentaman adalah singkat
extend the impact time, reduce, preventing disebabkan oleh permukaan keras simen, maka daya
Meningkatkan Daya Impuls dengan Mengurangkan Masa Hentaman impuls adalah besar dan telur akan pecah. Dalam
Increasing Impulsive Force by Reducing Impact Time Situasi 2, masa hentaman adalah lebih lama disebabkan
cerucuk, tinggi, masa yang sangat singkat, satu daya impuls yang oleh permukaan lembut span, maka daya impuls lebih
besar // piles, high, very short time, large impulsive force kecil dan telur tidak akan pecah.
In Situation 1, the impact time is short because of the hard
Menyelesaikan Masalah Melibatkan Impuls dan Daya Impuls surface of the cement, thus the impulsive force is big and the
Solving Problems Involving Impulse and Impulsive Forces egg will break. In Situation 2, the impact time is longer because
of the soft surface of the sponge, thus the impulsive force is
v–u
1. F = m
t
  smaller and the egg will not break.
0.02(4 – 0)
30 – 0 (c) (i) F = = 1.6 N
  = 0.1
0.005
= 600 N  0.05
0.02(4 – 0)
v–u (ii) F= = 0.04 N
2. (a) F = m
t
  2. (a) B
2

0 – 10 (b) halaju suatu objek / velocity of an object

  = 60
0.5
= –1 200 N  pecutan suatu objek / acceleration of an object

9
   Fizik  Tingkatan 4 Jawapan

(c) (i) Pecutan seragam / Constant acceleration 30 – 0

Pecutan / Acceleration = = 2.143 m s–1
(ii) Jumlah halaju bertambah kerana jarak detik 14
bertambah.
Velocity increase because the distance for ticks increases. (ii) Impuls = perubahan momentum
(d) v = 12cm / (6 × 0.02) = 100 cm s–1 = 1 m s–1 Impulse = change of momentum

3. (a) Halaju ialah kadar perubahan sesaran. F = mv – mu

Velocity is the rate of change of displacement.
(b) (i) Bilangan detik dalam Rajah 3.1 lebih banyak
daripada Rajah 3.2.
Number of ticks in Diagram 3.1 is more than Diagram 3.2.
(ii) Kedua-dua panjang pita detik dalam Rajah 3.1 dan
Bahagian C
Rajah 3.2 adalah sama.
Both length of the ticker tapes in Diagram 3.1 and Diagram
3.2 are the same.
(iii) Laju purata Rajah 3.1 lebih daripada Rajah 3.2
The average speed of Diagram 3.1 is more than Diagram
3.2.
(c) Semakin banyak bilangan detik, semakin bertambah laju
purata.
The more the number of ticks, the higher the average speed.
(d) Gerakan awal ialah nyahpecutan diikuti dengan halaju
malar dan seterusnya pecutan.
Initial motion is deceleration than constant velocity and followed
by acceleration.
Bahagian B
4. (a) Momentum ialah hasil darab jisim dengan halaju.
Momentum is the product of mass and velocity.
(b) Apabila brek kereta ditekan, momentum kereta itu
berkurang. Hal ini adalah kerana halaju kereta telah
berkurang. Kotak akan bergerak ke hadapan kereta.
Inersia kotak menyebabkannya terus bergerak ke hadapan.
When the car brake is pressed, the momentum of the car
decreases. This is because the speed of the car has decreased.
The box will move forward of the car. Inertia of the box causes it
to continue moving forward.
(c) – Takat didih cecair brek perlu tinggi supaya cecair brek
tidak mudah meruap dan tidak mudah dimampatkan.
The boiling point of the brake fluid should be high so that the
brake fluid is not volatile and not easily compressed.
– Ketebalan paip brek perlu tebal supaya paip brek
dapat menahan tekanan yang tinggi.
The thickness of the brake line should be thick in order for
the brake line to withstand high pressure.
– Nisbah luas keratan rentas untuk omboh roda dan
omboh master perlu tinggi supaya daya yang lebih
besar dapat dikenakan pada omboh roda.
Cross-sectional area ratio for wheel piston and master piston
should be high so that a greater force can be applied to the
piston wheel.
– Jenis brek untuk roda hadapan adalah cakera. Brek
cakera lebih berkesan dan cekap berbanding dengan
brek dram.
The type of brake for front wheels is a disc. Disc brakes are
more effective and efficient than drum brakes.
– Brek sistem terbaik adalah Q kerana cecair brek
mempunyai takat didih yang tinggi, ketebalan paip
brek adalah tebal, nisbah luas keratan rentas bagi
omboh roda dan omboh master adalah tinggi dan
jenis brek untuk roda depan cakera.
The best brakes system is Q because the brake fluid has
high boiling point, the thickness of the brake line is thick, the
cross-sectional area ratio for wheel piston and master piston
is high and the type of brake for front wheels is a disc.
108 × 1000 m
(d) (i) 108 km j–1 = = 30 m s–1
3600 s
t
400(0) – 400(30)
=
0.1
= 1.2 × 105 N
5. (a) (i) Daya impuls ialah kadar perubahan momentum.
Impulsive force is the rate of change of momentum.
(ii) – Apabila Ali mendarat pada tilam yang keras,
masa impak adalah pendek.
When Ali hits the surface of the hard mattress, the time
of impact is shortened.
– Hal ini menyebabkan daya impuls yang besar.
This causes a large impulsive force.
– Apabila Ahmad mendarat pada tilam yang
lembut, masa impak adalah panjang.
When Ahmad hits the surface of the soft mattress, the
time of impact is lengthened.
– Hal ini menyebabkan daya impuls yang kecil.
This causes a smaller impulsive force.
– Daya impuls adalah berkadar songsang dengan
masa impak.
The impulsive force is inversely proportional to the time
of impact.
(b) (i) Pada mulanya, pemandu bergerak bersama-sama
dengan kereta pada halaju seragam. Apabila
kereta berhenti secara tiba-tiba, inertia pemandu
itu cenderung untuk terus bergerak. Hal ini
menyebabkan pemandu terhumban ke hadapan.
Initially, the driver is moving together with the car at
constant velocity. When the car stops suddenly, the inertia
of the driver tends to continue his forward motion. This
causes the driver to fall forward.
(ii) Pemandu harus memakai tali pinggang keledar
yang akan menariknya kembali daripada gerakan
ke hadapan.
The driver should wear seat belt that will pull him back
from the forward motion.
(c) (i) Bentuk / Shape
– Bentuk larus seperti peluru.
Streamline shape like a bullet.
– Bentuk aerodinamik mengurangkan rintangan
udara.
Aerodynamic shape reduces air resistance.
(ii) Struktur / Structure
– Struktur roket dipenuhi dengan air dan udara
pada tekanan tinggi.
The rocket structure is filled with water and air at high
pressure.
– Tekanan tinggi dapat melancarkan roket ke atas
dengan daya yang lebih besar.
High pressure can launch rocket upwards with greater
power.
(iii) Pecutan / Acceleration
– Pecutan boleh ditingkatkan dengan
menggunakan jisim yang lebih kecil.
Acceleration can be increased by using smaller mass.
– Jisim yang lebih kecil mempunyai inersia yang
kecil dan dapat dipecutkan dengan cepat.
The smaller mass has small inertia and can be
accelerated rapidly.

10
 Fizik  Tingkatan 4 Jawapan 

(iv) Daya apungan / Buoyant force Gm1m2

F=
– Daya apungan boleh dibesarkan dengan r2
memasang payung terjun. 6.67 × 10–11 × 5.97 × 1024 × 2.0 × 1030
Buoyant force can be increased by fixing a parachute. =
(1.5 × 1011)2
– Dengan payung terjun yang mempunyai
= 3.54 × 10 N
22
permukaan yang besar akan meningkatkan daya
apungan menjadi lebih besar dengan bertindak Menghubung Kait Pecutan Graviti, g di Permukaan Bumi dengan
ke atas udara. Pemalar Kegravitian Semesta, G
With the parachute, the bigger surface area will Relating the Gravitational Acceleration, g on the Surface of the Earth to
increase buoyant force by acting on the air. Universal Gravitational Constant, G
(v) Kestabilan gerakan / Motion stability
– Kestabilan gerakan boleh ditingkatkan dengan 2. Hukum Gerakan Kedua Newton // Newton’s Second Law of
memasang bilah di sekeliling botol air. Motion
The stability of the movement can be improved by
Contoh 3
installing the fins around the water bottle.
– Dapat menstabilkan pergerakan dengan GM 6.67 × 10–11 × 5.97 × 1024
g= =
mengimbangkan roket supaya dilancarkan r 2 (6.37 × 106)2
dengan gerakan stabil. = 9.81 m s–2
Can stabilize movement by balancing rocket to launch
with stable motion Contoh 4
GM 6.67 × 10–11 × 5.97 × 1024
BAB g= =
(r + h) 2
(6.37 × 106 + 550000)2
Kegravitian
3 Gravitation
= 8.32 m s–2
5. terus // directly
songsang // inversely
Hukum kegravitian Semesta Newton
3.1 Newton’s universal Law of Gravitation
Kepentingan Mengetahui Nilai Pecutan Graviti
The Importance of Knowing the Value of the Gravitational Acceleration
1. berkadar terus / directly proportional
1. jisim, jarak, rendah // mass, distance, lesser
berkadar songsang / inversely proportional
2. Bumi , Musytari, Marikh // Earth, Jupiter, Mars
3. terus, songsang / directly, inversely
9.81, 24.79, 3.71
Menyelesaikan Masalah Melibatkan Hukum Kegravitian Semesta 4. (a) baik, kecil, senang // well, smaller, easier
Newton
(b) jisim, kuat // mass, strong
Solving Problems Involving Newton’s Universal Law of Gravitation
(c) tinggi, sakit belakang // taller, back pain
1. (a) empat / four (b) enam belas / sixteen (d) atas, bengkak // upper, swollen
besar / larger bertambah / increases (e) turun // less
Contoh 2 Daya Memusat dalam Sistem Gerakan Satelit dan Planet
Gm1m2 Centripetal Force in the Motion of Satellites and Planet System
1. F =
r2 1. membulat, tetap // circular, constant
6.67 × 10–11 × 50 × 5.97 × 1024 2. memusat, arah // centripetal, direction
=
(6.4 × 106)2 3. halaju, daya // velocity, force
= 486 N 4. daya memusat // centripetal force
Gm1m2
2. F = 5. daya memusat, jisim, laju, jejari // centripetal force, mass, speed,
r2
radius
6.67 × 10–11 × 5.97 × 1024 × 7.36 × 1022
= 6. pecutan, laju, arah, seragam, arah // acceleration, speed,
(3.8 × 108)2
direction, uniform, direction
= 2.03 × 1020 N
Contoh 5
Tugasan 1 0.1 ×102
F= = 25 N
1. ms = 750 kg 0.4
me = 5.97 × 1024 kg Menentukan Jisim Bumi dan Matahari Menggunakan Rumus Hukum
h = 40 km Kegravitian Semesta Newton dan Daya Memusat
r = 6.37 × 106 m Determining the Mass of the Earth and the Sun Using Newton’s Universal
G = 6.67 × 10–11 N m2 kg–2 Law of Gravitation and Centripetal Force
Gm1m2
F= 1. daya memusat / centripetal force
(r + h)2
6.67 × 10–11 × 5.97 × 1024 × 750 Contoh 6
=
(6.37 × 106 + 40 × 103)2 2πr 2(3.142)(1.5 × 1011)
v= =
= 7.27 × 103 N T 31557600
2. me = 5.97 × 1024 kg = 2.99 × 104 m s–1
ms = 2.0 × 1030 kg rv2 (1.5 × 1011)(2.99 × 104)2
M= = = 2.0 × 1030 kg
r = 1.5 × 1011 m G 6.67 × 10–11
G = 6.67 × 10–11 N m2 kg–2

11
   Fizik  Tingkatan 4 Jawapan

Tugasan 1 Tugasan 3
9.8(6.37 × 106)2

2(6.67 × 10 )(7.35 × 10 )
−11 22
Me = = 5.96 × 1024 kg = = 2374 m s –1
6.67 × 10–11 1.74 × 10 6

Hukum Kepler
3.2 Kepler’s Laws PRAKTIS SPM 3
1. elips // elliptical,
elips, fokusnya, dua // elliptical, focal, two Soalan Objektif
2. sama // equal 1. C 2. A 3. C 4. D 5. D 6. D
cepat, lambat, sama // faster, slower, same 7. D 8. B 9. C 10. C 11. B 12. A
3. terus // directly 13. A 14. A 15. C 16. A
Contoh 7 Soalan Struktur
(224.9 × 24 × 60 × 60)2 Bahagian A
(a) = 2.98 × 10–19
(108.2 × 106 × 103)3 1. (a) besar, berkurang // greater, decreases
(4332.82 × 24 × 60 × 60)2 Mm
(b) = 2.98 × 10–19 (b) F = G  2
(778.3 × 106 × 103)3 R
(365.26 × 24 × 60 × 60)2 Mm
(c) = 2.98 × 10–19
(149.6 × 106 × 103)3 720 = G  2
R
Jika satu daripada jisim menjadi dua kali ganda dan jarak
Tugasan 3 di antara dua jasad tidak berubah,
If one mass is doubled and the distance remains the same,
(a) = 3.59 × 107 m + 6.370 × 106 = 4.227 × 107 m
2Mm Mm
T2 864002 Fnew = G  2 = 2G  2 = 2(720) = 1440 N
3 = = 9.88 × 10–14 s2 m–3 R R
r (4.227 × 107)3
Mm
(b) T 2 = 9.88 × 10–14 × (4.437 × 107)3 = 8.63 × 109 (c) F = G  2
T = 9.29 × 104 s R
Mm
Satelit Buatan Manusia 720 = G  2
3.3 R
Man-made Satellites
Jika satu daripada jisim menjadi separuh dan jarak
Orbit Satelit / Satellite Orbit menjadi tiga kali ganda,
If one of the mass is halved and the distance is tripled,
1. Bumi, Bumi, komunikasi, alam semesta // Earth, Earth, 1 1
Mm Mm
communication, universe 2 2 1 Mm 1
Fnew = G  = G  = G  = (720) = 40 N
3. halaju (v), daya tarikan graviti (F) // velocity (v), gravitational (3R)2 9R2 18 R2 18
force (F)
(d) Bertambah empat kali ganda / Become quadruple.
4. Hukum Kegravitian Semesta Newton, daya memusat // 2. (a) Hukum Kegravitian Semesta Newton menyatakan
Newton’s Universal Law of Gravitation, centripetal force.
bahawa daya graviti antara dua jasad adalah berkadar
Satelit Geopegun dan Bukan Geopegun terus dengan hasil darab jisim kedua-dua jasad dan
Geostationary and Non-geostationary Satellites berkadar songsang dengan kuasa dua jarak di antara
1. sama, sama, sama // same, same, same pusat dua jasad tersebut.
Newton’s law of universal gravitation states that the gravitational
2. Sistem Posisi Global , isyarat radio, ramalan cuaca // Global force between two objects is directly proportional to the product
Position System , radio signals, weather forecasts of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the
3. (iii) bukan geopegun, tidak // non-geostationary, not distance between their centres.

Halaju Lepas / Escape Velocity

Mm
(b) F = G 
R2
1. minimum, daya graviti // minimum, gravitational force Mm 5.97 × 1024 × 1
2. tenaga kinetik // kinetic energy, Tenaga Kinetik Minimum// (c) F = G  2 = 6.67 × 10–11 × = 9.72 N
R (6.4 × 106)2
Minimum Kinetic Energy
Mm 5.97 × 10 × 2 × 1030
24
(d) F = G  2 = 6.67 × 10–11 ×
Contoh 8 R (1.5 × 1011)2
  = 3.54 × 1022 N
2GM 2(6.67 × 10−11)(5.98 × 1024)
v= Mm
R = 6.4 × 106 (e) F = G  2
R
= 11164 m s = 11.2 km s–1
–1
5.97 × 1024 × 7.4 × 1022
Kaedah alternatif / Alternative method 2.0 × 1020 = 6.67 × 10–11 ×
R2
v= 2GM dan / and g = GM 5.97 × 1024
× 7.4 × 1022
R R2 R2 = 6.67 × 10–11 × = 1.48 × 1017
2.0
v = 2gR R = 3.84 × 10 m 8

= 2 × 9.8 × 6.4 × 106

= 11164 m s−1 = 11.2 km s−1

12
 Fizik  Tingkatan 4 Jawapan 

Mm –
Tenaga keupayaan graviti satelit MEASAT boleh
3. (a) (i) F = G  2 Mm
R diberikan dengan formula G  di mana
5.97 × 1024 × 50 R
F = 6.67 × 10–11 × = 488.5 N G = pemalar kegravitian
(6.4 × 106)2
(G = 6.67 × 10–11 N m2 kg–2)
Mm
(ii) F = G  2 The gravitational potential of the MEASAT satellite can be
R given by the formula G 
Mm
where
6.4 × 10 × 50
23 R
F = 6.67 × 10–11 × = 184.6 N G = gravity constant kegravitian (G = 6.67 × 10–11 Nm2 kg–2)
(3.4 × 106)2
Mm 1 Mm
– Menyamakan kedua, kita dapat: mv2 = G 
(iii)
F = G  2 2 R
R
1 2 Mm
8.7 × 1025 × 50 Equating the two formulas, we obtain: mv = G 
F = 6.67 × 10–11 × = 464.23 N 2 R
(2.5 × 107)2 2GM
Mm Maka, halaju lepas, v =
(b) (i) F = G  2 R
R
So, escape velocity, v = 2GM
6.4 × 1024 × m R
5.0 × 105 = 6.67 × 10–11 ×
(6.4 × 106)2
5 × 105 × (6.4 × 106)2 (c) (i) Gerakan dalam bulatan, maka jarak ialah ukur lilit
m = bulatan = 2πR
6.67 × 10–11 × 6.4 × 1024 Movement in a circle, so the distance is a circle's
= 47976 kg circumference = 2πR
(ii) berkurang / decrease (ii) Masa satu putaran orbit
(c) Daya graviti antara dua jasad berjisim kecil mempunyai Time of one rotation orbit
magnitud yang sangat kecil. = 24 × 60 × 60 = 86 400 s
The gravitational force between two small mass bodies have
small magnitude. s 2πR
v = =
t 86 400
4. (a) R + h
Mm (iii)
Fmemusat = Fgraviti
(b) F = mg dan / and F = G  2
R v 2 Mm
Mm mS  = G  2 S
Maka / Then, mg = G  2 R R
R M
v 2 = G 
Oleh kerana jarak satelit dari pusat Bumi / Due to the R

satellite distance from the centre of the Earth = R + h
Maka / Then, mg = G 
M
2πR 2
86 400 ( )
R = 6.67 × l0–11(5.97 × 1024)
(R + h)2 86 4002
R3 = (6.67 × l0–11) (5.97 × 1024)
M 6 × 1024 4π2
(c) g = G = 6.67 × 10–11 ×
(R + h)2 (6.4 × 106 + 500 000)2 R = 4.2 × 107 m
= 8.41 m s–2
(d) – Jenis satelit: Satelit geopegun
Mm Mm Types of satellite: Geostationary satellite
(d) mg = G  2 , maka g = G  2
R R Supaya berada di atas kawasan yang sama pada
5.97 × 1024 setiap masa.
= 6.67 × 10–11 × = 9.81 m s–2
(6.37 × 106)2 So that in the same spot above the same area at all times.
(e) Ketinggian objek. Semakin besar ketinggian objek, – Sudut liputan: 120º
semakin kecil nilai pecutan graviti. Angle of coverage: 120º
The height of the object. The higher the height of the object, the Supaya dapat meliputi kawasan yang lebih luas
smaller the value of the gravitational acceleration. In order to cover a wider area
– Tempoh orbit / Duration of orbit:
Bahagian B
24 jam / hour
5. (a) Halaju lepas adalah kelajuan minimum yang diperlukan Supaya ia mengorbit pada kelajuan yang sama
objek untuk untuk dibebaskan daripada pengaruh graviti seperti Bumi berputar
jasad yang besar. So that it orbit at the same speed as the earth rotating.
Escape velocity is the minimum speed required for objects to be – Bilangan minimum satelit: 3
released from the gravitational influence of a massive body. Minimum number of satellites: 3
(b) – Satelit MEASAT boleh dibebaskan daripada tarikan Menjimatkan kos untuk siaran langsung meliputi
graviti Bumi apabila tenaga kinetiknya sama seluruh dunia.
dengan tenaga keupayaan graviti. Save costs for covering live events around the world.
The MEASAT satellite can be released from gravitational Sistem satelit yang paling sesuai: R
pull of the Earth when its kinetic energy is equal to the The most suitable satellite system: R
gravitational potential energy. – Sebab sistem satelit R ialah satelite geopegun,
– Tenaga kinetik Satelit MEASAT dengan jisim m sudut liputan ialah 120º, tempoh orbit ialah 24 jam
yang bergerak dengan halaju v boleh diberikan dan bilangan minimum satelit ialah 3.
1 Because satellite system R is geostationary satellite, 120º
dengan EK = mv2.
2 angle of coverage, duration orbit is 24 hours, and the
The kinetic energy of the MEASAT satellite with mass m minimum number of satellites is 3.
1
moving with velocity v can be given by EK = mv2.
2

13
   Fizik  Tingkatan 4 Jawapan

Bahagian C
Rangka roket diperbuat daripada Lebih ringan, boleh meningkat-
6. (a) Hukum Kegravitian Semesta Newton menyatakan
logam berketumpatan rendah. kan pecutan.
bahawa daya tarikan graviti di antara dua jasad adalah Frame of rocket is made of low Lighter, can increase acceleration.
berkadar terus dengan hasil darab jisim-jisimnya dan density metal.
berkadar songsang dengan kuasa dua jarak pemisahan
di antara pusat jasad-jasad itu. Roket dibina dengan peringkat Setiap peringkat dengan bahan
The law of universal gravitation states that the gravitational yang boleh ditanggalkan. api, pam dan kebuk pemba-
attraction between two bodies is directly proportional to the Rocket built with removable stage. karan berasingan. Ia akan
product of the both masses and inversely proportional to the
ditanggalkan apabila bahan
square of the distance between the centres of the bodies.
bakar dibakar sepenuhnya. Bila
(b) (i) Jarak satelit A dari pusat Bumi adalah lebih kecil jisim berkurangan, pecutan akan
dari satelit B. Nilai pecutan graviti satelit A adalah bertambah.
lebih besar dari satelit B. Berat satelit A adalah Each stage with separate fuel, pump
lebih besar dari Satelit B. and combustion chamber. It will
The distance of satellite A from the centre of the Earth be removed when the fuel is fully
is smaller than satellite B. The gravitational acceleration burned. As the mass decreases, the
value of satellite A is greater than satellite B. The weight of acceleration increases.
satellite A is greater than Satellite B.
(ii) Lebih besar jarak dari pusat bumi, lebih kecil berat Badan roket diliputi dengan Geseran antara udara dan
satelit. penebat haba. badan akan meningkatkan haba.
The greater the distance from the centre of the Earth, the The body of rocket covered with heat Penebat akan mengurangkan
smaller the weight of the satellite. insulator. kekonduksian haba.
(iii) Jisim / Mass The friction between the air and the
body increases the heat. Insulation
(c) (i) berada di permukaan Bumi will reduce heat conductivity.
on the surface of the Earth
M = 5.97 × 1024 kg Bentuk aerodinamik Kurangkan geseran udara,
R = 6.37 ×106 m Aerodynamic shape bergerak lebih cepat.
G = 6.67 × 10–11 N m2 kg–2 Reduce air friction, move faster.
Mm
mg = G  2
r
GM 5.97 × 1024 BAB
g = 2 = 6.67 × 10–11 ×
r (6.37 × 106)2 Haba
= 9.813 m s–2 4 Heat

Berat / Weight = 200 × 9.813

= 1962 N Memahami Keseimbangan Terma
4.1 Understanding Termal Equilibrium
(ii) berada pada ketinggian 500 km dari permukaan
Bumi
Keseimbangan Terma / Thermal Equilibrium
at an altitude of 500 km from the surface of the Earth
M = 5.97 × 1024 kg 1. kedua-dua arah / both directions
R = 6.37 × 106 m (a) lebih besar / greater
h = 550 × 103 m (b) lebih kecil / smaller
G = 6.67 × 10–11 N m2 kg–2 2. sama, bersih / equal, net
Mm 3. Sebelum keseimbangan terma / Before thermal equilibrium:
mg = G  2
r berbeza / different
M 5.97 × 1024 hilang, terima / loses, gains
g = G  = 6.67 × 10–11
(r + h)2 (6.37 × 106 + 500 000)2 kadar yang lebih tinggi / higher rate
= 8.44 m s–2 Selepas mencapai keseimbangan terma / After reaching
thermal equilibrium:
Berat / Weight = 200 × 8.44 sama / same
= 1688 N pemindahan / transfer
(d) sama / equal
4. (a) sama / same
Suggestions Kuantiti Vektor (b) pemindahan / transfer
Cadangan Vector Quantities 5. sama , kesegaran makanan // equal, the freshness of food
Badan roket dibuat dari logam Boleh menahan tekanan dan Termometer Cecair-dalam-Kaca
yang sangat kuat dan keras. daya yang tinggi tanpa men- Liquid-in-Glass Thermometer
The body of rocket is built with metal galami kerosakan.
with high strength and hardness. 1. darjah kepanasan // degree of hotness
Able to withstand high pressure and
force without causing damage. 2. kelvin (K)
3. termometer // thermometer
4. pengembangan, pengecutan // expansion, contraction
5. (a) kiub ais, 0°C // ice cubes, 0°C

14
 Fizik  Tingkatan 4 Jawapan 

(b) stim, 100°C // steam, 100°C Aplikasi Muatan Haba Tentu / Applications of Specific Heat Capacity
(c) 0°C, 100°C
1. (a) bukan logam, konduktor haba, besar, lebih kecil / non-
(d) 0°C, 100°C
metals, heat conductors, large, smaller
Contoh 1 (b) rendah, ringan, baik, kecil // low, light, good, small
Diberi / Given: lθ = 23 cm, l0 = 3 cm, l100 = 28 cm, θ = ? (c) baik, kecil, dengan cepat, lebih panas, lebih berat, stabil
l –l 23 – 3 // good, small, quickly, hotter, heavier, stable
θ = θ 0 × 100 = × 100 = 80°C
l100 – l0 28 – 3 2. (a) besar, disingkirkan // large, removed
7. (a) legap / opaque (b) tinggi, menyerap, besar // high, absorb, big
(b) denagn cepat, seragam // rapidly, uniformly (c) menyerap // absorb
(c) melekat / stick (d) kipas radiator, sirip penyejuk // radiator fan, cooling fins
(d) baik / good (e) (i) tinggi / high
8. berdinding nipis, peka // thin-walled, sensitive (ii) besar / large
9. mengembang, panjang // expands, length (iii) murah, didapati / cheap, available
(iv) bertindak balas / react
10. Cara / Way Sebab / Reason 3. (a) memanaskan, lebih kecil, lebih cepat // heat up, smaller,
lebih kecil / smaller menyerap, berubah // absorb, faster
change (b) lebih cepat, kurang // faster, less
(c) sejuk, rendah, bayu laut // Cool, low, sea breeze
dinding nipis // thinner wall dipindahkan // transferred
4. (a) lebih besar, lebih perlahan // larger, slower
lebih sempit / Narrower lebih panjang // longer (b) dipanaskan, rendah // heated up, low
(c) darat, laut, bayu darat / land, sea, land breeze
Memahami Muatan Haba Tentu
4.2 Understanding Specific heat Capacity Tugasan 1
Muatan Haba Tentu / Specific Heat Capacity 1. Haba hilang daripada air kopi = Haba diterima oleh susu
Heat lost by coffee = Heat gained by milk
1. jumlah haba // amount of heat (mcθ)kopi = (mcθ)susu
2. (a) jisim / mass mc(85 – x) = (0.5m)(1.5c)(x – 35)
(b) bahan / material 85 – x = 0.75x – 26.25
3. jumlah haba, 1 kg, 1°C // amount of heat, 1 kg, 1°C 1.75x = 111.25
Q x = 63.57°C
Muatan haba tentu / Specific heat capacity, c =
mθ 2. Haba diterima oleh plumbum = mcθ = (8)(130)(30) = 31 200 J
4. J kg–1 °C–1 / J kg–1 K–1
Heat gained by the lead
Eksperimen 4.1
Haba diterima oleh besi = mcθ = (2)(450)
Tujuan / Aim: Heat gained by the iron
muatan haba tentu / specific heat capacity 31 200 = (2)(450)(θ)
Perbincangan / Discussion: θ = 34.67°C
1. kain tebal, Kain tebal, penebat, hilang 3. (a) Pt = mcθ
felt cloth, Felt cloth, insulators, lost (1 000)(50) = (5)(c)(26)
2. lebih besar / larger than c = 384.6 J kg–1 °C–1
(a) hilang / lost (b) Semua tenaga elektrik ditukarkan kepada tenaga haba
(b) bikar kaca / glass beaker dan tiada haba yang hilang ke persekitaran.
All electrical energy is converted to heat energy and no heat is
Contoh 2 lost to the surrounding.

Diberi / Given: Q = 120 000 J, m = 2 kg, θ = 30°C, c = ? 4. mgh = mcθ

Q (15)(10)(100) = (15)(466)(θ)
c=  θ = 2.15°C
mθ
120 000
  = = 2 000 J kg–1 °C–1 Memahami Haba Pendam Tentu
2 × 30 4.3 Understanding Specific Latent Heat
5. Q = mcθ
Contoh 3 Haba Pendam / Latent Heat
Diberi / Given: m = 5 kg, c = 452 J kg–1 °C–1, θ = 25°C, Q = ?
1.
Q = mcθ Gas
Gas
  = 5 × 452 × 25 = 56 500 J
Contoh 4 Pendidihan / Boiling
Haba pendam diserap
Diberi / Given: P = 1 500 W, t = 600 s, m = 4 kg, c = 4 200 J kg–1 Latent heat absorbed

°C–1, θ = ? Kondensasi / Condensation

Peleburan / Melting Haba pendam dibebaskan
Pt = mcθ Haba pendam diserap Latent heat released
1 500 × 600 = 4 × 4 200 × θ Latent heat absorbed

θ = 53.57°C
Pemejalan / Solidification
Air mendidih pada 100°C / Water boils at 100°C Haba pendam dibebaskan
∴ x = 100 – 53.57 = 46.4°C Pepejal
Latent heat released
Cecair
Solid Liquid

15
   Fizik  Tingkatan 4 Jawapan

2. AB: Pepejal/Solid Haba Pendam Tentu / Specific Latent Heat

BC : Pepejal + Cecair / Solid + Liquid
1. fasa, malar // phase, constant
CD: Cecair/ Liquid
2. J kg–1
DE: Cecair + Gas / Liquid + Gas
3. peleburan, pembekuan / melting, freezing
EF: Gas/ Gas
4. pendidihan, kondensasi / boiling, condensation
3. (a) diserap, meningkatkan, naik // absorbed, increases, rises
(b) diserap, malar // absorbed, constant Eksperimen 4.2
(c) diserap, meningkatkan, naik // absorbed, increases, rises
Tujuan / Aim:
(d) diserap, meningkatkan, malar // absorbed, increase,
specific latent heat of fusion / haba pendam tentu pelakuran
constant
(e) diserap, meningkatkan, naik // absorbed, increases, rises Discussion / Perbincangan:
4. AB: Gas/ Gas 1. kawalan, persekitaran / control, surroundings
BC: Cecair + Gas / Liquid + Gas 2. kadar seragam / steady rate
CD: Cecair / Liquid 3. lebih besar, hilang / is larger, lost
DE: Pepejal + Cecair / Solid + Liquid
Eksperimen 4.3
EF: Pepejal / Solid
5. (a) dibebaskan, mengurangkan, menurun // released, Tujuan / Aim:
decreases, decreases haba pendam tentu pengewapan / specific latent heat of vaporisation
(b) Kondensasi, mengurangkan, malar // Condensation, Discussion / Perbincangan:
decrease, constant 1. direndam sepenuhnya, mengurangkan / fully immersed, reduce
(c) dibebaskan, mengurangkan, menurun // released, 2. besar, hilang / larger, is lost
decreases, decreases
(d) dibebaskan, mengurangkan, malar // released, decrease,
constant
Tugasan 2
(e) dibebaskan, berkurang, menurun // released, decrease, 1. Pt = ml
decreases 1 000t = (0.2)(3.51 × 105)
6. diserap, dibebaskam, haba pendam // absorbed, released, latent 1 000t = 7.02 × 104
heat t = 70.2 s
7. pelakuran, pengewapan // fusion, vaporisation 2. Q = mcθ + ml
8. pelakuran / fusion = [(0.2)(129)(2 660 – 30)] + [(0.2)(6.44 × 104)]
(a) diserap, pepejal // absorbed, solid = 67 854 + (1.288 × 104)
(b) dibebas, cecair // released, liquid = 80 734 J
3. (a) Q = mcθ
Haba dibebaskan
(1 500 × 10) = (0.25)(c)(30 – 0)
Heat released
c = 2 000 J kg–1 °C–1
(b) Q = ml
Pembekuan Q (1 500 × 20)
Freezing l= =
m 0.25
Haba pendam pelakuran
Latent heat of fusion
  = 120 000 J kg–1
(c) Q = mcθ
Peleburan (1 500 × 10) = (0.25)(c)(120 – 30)
Pepejal Melting Cecair
Solid Liquid
c = 666.67 J kg–1 °C–1
(d) Q = ml
Haba dibebaskan Q (1 500 × 30)
Heat released l= =
m 0.25

  = 180 000 J kg–1
9. pengewapan / vaporisation
(a) diserap, cecair // absorbed, liquid Memahami Hukum-hukum Gas
(b) dibebaskan, gas // released, gas 4.3 Understanding the Gas Laws
(c) dibekalkan, memutuskan // supplied, break
1. (a) kecil / small
Haba dibebaskan (b) rawak / random
Heat released (c) kenyal / elastic
2. Isi padu / Volume:
Kondensasi • dengan bebas, mengisi // freely, fill up
Condensation • berterusan, tenaga kinetik // continuous, kinetic energy
Haba pendam pengewapan • Semakin tinggi // higher
Latent heat of vaporisation Suhu / Temperature:
Pendidihan • berterusan, tenaga kinetik // continuous, kinetic energy
Cecair Boiling Gas • Semakin tinggi / higher
Gas
Liquid
Tekanan / Pressure:
Haba diserap • melanggar, melantun // collide, bounce
Heat absorbed • momentum, daya // momentum, force
• tekanan // pressure

16
 Fizik  Tingkatan 4 Jawapan 

Hukum Boyle / Boyle’s Law

Tugasan 3
1. songsang, kekal malar // inversely, kept constant
1. P1V1 = P2V2
2. •  lebih kecil, lebih rendah // smaller, lower 10y = (18)(5)
•  lebih besar, lebih rendah // Larger, lower  y = 9 cm
4. 2. P1V1 = P2V2
(a) (b)P (10)(1) = (10 + h)(0.05)
P
h = 190 m
3. Tekanan gas / Pressure of gas
P1 = Patm
= 75 cm Hg
P2 + 5 cm Hg = Patm
P2 = 75 – 5
= 70 cm Hg
1
P3 = Patm + 5 cm Hg
V V
= 75 + 5
P berkadar songsang P berkadar secara langsung = 80 cm Hg
dengan V 1 Panjang gas terperangkap / Length of gas trapped
dengan
P inversely proportional to V V 1 P1V1 = P2V2
P directly proportional to
V (75)(10) = 70x
(c) (d) x = 10.71 cm
PV PV
P1V1 = P2V2
(75)(10) = 80y
y = 9.38 cm
Hukum Charles / Charles’ Law

1. isi padu, suhu, tekanan // volume, temperature, pressure

2. •  lebih besar, lebih tinggi / greater, higher
•  lebih besar / Larger
P V 4. V (cm3)
PV kekal malar apabila P PV kekal malar apabila V
meningkat meningkat
PV remains constant as P PV remains constant as V
increases increases

Eksperimen 4.4
Inferens / Inference: Isi padu, tekanannya // Volume, pressure
Hipotesis / Hypothesis: Tekanan, isi padu // pressure, volume T (°C)
– 273
Tujuan / Aim: tekanan, isi padu // pressure, volume
Pemboleh ubah / Variables: V (cm3)
(a) Isi padu udara / Volume of air
(b) Tekanan // Pressure
(c) Jisim dan suhu udara di dalam tiub // Mass and temperature of the
air in the tube
Radas / Apparatus: Bourdon
Analisis data / Analysis of data:
P 0 T (K)
P

5. sifar mutlak // absolute zero
(a) θ + 273 (b) θ – 273
Eksperimen 4.5

1 Inferens / Inference: Isi padu, suhu // Volume, temperature

V
      V Hipotesis / Hypothesis: suhu, isi padu // temperature, volume
Perbincangan / Discussion: Tujuan / Aim: isi padu, suhu // volume, temperature
1. perlahan, malar // gently, constant Pemboleh ubah / Variables:
2. pendek, isi padu // short, volume (a) Suhu gas // Temperature of gas
Kesimpulan / Conclusion: berkadar songsang // inversely proportional (b) Isi padu gas // Volume of gas
(c) Jisim dan tekanan gas di dalam tiub // Mass and pressure of gas
in the tube
Bahan / Materials: paraffin // Paraffin
Radas / Apparatus: kapilari, Bunsen // Capillary, Bunsen

17
   Fizik  Tingkatan 4 Jawapan

Perbincangan / Discussion: Perbincangan / Discussion:

1. secara berterusan // continuously 1. secara berterusan // continuously
2. –273°C, sifar mutlak // –273°C, absolute zero 2. –273°C , –273°C atau 0 K // –273°C , –273°C or 0 K
Kesimpulan / Conclusion: berkadar secara langsung // directly Kesimpulan / Conclusion: berkadar secara langsung // directly
proportional proportional

Tugasan 4 Tugasan 5
V1 V2 P1 P2
1. = 1. =
T1 T2 T1 T2
15 V2 200 P2
= =
27 + 273 77 + 273 37 + 273 57 + 273
V2 = 17.5 cm3 P2 = 212.90 kPa
V1 V2 P1 P2
2. = 2. =
T1 T2 T1 T2
25 40 25 P2
= =
127 + 273 θ 47 + 273 77 + 273
θ = 640 K = 640 – 273 = 367°C
P2 = 27.34 kPa
V1 V2
3. = P1 P2
T1 T2 3. =
T1 T2
25 30
= 1 200 2 400
37 + 273 θ =
57 + 273 θ + 273
θ = 372 K atau / or 99°C
θ = 660 – 273 = 387°C
∴ Peningkatan suhu / Increase in temperature, θ = 99 – 37
= 62°C
Hukum Gay-Lussac / Gay-Lussac Law PRAKTIS SPM 4
1. tekanan, suhu, isi padu // pressure, temperature, volume
Soalan Objektif
2. •  lebih besar / greater
•  lebih laju / faster 1. A 2. D 3. B 4. B 5. C 6. A
•  lebih tinggi / higher 7. A 8. D 9. C 10. D
•  lebih tinggi / higher Soalan Struktur
4.
V (cm )
3
Bahagaian A
1. (a) Tenaga diserap, jumlah tenaga bertambah.
Energy is absorbed, total energy increases.
(b) Haba diserap, Q = ml = 2 × 3.36 × 105 = 6.72 × 105 J
Heat absorbed, Q = ml = 2 × 3.36 × 105 = 6.72 × 105 J
(c) (i) Muatan haba tentu bahan yang tinggi supaya suhu
tidak akan berubah terlalu cepat.
T (°C) High specific heat capacity so that temperature will not
– 273 change too fast.
(ii) Bahan yang lebih tebal, penebat yang lebih baik
V (cm3)
dan haba dari luar lebih sukar untuk mencapai
kawasan dalam.
Thicker material, better insulator and the heat from outside
harder to reach inside.
(iii) Bahagian dalam berwarna perak supaya kurang
kehilangan haba secara radiasi.
The inside is silver coloured so that there is less heat loss
0 T (K) in terms of radiation.
2. (a) Mengukur tekanan gas / Measure gas pressure
Eksperimen 4.6 (b) (i) Apabila suhu rendah, tekanan rendah. / Apabila
suhu tinggi, tekanan tinggi.
Inferens / Inference: Tekanan, suhu // pressure, temperature When the temperature is low, the pressure is low. / When
the temperature is high, the pressure is higher.
Hipotesis / Hypothesis: suhu, tekanan // temperature, pressure
(ii) Suhu berkadar terus dengan tekanan. / Temperature
Tujuan / Aim: tekanan, suhu // pressure, temperature is directly proportional to pressure.
Pemboleh ubah / Variables: (iii) Hukum Gay-Lussac / Gay-Lussac law
(a) Suhu udara // Temperature of air (c) Tenaga kinetik zarah gas bertambah. / The kinetic energy
(b) Tekanan udara // Pressure of air of gas particles increases.
(c) Jisim dan isi padu udara // Mass and volume of air 5 15
(d) =
Radas / Apparatus: Bourdon, Bunsen // Bourdon, Bunsen 27 + 273 θ + 273
θ = 900 – 273
= 627 °C

18
 Fizik  Tingkatan 4 Jawapan 

3. (a) (i) 25 cm – 5 cm = 20 cm Bahagian B

(12 – 5) 7 4. (a) Dua objek dalam keadaan keseimbangan terma mempunyai
(ii) θ= × 100 = × 100 = 35°C
20 20 suhu yang sama. Tiada pemindahan bersih haba antara
(b) (i) 35 – 42°C dua objek yang berada dalam keseimbangan terma.
(ii) Perubahan suhu badan manusia dalam julat Two objects in thermal equilibrium have the same temperature.
35 – 42°C sahaja. There is no net heat transfer between two objects in the thermal
Changes in human’s body temperature in the range of equilibrium.
35 – 42°C only. (b) – Tuala dibilas dengan air paip yang suhunya lebih
(iii) Saiz kecil / Small size rendah daripada suhu badan.
(iv) Bebuli yang lebih kecil akan menyerap dan The towel is rinsed with tap water which is lower than the
membebaskan tenaga haba dalam masa yang lebih body temperature.
singkat dan bergerak balas dengan lebih cepat – Apabila tuala basah diletakkan di dahi, haba dari
terhadap perubahan suhu. dahi akan dipindahkan ke tuala basah sehingga
A smaller bulb will absorb and release heat energy in a keseimbangan terma tercapai.
shorter time and responds faster to temperature change. When the towel is placed on the forehead, the heat from
(v) Diameter tiub kapilari termometer perlu kecil. // the body will be transferred to the wet towel until thermal
Diameter of capillary tube of the thermometer needs to be equilibrium is reached.
small. – Tuala yang basah kemudian dibilas menggunakan
(vi) Diameter yang kecil akan meningkatkan kepekaan air paip supaya haba dari tuala akan dipindahkan
termometer. // The smaller diameter will increase ke air sehingga keseimbangan terma tercapai.
the sensitivity of the thermometer. The wet towel is then rinsed under the tap water so that
the heat from towel will be transferred to the tap water until
(vii) Termometer Q / Thermometer Q
thermal equilibrum is reached.
– Langkah-langkah ini diulang sehingga jumlah haba
yang cukup dipindahkan keluar dari badan untuk
menurunkan suhu badan.
The steps are repeated until the right amount of the heat
transferred out of the body to bring the fever down.

(c) (i) Cadangan Penjelasan

Suggestion Explanation

Menggunakan merkuri Merkuri mempunyai titik beku -39°C dan takat didih pada 360°C jadi merkuri
Use mercury dapat mengukur suhu antara - 10°C hingga 85°C
Mercury has freezing point -39°C and boiling point of 36 o C so it able to measure
temperature between –10°C to 85°C

Cecair dalam termometer harus legap Supaya bacaan termometer boleh dibaca dengan mudah
Liquid in the thermometer should be opaque So that the reading of thermometer can be read easily

Dinding bebuli yang nipis Sensitif kepada perubahan suhu yang kecil
Use thin wall of bulb Sensitive to small change of the temperature

Termometer harus mempunyai diameter Termometer akan menjadi lebih sensitif

tiub kapilari yang kecil The thermometer will be more sensitive
The thermometer should have small diameter of
capillary tube

(ii) Termometer paling sesuai adalah termometer S. (ii) – Objek A lebih panas daripada objek B/
Termometer S menggunakan merkuri, cecair legap, Objek A mempunyai suhu yang lebih tinggi
dinding bebuli yang nipis dan diameter tiub kapilari daripada objek B.
yang kecil. The object A is hotter than the object B/ Object A has
The most suitable thermometer is thermometer S. higher temperature than the object B.
Thermometer S uses mercury, opaque liquid, thin wall of – Pengaliran haba berlaku dari kedua-dua arah.
glass bulb and small diameter of capillary tube. The heat flow occurs from both directions.
(d) (i) Suhu cecair X /Temperature of liquid X – Kadar pengaliran haba daripada objek A ke
16 – 5 objek B adalah lebih besar daripada kadar
= × 100 = 55°C pengaliran haba daripada objek B ke objek A.
25 – 5
Suhu cecair X dalam Kelvin /Temperature of liquid X in The rate of heat flow from the object A to the object B
Kelvin is higher than the rate of heat flow from the object B
= 55 + 273 K to the object A.
= 328 K – Haba berpindah dari kawasan yang panas ke
(ii) Perubahan dalam isi padu kawasan yang sejuk.
Change in volume Heat flows from hot region to cold region.
– Kedua-dua objek akan mencapai suhu yang
Bahagian C
sama pada keseimbangan terma.
5. (a) (i) Suhu adalah ukuran darjah kepanasan sesuatu Both objects will reach the same temperature at
objek. thermal equilibrium.
Temperature is a measurement of degree of hotness of an
object.

19
   Fizik  Tingkatan 4 Jawapan

(b) – Pada waktu malam, haba hilang daripada darat dan
air laut.
At night, heat is lost from land and sea water.
– Darat akan menjadi lebih sejuk daripada laut
kerana darat mempunyai muatan haba tentu yang
lebih kecil berbanding air laut.
Land become cold first than sea because land has smaller
heat capacity compare to the sea.
– Udara di atas laut yang lebih panas akan bergerak
naik ke atas.
Warmer air above the sea rises.
– Udara sejuk dari darat akan bertiup kearah laut
sebagai bayu darat.
Cooler air from land moves towards the sea as land breeze.

(c) Cadangan Penjelasan

Suggestion Explanation

Guna kaki yang boleh dilaraskan Ketinggian lampu boleh dilaraskan mengikut keselesaan pelajar
Use adjustable stand The height of the lamp can be adjusted according to the comfort of the student

Gunakan lampu pendarfluor Menggunakan kuasa yang kecil berbanding lampu filamen
Use the fluorescent lamp Use less power than filament lamp

Menggunakan penutup yang besar Kurang pantulan kepada mata dan kurang penyerapan tenaga haba kerana merupakan
dan berwarna putih pemantul haba yang baik
Bigger cover with white colour Less reflection on eyes and absorb less heat energy and good heat reflector

Sambung dengan wayar bumi Mengelakkan litar pintas dan kerosakan pada mentol
Connect with the earth wire Avoid short circuit and damage on the bulb

Guna lampu penjimat tenaga Menghasilkan kecerahan yang sama dengan penggunaan kuasa yang rendah
Use an energy saver lamp Produce same brightness with less power consumption

4. ketinggian, kedalaman // height, depth

BAB
Gelombang 5. masa, lengkap // time, complete
5 Waves 6. bilangan, satu // number, one
Contoh 1
Masa yang diambil
(a) Tempoh, T =
Asas Gelombang Bilangan ayunan lengkap
5.1 Fundamental of Waves 36
=
1. sistem bergetar / vibrating system 20
3. tenaga / energy = 1.8 s
4. bergetar, tidak bergerak // vibrate, do not move Time taken
Period, T =
5. tidak bergerak, sama // do not move, same Number of complete oscillation
36
Jenis-jenis Gelombang / Types of Waves
=
20
1. progresif, pegun // progressive, stationary = 1.8 s
1
2. memindahkan // transfer (b) Frekuensi / Frequency, f =
T
3. tidak memindahkan // do not transfer 1
5. progresif, pegun // progressive, stationary =
1.8
6. elektromagnet, mekanik // electromagnetic, mechanical = 0.56 Hz
7. tidak memerlukan, memerlukan // do not require, require
Contoh 2
8. cahaya, radio, air, bunyi // light, radio, water, sound
(a) 80 ayunan dalam 16 s / 80 oscillations in 16 s.
Perbezaan antara Gelombang Melintang dengan Gelombang 16
Membujur 1 ayunan / oscillation in = = 0.2 s
80
The Differences between Transverse Waves and Longitudinal Waves
Tempoh / Period, T = 0.2 s
1. melintang, membujur // transverse, longitudinal 1
(b) Frekuensi / Frequency = = 5 Hz
2. bergetar, berserenjang // vibrate, perpendicular, Contoh: cahaya, 0.2
air // Light, water Melakar dan Mentafsir Graf Gelombang
3. puncak, lembangan // crests, troughs Sketching and Interpreting Waves Graphs

4. selari // parallel
A Graf sesaran melawan masa / Displacement against time graph
Contoh: bunyi / Sound
sesaran, masa, tempoh // displacement, time, period
5. pemampatan, regangan // compressions, rarefactions
Contoh 3
Ciri-ciri Gelombang / Characteristics of Waves
(a) Amplitud / Amplitude, A = 10 cm
2. P ke Q, Q ke P // P to Q, Q to P 3
(b) Tempoh / Period, T = 6 s
3. maksimum / maximum 4
T = 8 s

20
 Fizik  Tingkatan 4 Jawapan 

1 6. gelombang tuju / incident wave

(c) Frekuensi / Frequency, f = = 0.125 Hz gelombang pantulan / reflected wave
8
muka gelombang / wavefronts
B  Graf sesaran melawan jarak / Displacement against distance graph ayunan lengkap / complete oscillations
sesaran, jarak, panjang gelombang // displacement, distance, wavelength Jarak / Distance
Contoh 4 berserenjang / perpendicular
(a) Amplitud / Amplitude, A = 30 cm 7. (a) sama / equal
5 (b) satah / plane
(b) Panjang gelombang / The wavelength, λ = 75 s
4 8. Tidak berubah = f / No changes = f
λ = 60 cm Tidak berubah = v / No changes = v
75 Tidak berubah = λ / No changes = λ
atau / or × 8 = 60 cm
10 sama / equal

Tugasan 1
Melukis Gambar Rajah Pantulan Gelombang Air
Drawing Diagrams of Reflection of Water Waves
1 1
1. (a) Tempoh / Period, T = = = 0.025 s 1.
f 40

Pemantul / Reflector
(b) Halaju / Velocity, v = fλ = 40(0.06) = 2.4 m s–1
2. (a) Amplitud / Amplitude, A = 5 × 3 = 15 cm
5
(b) Tempoh / Period, T = 40 s
4
40
T = 32 s atau / or × 8 = 32 s
10
1
(c) Frekuensi / Frequency, f = = 0.03125 Hz
32
3

Pemantul / Reflector
(d) Panjang gelombang / Wavelength = λ = 9 s
4
9
λ = 12 cm atau / or × 8 = 12 cm
6
(e) Halaju gelombang / Velocity of the wave,
v = fλ = 0.03125 (12) = 0.375 cm s–1

Pelembapan dan Resonans

5.2 Damping and Resonance

1. berkurangan, sifar // decrease, zero

2. pelembapan // damping
3. haba // heat
(a) luar, tenaga // External, energy
(b) dalaman, pemampatan // Internal, compression Pemantul / Reflector
4. frekuensi asli // natural frequency
5. Resonans, maksimum // Resonance, maximum Aplikasi Pantulan Gelombang dalam Kehidupan Harian
Application of Reflection of Waves in Daily Lives
Pelembapan dan Resonans bagi Satu Sistem Ayunan dan Getaran
Damping and Resonance for an Oscillating and Vibrating System 1. memantulkan / reflect
1. tempoh, T, frekuensi, f // period, T, frequency, f 2. pantulan / reflection
2. ayunan paksa // forced oscillation 3. memantulkan / reflect
3. frekuensi asli // natural frequency Contoh 5
5. berayun // oscillate
s = v×t
6. frekuensi asli, sama, maksimum // natural frequency, same, 2D = 1 500 × 1.8
maximum 2D = 2700
Kesan Resonans dalam Kehidupan Seharian D = 1 350 m
The Effects of Resonance in Daily Lives

1. resonans // resonance
Tugasan 2
2. kecil // small , frekuensi asli / natural frequency s
1. v=
t
3. frekuensi asli, resonans // natural frequency, resonance (2 × 60)
v=
Pamtulan Gelombang 0.4
5.3 Reflection of Waves v = 300 m s–1
2. s=v×t
1. tuju, arah // incident, direction
2X = 300 × 0.8
4. sama, sama // equal, equal
2X = 240
5. Frekuensi, magnitud, berlainan // berlainan, magnitude, different
  X = 120 m

21
   Fizik  Tingkatan 4 Jawapan

s
3. t1 =
v
(2 × 25)
t1 =
300
t1 = 0.1667 s
s
t2 =
v
(2 × 50)
t2 =
300
t2 = 0.3333 s
Selang masa / Time interval = 0.333 – 0.1667 = 0.1663 s
Kawasan cetek Kawasan dalam
s Shallow region Deep region
4. t1 =
v
(2 × 240)
t1 =
1 600
t1 = 0.3 s

Pembiasan Gelombang
5.4 Refraction of Waves F

Pembiasan Gelombang
Refraction of Wave

1. laju gelombang / wave velocity

2. berbeza / different
Kawasan dalam Kawasan cetek Kawasan dalam
3. (a) ke arah / towards Deep region Shallow region Deep region
(b) menjauhi / away
4. Tidak berubah / No changes // Tidak berubah / No changes
berkurang / decreasing // bertambah / increasing
berkurang / decreasing // bertambah / increasing
mendekati / towards // menjauhi / away
Melukis Gambar Rajah untuk Menunjukkan Pembiasan F
Gelombang bagi Dua Kedalaman yang Berbeza

1.
Gelombang air yang dibiaskan / Refracted water wave
Kawasan dalam Kawasan cetek Kawasan dalam
Deep region Shallow region Deep region

Menjelaskan Fenomena Semula Jadi Akibat Pembiasan

Gelombang dalam Kehidupan Harian

1. pembiasan / refraction
•  lurus, sama, seragam / straight, same, uniform
•  cetek, berkurang // shallower, decreases
Kawasan dalam Kawasan cetek Kawasan dalam 2. (a) kurang, menjauhi, perlahan // less, away, softer
Deep region Shallow region Deep region (b) lebih, mendekati, kuat // more, towards, louder

Garis Normal / Normal line Contoh 6

Kawasan dalam Kawasan cetek

Deep region Shallow region

22
 Fizik  Tingkatan 4 Jawapan 

Contoh 7 Faktor-faktor yang Mempengaruhi Pembelauan Gelombang

The Factors Affecting Diffraction of Waves
Jika / If, v = fλ
Di kawasan yang dalam / At the deeper area, 4 = f(3) 1. (a) pembelauan / diffraction
f = 1.33 Hz (b) pembelauan / diffraction
Frekuensi kawasan dalam = frekuensi kawasan cetek = 1.33 Hz (c) kecil / small
Frequncy of deep area = frequency of shallow area 2. (a) dibengkokkan / bent
Halaju kawasan cetek / Velocity of shallow area, v = fλ = 1.33 (1) (b) bertambah / increased
= 1.33 cm s–1 (c) kecil / smaller
(d) besar / bigger
Tugasan 3 3. (a) sempit, pendek / narrow, short
1. Frekuensi kawasan dalam = frekuensi kawasan cetek (b) pembelauan / diffraction
Frequncy of deep area = frequency of shallow area (c) pembelauan / diffraction
v
v = fλ, f = Gambar Rajah Corak Pembelauan Gelombang Air dan Kesan
λ
Maka / Then, fdalam = fcetek Pembelauan Cahaya
The Patterns of Diffraction of Water Waves and the Effect of Diffraction of
v v
 

λ dalam
=
λ cetek   Light Waves

v 2v Jawapan / Answer:
λ

dalam
= 3.2 cetek
Panjang gelombang tetap /
Fixed wavelength
λ = 1.6 cm
Celah lebar / Wide slit
2. (a)

(b)
Jawapan / Answer:
Panjang gelombang tetap /
Fixed wavelength
Celah sempit / Narrow slit

3. (i) Frekuensi kawasan dalam = frekuensi kawasan cetek /

Frequency of deep area = frequency of shallow area
v = fλ, 8 = (10)λ
λcetek = 0.8 cm
(ii) Kelajuan gelombang di kawasan dalam / the wave speed Jawapan / Answer:
in the deep area, Panjang gelombang tetap /
v = fλ Fixed wavelength
5 Penghalang besar / Large
λcetek = (0.8) = 0.1 cm obstacle
4
v = 10(0.1) = 1.0 cm s–1

Pembelauan Gelombang
5.5 Diffraction of Waves

1. celah, halangan / slit, obstacle

2. (a) kecil / small
(b) panjang / longer
3. Tidak berubah = f / No changes = f
Tidak berubah = v / No changes = v
Tidak berubah = λ / No changes = λ
arah / directions
Berkurang / Decreases

23
   Fizik  Tingkatan 4 Jawapan

Jawapan / Answer: 3. (a) 2A (b) –2A (c) 0

Panjang gelombang tetap / 5. membina / constructing, memusnah/ destructive
Fixed wavelength membina, 2A // constructive, 2A
Penghalang kecil / Small membina, –2A // constructive,–2A
obstacle memusnah, 0 // destructive, 0
Melukis Corak Interferens Gelombang
Drawing Patterns of Interference of Waves

S2
Bukaan tetap-panjang Jawapan / Answer:
gelombang kecil
Fixed size of slit-short
wavelength

S1

Bukaan tetap- panjang Jawapan / Answer:

gelombang besar
Fixed size of slit-longer
wavelength

Pinggir gelap Pinggir cerah

Dark fringe Bright fringe

Aplikasi Pembelauan Gelombang dalam Kehidupan Harian K

Application of Diffraction of Waves in Daily Life
L
1. dibelaukan, pembelauan // diffracted, diffraction K
kecil, menerima / smaller, receive
2. dibelaukan, tersebar // diffracted, spread L
3. pembelauan, membengkok, pembelauan
diffraction, bends, diffraction
Menghubung kait λ, a, x dan D Berdasarkan Corak Interferens
Interferens Gelombang Gelombang
5.6 Interference of Waves Relating λ, a, x and D Based on Pattern of Wave Interference

Menghuraikan Prinsip Superposisi Gelombang songsang, inversely

Principle of Superposition of Waves
Contoh 8
1. koheren / coherent Diberi / Given a = 4 cm, x = 5 cm dan / and D = 20 cm
fasa, frekuensi / phase, frequency ax
Gunakan / Use: λ =
2. membina, memusnah // constructive, destructive D
(a) puncak, puncak, lembangan, lembangan // crest, crest, 4(5)
λ= = 1.0 cm = 0.01 m
trough, trough 20
(b) puncak, lembangan // crest, trough

24
 Fizik  Tingkatan 4 Jawapan 

Contoh 9 (c) c(ii)

Diberi / Given a = 4.0 × 10 m, x = 2 × 10 m dan / and D = 1 m
–4 –3

ax
Gunakan / Use: λ =
D X
4.0 × 10–4 × 2.0 × 10–3
λ= = 8.0 × 10–7 m
1 c(i)
Contoh 10
(a) v = fλ
300 = 1200 (λ)
  λ = 0.25 m
(b) Diberi / Given a = 3.0 m, λ =0.25 m dan / and D = 20 m
ax λD
Gunakan / Use: λ= , maka / hence x = vcetek λcetek
D a (d)
0.25 × 20 vdalam = λdalam
x= = 1.667 m 1
3.0 vcetek = 2 × 10 = 5 cm s–1
Aplikasi Interferens Gelombang dalam Kehidupan Harian
Applications of Interference of Waves in Daily Life 2. (a) Muka gelombang adalah satu garisan yang
menghubungkan semua titik yang mempunyai sama
1. terbalik, memusnah // reverse, destructive fasa. // A wave front is a line joining all the points which have
the same phase.
Gelombang Elektromagnet (b) (i) Bilangan titisan air dalam Rajah 2.1 adalah sama
5.7 Electromagnetic Waves dengan bilangan titisan air dalam Rajah 2.2.
The number of water droplets in Diagram 2.1 is the same
Ciri-ciri gelombang elektromagnet as the number of water droplets in Diagram 2.2.
Characteristics of Electromagnetic Waves
(ii) Kedalaman air dalam Rajah 2.1 adalah lebih dalam
1. berseranjang // perpendicular dari kedalaman air dalam Rajah 2.2
The depth of water in Diagram 2.1 is deeper than the
2. melintang, vakum // transverse, vaccum water depth in Diagram. 2.2
3. 3.0 × 108 m s–1, rendah // 3.0 × 108 m s–1, lower (iii) Panjang gelombang bagi gelombang membulat
4. pantulan , pembiasan , pembelauan, interferens // reflection , dalam Rajah 2.1 adalah lebih besar daripada
refraction , diffraction, interference panjang gelombang bagi gelombang membulat
dalam Rajah 2.2.
Spektrum Elektromagnet The wavelength of the circular wave in Diagram 2.1 is bigger
Electromagnetic Spectrum
than the wavelength of the circular wave in Diagram 2.2.
1. gelombang mikro, sinaran ultra ungu, sinar gama / microwaves, (iv) Semakin dalam kedalaman air, semakin besar
ultraviolet ray, gamma rays. panjang gelombang bagi gelombang membulat.
The deeper the depth of the water, the greater the
2. frekuensi / frequencies wavelength of the circular wave.
Aplikasi Setiap Komponen Spektrum Elektromagnet dalam
(c) (i) Panjang gelombang bagi gelombang membulat
Kehidupan dalam Rajah 2.1 adalah lebih kecil.
Applications of Each Component in the Electromagnetic Spectrum in Daily The wavelength of the circular waves in Diagram 2.1 is
Life smaller.
(ii) Halaju gelombang tidak berubah, apabila titsan air
• Telekomunikasi / Telecommunications bertambah, frekuensi bertambah maka panjang
• kawalan jauh / remote controls gelombang berkurang (v = fλ) / The velocity of the
• Fotosintesis / Photosynthesis wave does not change, when water drops increase, the
• duit kertas palsu / counterfeit money frequency increases then the wavelength decreases
(v = fλ)
• keretakan / cracks
• sinar-X / X-ray 3. (a) Panjang gelombang ialah jarak di antara dua titik
• sel kanser, alat pembedahan / cancer cells, surgical instrument berturutan yang sama fasa dalam suatu
gelombang. / The wavelength is the distance between
successive points of the same phase in a wave.
PRAKTIS SPM 5 (b) (i) Panjang gelombang di kawasan A lebih pendek
berbanding panjang gelombang kawasan B.
The wavelength in region A is shorter than the wavelength
Soalan Objektif in the region B.
1. C 2. D 3. D 4. A 5. B 6. D (ii) Kedalaman dalam kawasan A lebih cetek daripada
7. A 8. A 9. A 10. D 11. C 12. C kawasan B.
13. A 14. B 15. B 16. C 17. B 18. D Depth in region A is more shallow than region B.
(c) (i) Lebih dalam kedalaman air, lebih besar panjang
Soalan Struktur gelombang. / The deeper the water depth, the greater
the wavelength.
Bahagian A
1. (a) Pembiasan / Refraction
(b) Berkurang / Decreases

25
   Fizik  Tingkatan 4 Jawapan

(ii)
Mikrofon di belakang pem- Untuk mengelakkan hingar akibat
besar suara bunyi dari pembesar suara masuk
Microphone behind the speaker semula ke mikrofon.
To avoid feedback due to the sound from
the speaker pick up by the microphone.

Sistem bunyi yang paling sesuai ialah Q kerana lantai dewan

menggunakan permaidani, jarak di antara kedua-dua pembesar
suara adalah besar, bahan yang digunakan untuk menutup dind-
ing ialah tirai tebal dan mikrofon di belakang pembesar suara.
The most suitable sound system is Q because hall flooring uses carpet,
distance between two loud speakers is large, material used to cover the wall
is thick curtain and microphone behind the speake.
(d) Di teluk. Gelombang air mengalami pembiasan yang
terbias ke arah tanjung. Hal ini menyebabkan air
Bahagian C
kawasan teluk lebih tenang dan sesuai untuk aktiviti
rekreasi dan berenang. / In the bay. The water wave 5. (a) (i) Gelombang membujur / Longitudinal Wave.
undergoes refraction and refracts towards the cape. This (ii) – Getaran diafragma pembesar suara yang
causes the water of the bay area to be calmer and suitable for berterusan menghasilkan satu siri lapisan udara
recreational and swimming activities. mampatan dan regangan yang bergerak ke
Bahagian B hadapan.
The vibration of diaphragm speaker produces a series
4. (a) (i) Ultrasonik adalah gelombang bunyi dengan of rarefaction and compression of air that move forward.
frekuensi lebih tinggi daripada 20 kHz. – Gelombang bunyi yang terhasil akan merambat
Ultrasonic is sound waves with frequencies higher than
ke hadapan mengikut frekuensi diafragma.
20 kHz.
The sound waves produced will propagate forward
(ii) Ultrasonik bergerak melalui tisu lembut dan cecair according to the diaphragm frequency.
di dalam badan. – Getaran molekul udara ke hadapan dan ke
Ultrasonik dipantulkan kembali sebagai gema belakang masuk ke dalam telinga manusia.
apabila ia mengena permukaan yang lebih tumpat. The vibrations of the air molecules forward and
Data gema akan dihantar ke komputer untuk backward will enter into human ears.
diproses. Komputer akan menghantar imej fetus ke – Molekul udara yang bergetar mengikut frekuensi
skrin komputer. yang dihasilkan oleh pembesar suara akan
Ultrasonic travels freely through fluid and soft tissues in the memukul gegendang telinga dan bunyi tersebut
body. Ultrasonic is reflected back as echoes when it hits a boleh didengari oleh manusia.
denser surface. The echo data will be sent to the computer The air molecules vibrating by the frequency generated
for processing. The computer will send the image of the by the loudspeaker will hit the eardrum and the sound
foetus to the computer screen. can be heard by humans.
vt (b) (i) Kekuatan bunyi pada waktu malam lebih kuat dari
(b) (i) Kedalaman / Depth, d =
2 waktu siang.
1200 (50 × 10–3) The loudness of sound at night is higher than daylight.
=
2 (ii) Panjang gelombang bunyi kawasan sejuk lebih
= 30 m pendek daripada kawasan panas.
(ii) v = fλ The wavelength in the cold region is shorter than the hot
v 1200 region.
λ = = = 0.048 m (iii) Sudut kawasan udara sejuk lebih kecil berbanding
f 25 000
(c) sudut kawasan udara panas.
The angle of the cold air region is smaller than the angle
Cadangan / Suggestion Penjelasan / Explaination of hot air region.
(iv) Arah perambatan gelombang bunyi akan mendekati
Lantai Dewan – Permaidani Boleh menyerap bunyi dan kurang normal.
Hall flooring – Carpet gangguan. The direction of sound wave propagation will be towards
Can absorb sound and less disruption. the normal.
(v) Pembiasan / Refraction
Jarak di antara kedua-dua Apabila jarak di antara kedua-dua (c) (i) Gelombang radio – Boleh merambat pada jarak jauh
pembesar suara – besar pembesar suara besar, jarak di Radio wave – Can propagate in long distance
Distance between two loud antara garis antinod (x) menjadi lebih (ii) Frekuensi gelombang tinggi – Mempunyai tenaga
speakers – Large kecil. yang lebih tinggi
When the distance between the two speak- High wave frequency – Has higher energy
ers is large, the distance between the (iii) Gelombang dengan panjang gelombang yang
antinode lines (x) becomes smaller. panjang – supaya pembelauan berlaku pada sudut
yang lebih besar.
Bahan yang digunakan Boleh menyerap bunyi dan tidak Waves with long wavelengths – so that the diffraction
untuk menutupi dinding – memantulkan bunyi. occurs at a larger angle.
Tirai tebal Can absorb sound and prevent reflection (iv) Menggunakan stesen geganti- untuk menguatkan
Material used to cover the wall of sound. isyarat dan menghantar semula ke jarak yang jauh
– Thick curtain Using relay stations – to amplify the signal and retransmit
to a further distance

26
 Fizik  Tingkatan 4 Jawapan 

(v) Lokasi pemancar perlu di kawasan yang tinggi – dapat Kesimpulan / Conclusion: meningkat, meningkat // increases,
memancarkan gelombang radio tanpa halangan increases
The location of the transmitter needs to be in high ground
– can transmit radio waves without any obstacles Dalam Nyata dan Dalam Ketara
Real Depth and Apparent Depth

BAB 2. Indeks biasan, n = Dalam nyata, H / Dalam ketara, h

Cahaya dan Optik Refractive index, n = Real depth, H / Apparent depth, h
6 Light and Optics
Eksperimen 6.2
Pernyataan masalah / Problem statement: dalam nyata, dalam
ketara // real depth, apparent depth
Pembiasan Cahaya
6.1 Refraction of Light Tujuan / Aim: dalam nyata, dalam ketara // real depth, apparent depth
Hipotesis / Hypothesis: bertambah, bertambah // increases, increases
Spektrum Elektromagnet Pemboleh ubah / Variables:
Electromagnetic Spectrum (a) Dalam nyata, H / Actual depth, h
(b) Dalam ketara, H / Apparent depth, h
1. pembengkokan, sempadan // bending, boundary
(c) Indeks biasan medium (air), n / Refractive index of medium (water), n
(a) sempadan / boundary
Kesimpulan / Conclusion:
(b) dibiaskan / refracted
bertambah, bertambah, indeks biasan // increases, increases, refractive
(c) pembiasan, sempadan / refraction, boundary
index
2. (a) sudut tuju, i / angle of incidence, i
(b) sudut biasan, r / angle of refraction, r Tugasan 1
3. sama, selari, sejajar / same, parallel, in line
1. i = 90 – 50 = 40°, r = 90 – 60 = 30°
4. (a) ke arah, berkurang / towards, decreases
(b) menjauhi, bertambah / away, increases sin i sin 40°
n= = = 1.29
(c) berubah, berubah / change, change sin r sin 30°

Indeks Biasan
Refractive Index 40°

1. (a) satah / plane

sin i sin i
(b) /
sin r sin r
2. Hukum Snell / Snell’s Law 30°

sin i (vakum atau udara)
3. Indeks biasan, n = 2. i = 90 – 47 = 43°, r = 90 – θ,
sin r (medium)
sin i (vacuum or air) sin i sin 43°
Refractive index, n = sin r (medium) n= = = 1.42
sin r sin 90° – θ
Kelajuan cahaya di dalam vakum atau udara 90 – θ = 28.7°
4. Indeks biasan =
Kelajuan cahaya di dalam medium θ = 61.3°
Speed of light in vacuum or air
Refractive index = Speed of light in medium 3. Diberi / Given: v = 1.2 × 108 m s–1, c = 3.0 × 108 m s–1, n = ?
c 3.0 × 108
Eksperimen 6.1 n= = = 2.5
v 1.2 × 108
Pernyataan masalah / Problem statement: sudut tuju, sudut biasan 4. (a) Diberi / Given , i = 55°, n = 1.15,
/ angle of incidence, angle of refraction c = 3.0 × 108 m s–1, v = ?
Tujuan / Aim: sudut tuju, sudut biasan / angle of incidence, angle of c
n =
refraction v
Hipotesis / Hypothesis: meningkat, meningkat // increases, increases 3.0 × 108
1.15 =
v
Pemboleh ubah / Variables: v = 2.61 × 108 m s–1
(a) Sudut tuju, i / Anlge of incidence, i
sin i sin 55°
(b) Sudut biasan, r / Angle of refraction, r (b) 1.15 = =
(c) Jenis kaca / Type of glass sin r sin r
sin 55°
Radas / Apparatus: sin r = = 0.7123
1.15
Bongkah kaca segi empat tepat , kotak sinar // Rectangular glass
  r = 45.4°
block, ray box
Susunan radas / Arrangement of apparatus: 5. Diberi / Given: D = 6.0 cm, n = 1.2, h = ?
H
Kotak sinar n =
Ray box h
6.0
i 1.2 =
O h
h = 5.0 cm
r Bongkah kaca
Glass block

27
   Fizik  Tingkatan 4 Jawapan

H (d) pantulan dalam penuh, belakang / total internal reflection,

6. n = back
h
3.0 (e) pembiasan / refraction
1.25 =
h Aplikasi Pantulan Dalam Penuh
h = 2.4 cm Applications of Total Internal Reflection
∴ Jarak di antara mata dengan imej / Distance between the eye
and the image 1. (b) pantulan dalam penuh / total internal reflection
 = 15 + 2.4 = 17.4 cm (c) pantulan dalam penuh / total internal reflection
H (d) tegak, maya, saiz yang sama / upright, virtual, same size
7. n = 2. (a) lebih tinggi, lebih rendah / higher, lower
h
4.0 (b) lebih tumpat, kurang tumpat / denser, less dense
  = (c) lebih besar, pantulan dalam penuh / greater, total internal
4.0 – 0.5
reflection
  = 1.14
(d) pantulan dalam penuh / total internal reflection
8. (a) Pemerhati
(e) perubatan, telekomunikasi / medicine, telecommunications
Observer
(ii) lebih banyak ,kadar pemindahan yang lebih cepat /
more, faster transmission rate

Tugasan 2
1.
Batu 45°
Stone

H 45°
(b) n = 45°
h
1.8
1.35 =
h
h = 1.33 cm

Pantulan Dalam Penuh

6.2 Total Internal Reflection 70°

2. lebih besar / greater 70°

70°
3. (a) •  menjauhi / away
•  pantulan / reflected
(b) •  menjauhi / away
•  pantulan / reflected
(c) •  dibiaskan / refracted 2. (a) (i) Pembiasan / Refraction
•  dipantulkan / reflected (ii) Pembiasan / Refraction
•  dalam penuh / Total internal (iii) Pantulan (pantulan dalam penuh) / Reflection (total
internal reflection)
4. (a) lebih tumpat, kurang tumpat / denser, less dense 1 1
(b) lebih besar / greater (b) n = = = 1.49
sin c sin 42°
Sudut Genting dan Indeks Biasan
1
3. n =
Critical Angle and Refractive Index sin c
1 1
c = sin–1( )= sin–1( ) = 24.4°
1. Sudut genting / critical angle n 2.42
sin i 4.
2. n =
sin r
Fenomena Semula Jadi Melibatkan Pantulan Dalam Penuh
Natural Phenomena Involving Total Internal Reflection O

1. (b) logamaya, pantulan dalam penuh / mirage, total internal θ θ

reflection
(c) kurang, lebih sejuk, lebih tumpat / less, cooler, denser A
(d) ketumpatan, lebih rendah / density, lower
(e) menjauhi, pengurangan, pengurangan / away, decreasing,
decreasing
(f) bertambah, melebihi, pantulan dalam penuh // increases, Pembentukan Imej oleh Kanta
6.3 Image Formation by Lenses
exceeds, total internal reflection
2. (a) pembiasan, pantulan dalam penuh / refraction, total internal 1. penumpu, pencapah // converging, diverging
reflection 2. kanta cembung , lebih tebal // convex lens, thicker
(b) biasan / refraction 3. kanta cekung, lebih nipis // concave lens, thinner
(c) paling sedikit, paling banyak / least, most

28
 Fizik  Tingkatan 4 Jawapan 

Titik Fokus dan Panjang Fokus Suatu Kanta

Focal Point and Focal Length of a Lens
• Maya / Virtual
• Tegak / Upright
1. Kanta cembung / Convex lens • Dibesarkan /
terbias ke dalam, menumpu // refracted inwards, converge Magnified
Kanta cekung / Concave lens F O F • sama / same
terbias ke luar, mencapah // refracted outwards, diverge
2. (a) Titik tengah / centre point
(b) • menumpu / converge
• mencapah / diverge • Nyata / Real
(c) pusat optic, O, focus utama, F // optical centre, O , principal • Songsang /
focus, F Inverted
• Dibesarkan /
Kuasa Kanta 2F F O F 2F Magnified
Power of Lenses • Bertentangan /
Opposite
1. membengkokkan, diopter (D) / bend, dioptre (D)
2. berkadar songsang / inversely proportional • Nyata / Real
semakin pendek / shorter • Songsang /
3. menumpukan, lebih besar, positif / converge, bigger, positive Inverted
4. semakin pendek, shorter • Sama saiz /
5. mencapah, lebih besar, negatif / diverge, bigger, negative 2F F O F 2F Same size
6. semakin pendek / shorter • Bertentangan /
Opposite
Imej yang Dibentuk oleh Kanta
Image Formed by Lenses • Nyata / Real
• Songsang /
1. (a) Peraturan Inverted
Rule • Dikecilkan /
① 2F F O F 2F Diminished
• Bertentangan /
F O F Opposite

• Nyata / Real
• Songsang /
Peraturan Inverted
Rule • Dikecilkan /
② F O F Diminished

F O

2. Kanta cekung
(a) Peraturan
Peraturan Rule
Rule
③
①
F O
F O F

Peraturan
Rule
(b) ②
• Maya / Virtual O F
• Tegak / Upright
• Dibesarkan /
Magnified
F O F • sama / same Peraturan
Rule
③
F O F

29
   Fizik  Tingkatan 4 Jawapan

(b) 1 1 1
• Maya / Virtual 5. + =
• Tegak / Upright u v f
1 1 1
• Dikecilkan / Diminished + =
u –4 –10
• sama / same
1 1 1 3
F Image O =
u –10
+ =
4 20
Imej
u = 6.67 cm
1 1 1
6. (a) + =
u v f
1 1 1
Pembesaran Linear + =
Linear Magnification
12 v 4
1 1 1 2
Saiz imej Tinggi imej = – =
v 4 12 12
2. Pembesaran linear = =
Saiz objek Tinggi objek v = 6 cm
Size of image Height of image v hi
Linear magnification = Size of object = (b) =
Height of object u ho
3. lebih besar / bigger 6 5
= h
lebih kecil / smaller 12 i

Jarak imej hi = 2.5 cm

4. Pembesaran linear =
Jarak objek ∴ Imej adalah songsang, nyata dan dikecilkan
Image distance The image is inverted, real and diminished in size
Linear magnification =
Object distance 1 1 1
7. + =
u v f
Formula Kanta Nipis 1
6.4 Thin Lens Formula
Pada pintasan-x / At the x-intercept, = 0
v
1 1
=
Eksperimen 6.3 v f
1
Tujuan / Aim: jarak objek, jarak imej, jarak fokus // object distance, 0.05 =
f
image distance, focal length
f = 20 cm
Analisis data / Analysis of data:
v (cm) 1 1 1 1
v (cm )
–1
8. (a) + =
u v f
1 1 1
+ =
u 12 10
1 1 1 2
= – =
u 10 12 120
u = 60 cm
u (cm) 1
   u (cm ) v 12 1
–1

(b) m + = =
u 60 5
Tugasan 3 (c) m =
hi
1 ho
1. Kuasa kanta / Power of a lens, P = 1 hi
f =
1 5 5
= = +5 D hi = 1 cm
0.2
1
2. Kuasa kanta / Power of a lens, P = Peralatan Optik
f
1
6.5 Optical Instruments
= = –10 D
–0.1 1. (a) kanta cembung / convex lens
h v
3. m = = (b) fokus utama, pusat optic // principal fokus, optical centre
9 u
h 10 (d) tegak , maya , dibesarkan // upright , virtual , magnified
= (e) lebih tinggi / higher
9 30
h = 3 cm 2. (a) mikroorganisma / microorganisms
hi 2 (b) berkuasa tinggi, kanta objek, kanta mata / high power,
4. (a) m = = = 0.25 objective lens, eyepiece
ho 8
v hi (c) lebih tinggi, objek / higher, object
(b) m = = (d) lebih rendah, mata / lower, eye
u ho
v (e) lebih besar sedikit / slightly bigger
= 0.25 (f) Fo, 2Fo, nyata , songsang , dibesarkan / Fo, 2Fo, real,
20
  v = 5 cm inverted, magnified
(g) pusat optik , titik fokus / optical centre, focal point
(h) maya, songsang, dibesarkan / virtual, inverted, magnified

30
 Fizik  Tingkatan 4 Jawapan 

(i) Pembesaran linear bagi kanta objek / Linear magnification Aplikasi Kanta Bersaiz Kecil dalam Teknologi Peralatan Optik
of objective lens, Application of Small Lenses in Optical Instrument Technology
h1
mo = , 1. (a) kanta cembung, dibesarkan / convex lenses, magnified
h0
Pembesaran linear bagi kanta mata / Linear magnification (b) pusat lengkungan / centre of curvature
of eyepiece,
(c) memantulkan / reflect
h2 (e) F, 2F, dibesarkan / F, 2F, magnified
me = , (f) terbalik, nyata, tegak, dibesarkan / upside down, real, upright,
h1
magnified
∴ Pembesaran linear bagi mikroskop majmuk, mT
Linear magnification of compound microscope, mT 2. (a) kanta cembung / convex lens
h1 h2 h2 (b) nyata , songsang , dikecilkan / real, inverted, diminished in
= mo × me = × =
h0 h1 h0 size
(c) lebih, dua kali,  2fo / more, twice,  2fo
3. (a) planet, bintang / planets ,stars (d) jarak / distance
(c) rendah / low (e) saiz, jumlah / size , amount
(d) tinggi / high (f) panjang, pembukaan / length, opening
(e) sama dengan jumlah / equal the total
(f) nyata, songsang, dikecilkan / real, inverted, diminished in Pembentukan Imej oleh Cermin Sfera
size 6.5 Image Formation by Spherical Mirror
(h) maya , songsang , dibesarkan / virtual, inverted, magnified
2.
Kuasa kanta mata P
(i) m = = e atau
Kuasa kanta objek Po
Panjang fokus kanta objek fo
m = Panjang fokus kanta mata =
fe
Power of eyepiece Pe Paksi utama
m = Power of objective lens = = or P F C Principal axis C F P
Po
Focal length of objective lens fo f f
m= Focal length of eyepiece = f
e

Alat optik Mikroskop majmuk Teleskop Cermin cembung Cermin cekung

Optical device Compound microscope Telescope Convex mirror Concave mirror

berkuasa tinggi, 3. (a) Pusat sfera / Centre of the sphere

Jenis kanta berkuasa tinggi berkuasa rendah (b) Titik tengah / central point
Type of lens high powered high powered, low
powered
(c) pusat lengkungan, C, kutub cermin, P / centre of curvature,
C , pole of mirror, P
Kuasa kanta (d) kutub cermin, P, pusat lengkungan, C / pole of mirror, P,
objek lebih tinggi lebih rendah centre of curvature, C
Power of Higher Lower (e) – mencapah / diverge
objective lens – menumpu / converge
Kuasa kanta (f) memantulkan / reflects
mata lebih rendah lebih tinggi (g) objek, kutub cermin, P / object, pole of mirror, P
Power of Lower Higher 5.
eyepiece

Panjang
fokus fe . fo fo . fe Imej Imej
Focal length Objek Image Objek Image
Object Object
Jarak di
antara kanta Lebih besar sedikit Sama F P F C F P F C
Distance of Slightly bigger Equal
lenses

Nyata, songsang dan Nyata, songsang

Imej pertama dibesarkan dan dikecilkan
First image Real, inverted and Real, inverted and
magnified diminished in size • maya, tegak, dikecilkan, belakang // virtual, upright, diminished,
 behind
Imej akhir Maya, songsang dan dibesarkan
Final image Virtual, inverted and magnified

Pembesaran Pe
m = P atau / or
linear m = mo × me
o
Linear fe
m=
magnification fo

31
   Fizik  Tingkatan 4 Jawapan

6.
• Nyata / Real
• Maya / Virtual • Songsang / Inverted
• Tegak / Upright • Dikecilkan
• Dibesarkan Diminished
O Magnified
F
C P
C F P

Aplikasi Cermin Cekung dan Cermin Cembung dalam Kehidupan

• Tegak / Upright Harian
• Dibesarkan Applications of Concave and Convex Mirrors in Daily Life
Magnified
1. (a) meluaskan medan penglihatan / widen field of vision
O (b) selekoh tersembunyi / blind corners
(c) kedua-dua belah, lalu-lintas di belakang / both sides, the
traffic at the back
2. (a) pemantul, titik fokus / reflectors, focus point
C F P
(b) jarak fokus yang panjang / long focal lengths
(c) dibesarkan / magnified
(d) cermin parabola, kanta mata / parabolic mirror, eyepiece

• Nyata / Real
PRAKTIS SPM 6
• Songsang / Inverted
• Dibesarkan Soalan Objektif
O
Magnified 1. B 2. D 3. D 4. B 5. B 6. B
7. D 8. C 9. C 10. C 11. B 12. C
13. D 14. A 15. A 16. D
C F P
Soalan Struktur

Bahagian A
1. (a) Titik di mana semua sinar cahaya selari menumpu
selepas pantulan daripada cermin. / A point where all
parallel light rays converge after reflection from the mirror.
• Nyata / Real
• Songsang / Inverted (b)

O • Sama saiz dengan

O
objek / Same size as
the object

C F P
C F P

• Nyata / Real
• Songsang / Inverted (c) (i)
• Dikecilkan
O Diminished
A

C F P R

F C

32

(ii) Pantulan / Reflection
(d) Letakkan mentol itu pada fokus utama, F.
Place the bulb on the principal focus, F.
(e) Guna mentol dengan kadar kuasa yang lebih tinggi.
Use bulb with higher power rating.
2. (a) Sudut genting ditakrifkan sebagai sudut tuju, i dalam
medium yang lebih tumpat apabila sudut biasan, r dalam
medium kurang tumpat adalah 90°.
Critical angle is defined as the angle of incidence, i in the
denser medium when the angle of refraction, r in the less dense
medium is 90°.
(b) (i)
40°
(ii) Apabila sinar cahaya keluar dari prisma, sinar
cahaya terbias menjauhi normal kerana sudut tuju
kecil dari sudut genting.
When light rays coming out of prism, the light ray is
refracted away from the normal because of the angle of
incidence smaller than the critical angle.
(c) (i) Sudut prisma digunakan hendaklah 45°. / The angle
of the prism used should be 45°.
(ii) Supaya sudut tuju akan lebih besar daripada
sudut genting dan sinar cahaya akan mengalami powered lens.
pantulan dalam penuh. / So that angle of incidence
will be bigger than the critical angle and the light ray will
experience total internal reflection.
1 1
(d) n = = = 1.49
sin c sin 42°
3. (a) Indeks biasan = dalam nyata / dalam ketara
Refractive index = real depth /apparent depth
(b) (i) Apabila dalam nyata berkurang, dalam ketara
berkurang / As the real depth decreases, the apparent
depth decreases
(ii) Pembiasan / Refraction
(c) Normal
Normal
Imej
Image
Objek
Object
4. (a) Songsang dan nyata / Inverted and real
(b) (i) Jarak objek dalam Rajah 4.1 lebih panjang
daripada Rajah 4.2. / Object distance in Diagram 4.1 is
longer than Diagram 4.2.
(ii) Jarak imej dalam Rajah 4.1 lebih pendek daripada
Rajah 4.2. / Image distance in Diagram 4.1 is shorter
than Diagram 4.2.
(iii) Saiz imej dalam Rajah 4.1 lebih kecil daripada
Rajah 4.2. / Size of the image In Diagram 4.1 is smaller
than Diagram 4.2.
(c) (i) Lebih besar jarak objek, lebih kecil jarak imej. / The
bigger the object distance, the smaller the image distance
33
Fizik  Tingkatan 4 Jawapan 
(ii) Lebih besar jarak objek, lebih kecil saiz imej. / The
bigger the object distance, the smaller the size of image.
(d) (i) Pada titik fokus kanta cembung. / At the focus point of
convex lens.
(ii) Semua cahaya selari dari cahaya matahari akan
difokuskan pada satu tiitk iaitu titik fokus kanta
cembung.
All the parallel light from the sun will be focus on a single
point that is the focal point of the convex lens.
Bahagian B
5. (a) (i) Kanta cembung
Convex lens
(ii)
(iii)
Guna kanta yang lebih kuat atau kanta yang lebih
tebal. Supaya boleh membiaskan cahaya pada
sudut yang lebih besar.
Use high powered lens or thicker lens. So that it can
refract the light in a bigger angle.
(b) (i) –
Teleskop terdiri daripada satu kanta yang
berkuasa tinggi dan satu kanta yang bekuasa
rendah.
The telescope consists of high powered lens and low
–
Kanta objektif harus mempunyai kuasa yang
rendah manakala kanta mata mempunyai
kuasa yang tinggi.
The objective lens has a lower power whereas
eyepiece has higher power lens.
– C dipilih sebagai kanta objektif kerana C
mempunyai kuasa paling rendah.
C is chosen as the objective lens as C has the lowest
power.
– D dipilih sebagai kanta mata kerana kuasa D
adalah yang tertinggi.
D is chosen as eyepiece as the power of D is the
highest.
(ii) –
Sinar cahaya selari daripada objek jauh
ditumpukan pada Fo untuk membentuk imej
pertama, I1.
Parallel light rays from a distant object converge at Fo
to form the first image,I1.
– Imej ini adalah nyata, songsang dan dikecilkan.
This image is real, inverted and magnified.
– Kedudukan imej pertama, I1 di F0 menjadi
objek untuk kanta mata.
Position of the first image, I1 at F0 becomes the object
for the eyepiece.
–
Kanta mata diselaraskan supaya Fo dan Fm
berada pada kedudukan yang sama
The eyepiece is adjusted so that Fo and Fe are at the
same position.
–
Oleh kerana kedudukan I1 adalah pada Fm,
imej akhir, I2 dihasilkan pada infiniti.
As the position of I1 is at Fe, the final image, I2 is
produced at infinity.
–
Imej ini adalah maya, songsang dan
dibesarkan
This image is virtual, inverted and magnified
   Fizik  Tingkatan 4 Jawapan

1 – Cahaya bergerak dari kawasan yang

(c) (i) D =
f berketumpatan tinggi ke kawasan berketumpatan
1 rendah.
f =
10 Light travel from denser to less dense area.
f = 0.1 m – Cahaya terbias jauh dari dari normal.
f = 10 cm Light refracted away from the normal.
1 1 1 – Apabila sampai pada lapisan udara tertentu, sudut
(ii) = + tuju melebihi sudut gentingnya dan pantulan penuh
f u v
berlaku.
1 1 1 In certain layer of air, the incident angle exceeds the
= +
10 20 v critical angle and total internal reflection takes place.
1 1 1 1 – Pemerhati melihat imej langit dan awan di
= – =
v 10 20 20 permukaan jalan raya seperti lopak air.
v = 20 cm The observer sees the image of the sky and the clouds on
the surface of the road as a pool of water.
v 20
(iii) M = = (c) – Fiber optik haruslah terdiri daripada teras kaca
u 20
M = 1 yang mana lapisan dalam mempunyai indeks
pembiasan yang tinggi dan dilingkari oleh lapisan
Bahagian C luar yang mempunyai indeks pembiasan yang
6. (a) (i) Pantulan dalam penuh rendah. Hal ini membolehkan pantulan dalam
Total Internal Reflection penuh berlaku.
(ii) – Dalam Rajah 6.1, sudut biasan, r lebih besar Optic fibre should consist of an inner core of higher
dari sudut tuju, i. Dalam Rajah 6.2, sinar cahaya refractive index and surrounded by an outer cladding
dipantulkan balik dalam kaca dan mematuhi of lower refractive index. It is to allow the total internal
reflection to accur.
hukum pantulan.

In Diagram 6.1, the angle of refraction, r is greater than – Bahan mestilah fleksibel supaya ia mudah bengkok
the angle of incidence. In Diagram 6.2, all light rays dan tidak mudah patah.
are reflected back inside the glass and obey the law of The material must be flexible so that it is easy to bend
reflection. without breaking.
– Blok kaca semibulatan A mempunyai ketumpatan – Jenis bahan yang digunakan mestilah lut sinar
rendah berbanding blok kaca semibulatan B. kepada cahaya supaya cahaya boleh melaluinya.

Density of the semicircular glass A is lower than the The type of material used must be transparent to light so
semicircular glass B. light can pass through it.
– Indeks biasan blok kaca semibulatan A lebih – Diameter mesti sangat kecil supaya boleh
rendah berbanding blok kaca semibulatan B. digunakan di kawasan yang kecil.

Refractive index of the semicircular glass A is lower The diameter must be very small so that it can be uses in
than the semicircular glass B. small area.
– Semakin tinggi ketumpatan bahan semakin tinggi
(d) – Fiber optik lebih nipis dan ringan berbanding kabel
nilai indeks biasan.
kuprum.

The higher the density of substance, the higher the
refractive index. The fibre optic are much thinner and lighter.
– Bilangan isyarat boleh dihantar melaluinya pada
(b) – Pada cuaca panas, lapisan udara di atas satu masa adalah tinggi.
permukaan jalan adalah panas. A large number of signals can be sent through them at one
During hot day, the layer of air nearer the road is warmer. time.
– Ketumpatan udara semakin berkurang apabila – Mereka menghantar isyarat dengan kehilangan
mendekati permukaan jalan. isyarat yang kecil pada jarak yang jauh.
The density of the air decrease nearer to the road surface. They transmit signals with very little loss over great
distances.

34