Outline of Discussion

Group 5

LEGEND
● DATES
● NAMES
● NOT INCLUDED IN POWERPOINT PRESENTATION BUT NECESSARY
INFORMATION

(Not on PowerPoint) The End of Dapitan Exile

Isla de Luzon → Castilla → Isla de Panay

● Rizal stayed in Dapitan for 4 years, 13 days, and a few hours before he decided
to leave for Barcelona, Spain.
● August 6, 1896- unfortunately, he was not able to leave immediately for Spain
because the vessel Isla de Luzon already left. So, he was transferred to Spanish
Cruiser Castilla and he stayed there from August 6 to September 2, 1896.
● August 19, 1896- the Katipunan plot to overthrow the Spanish rule was
discovered by Fr. Mariano Gil after Teodoro Patino’s disclosure.
● Rizal received letters from Governor-General Blanco which absolved him from
all the blame for the raging revolution.
● (hindi sinisi and dinawit si Rizal tungkol sa revolution)
● He transferred to Isla de Panay which was sailing to Barcelona, Spain
○ Don Pedro Roxas was one of the people who were with him on the ship.
When they arrived in Singapore, Don Pedro advised Rizal to stay and take
advantage of the protection of British Law. Because of that time, ang
Singapore ay colony ng British or England.

A. Rizal’s Arrest and Trial

THE ARREST

● September 30, 1896- Isla de Panay had already sailed past Port Said in Egypt
and now sailing in the Mediterranean
○ A message was received by the ship ordering that Rizal will be placed
under arrest. Bernardino Nozaleda, the Archbishop of Manila clamored
 for the arrest of Rizal, who they believe was the reason for the Philippine
Revolution.
● October 6, 1896, 3:00 AM: On his 4th day of being held in his cabin at the MV
Isla de Panay docked at Barcelona, Spain on his way to Cuba, Rizal was
awakened to be brought to Montjuich Castle in Barcelona, Spain.
● October 6, 1896, 2:00 PM: When he had arrived at the prison, he was
interviewed by General Eulogio Despujol and it was said that he would be sent
back to Manila.
● October 6, 1896, 8:00 PM: After the interview, Rizal was taken aboard the
Colon to go back to Manila
● yung barkong sasakyan papuntang Manila which was loaded
by Spanish troops sailing to Manila.
● October 8, 1896 - Rizal learned that the Madrid papers were full of stories
regarding the revolutions in the Philippines and he was blamed for it.
● October 11, 1896 - Rizal’s diary was confiscated on his way to Port Said and his
cabin was searched but nothing significant was found. On November 11, it was
returned to him.

UNSUCCESSFUL RESCUE IN SINGAPORE

● Dr. Antonio Ma. Regidor and Sixto Lopez, friends of Rizal, exerted all their
efforts to find a lawyer in Singapore who could aid their friend. They dispatch
telegrams to Attorney Hugh Fort, an English lawyer in Singapore, to rescue
Jose Rizal on his arrival, by means of a writ of habeas corpus.
○ When the Spanish steamer arrived, Atty. Fort instituted proceedings at the
Singapore Court for the immediate removal of Rizal from the said steamer.
But--
○ Chief Justice Loinel Cox denied the writ of habeas corpus on the ground
because the steamer carries Spanish troops. Hence, it is a warship of a
foreign power which under the law is beyond the jurisdiction of the
Singapore Court.
■ Note that writ of habeas corpus is to bring a person in court to
determine whether detention is lawful. This request was denied
because according to Atty. Fort, it is not applicable because yung
barkong Colon na sinasakyan ni Rizal ay pag-aari ng Spain at hindi
sakop ng batas ng Singapore.

THE LAST HOMECOMING

● November 3, 1896- the Colon arrived in Manila Bay and Rizal was taken to Fort
Santiago, Intramuros
○ Spanish authorities are gathering evidence against Rizal while:
■ Deodato Arellano
■ Dr. Pio Valenzuela
■ Moises Salvador
■ Domingo Franco
■ Temoteo Paez
■ Pedro Serrano Laktaw
● And even his own brother, Paciano, was brutally tortured to
implicate Rizal

PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION

● November 20, 1896 - Rizal was brought before a Spanish military tribunal
headed by Colonel Francisco Olive.
● He was subjected to a grueling five-day investigation.
● He was informed of the charges against him
● He answered the questions asked by the Judge Advocate, but he was not
permitted to confront those who testified against him.
▪ Two kinds of evidence were presented to him – documentary and
testimonial

● There were a total of fifteen exhibits for the documentary

evidence.
● Testimonial evidence, on the other hand, was comprised of
oral proofs provided by:
❖ Martin Constantino,
❖ Aguedo del Rosario,
❖ Jose Reyes,
❖ Moises Salvador,
❖ Jose Dizon,
❖ Domingo Franco,
❖ Deodato Arellano,
❖ Ambrosio Salvador
❖ Pio Valenzuela,
❖ Antonio Salazar,
❖ Francisco Quison, and
❖ Timoteo Paez.
● Oral testimonies by those people who got involved with Rizal
were taken and used to implicate Rizal in the revolution.
Documentary and testimonial evidence presented against Rizal. The documentary
evidence consisted of fifteen exhibits:

1. A letter of Antonio Luna to Mariano Ponce dated Madrid, 16 October 1888 showing
Rizal's connection with the Filipino reform campaign in Spain.

2. A letter of Rizal to his family dated Madrid, 20 August 1890, stating that the
deportations would encourage the people to hate tyranny.

3. A letter from Marcelo H. Del Pilar to Deodato Arellano dated Madrid, 7 January 1889,
Implicating Rizal in the Propaganda campaign in Spain.

4. A poem entitled Kundiman, allegedly written by Rizal in Manila on 12 September

1891.

5. A letter of Carlos Olive to an unidentified person, dated Barcelona, 18 September

1891, describing Rizal as the man to free the Philippines from Spanish oppression.

6. A masonic document dated Manila, February 1892 honoring Rizal for his patriotic
services.

7. A letter signed by Dimasalang (Rizal's pseudonym) to Tenluz (Juan Zulueta's

pseudonym), dated Hongkong, 24 May 1892, stating that he was preparing a safe
refuge for Filipinos who may be persecuted by the Spanish authorities.

8. A letter of Dimasalang to an unidentified committee dated Hongkong, June 1892,

Soliciting the aid of the committee in the "patriotic work".

9. An anonymous and undated letter to the editor of the Hongkong Telegraph, censuring
the banishment of Rizal to Dapitan.

10. A letter of Lidefonso Laurel to Rizal, dated Manila, 8 September 1892, saying that
the Filipino people look up to Rizal as their savior.

11. A letter of Rizal Segundo, dated Manila, 14 September 1893, informing an

unidentified Correspondent of the arrest and banishment of Doroteo Cortes and
Ambrocio Salvador.

12. A letter of Marcelo H. Del Pilar to Don Juan A. Tenluz (Juan Zulueta), dated Madrid,
June 1893 recommending the establishment of a special organization, independent of
Masonry, to help the cause of the Filipino people.

13. Transcript of a speech of Pingkian (Emilio Jacinto), in a reunion of the Katipunan on

13 July 1893, in which the following cry was uttered "Long live the Philippines! Long live
Liberty! Long live Doctor Rizal! Unity!"
14. Transcript of a speech of Tik-tik (Jose Turiano Santiago) in the same Katipunan
reunion, wherein the katipuneros shouted: "Long live the eminent Doctor Rizal! death to
the oppressor nation!"

15. A poem by Laong Laan (Rizal), entitled A Talisay, in which the author makes the
Dapitan Schoolboys sing that they know how to fight for their rights.

Read here for more info:

https://www.coursehero.com/file/pbmf3u/Documentary-and-testimonial-evidence-
presented-against-Rizal-The-documentary/

THE LITIGATION

● On November 26, 1896, after the preliminary investigation, Colonel Olive

transmitted the records of the case to Governor-General Ramon Blanco who,
in turn, appointed Captain Rafael Dominguez as special Judge Advocate to
institute the corresponding action against Rizal
● On December 3, 1896, Dominguez made a brief resume of the charges and
returned the papers to Governor-General Blanco. Blanco then transmitted the
papers to Judge Advocate General Don Nicolas de la Peña for an opinion.

Judge Advocate General Don Nicolas de la Peña had four

recommendations towards Rizal’s case:

1. Rizal should be brought immediately to the trial and that

2. He must be kept in prison.
3. An order of attachment be issued against his property in the amount of 1
million pesos as an indemnity
4. And that Rizal must be defended by an army officer, not by a civilian
lawyer
▪ On December 8, 1896, he chose his defense counsel among a list of 100 first
and second lieutenants in the Spanish Army submitted to him
● This was the only right given to him.
● He chose Lt. Luis Taviel de Andrade who was the brother of Rizal’s
bodyguard, Lt. Jose Taviel de Andrade, in Calamba in 1887.

CHARGES AGAINST RIZAL

 ● On December 11, 1896, in the presence of his Spanish counsel, charges against
Rizal were read. When asked regarding his sentiments or reaction on the
charges, Rizal replied that:
● He does not question the jurisdiction of the court
● He has nothing to amend except that during his exile in
Dapitan, he had not dealt in political matters
● He had nothing to admit of the political charges against him
● He had nothing to admit on the declarations of the
witnesses, he had not met or knew, against him.
● On December 13, 1896, the case was forwarded to Governor-General Camilo
de Polavieja who was the replacement of Governor Blanco.
● On December 15, 1896, inside his cell at Fort Santiago, Rizal wrote the
controversial Manifesto addressed to his countrymen –

■ a letter denouncing bloody struggle, and promoting education and

industry as the best means to acquire independence. However,
Judge Advocate General Nicolas de la Peña requested to Gov.
Polavieja that the publication of the manifesto be prohibited, and
so, the governor did.
■ 15 December: Rizal issued his manifesto to certain Filipinos calling
to end the “absurd” rebellion and to fight for liberties with education
as a prerequisite. The authorities suppressed the manifesto.

● On December 25, 1896, Accustomed to sharing the merry season with family,
friends, and relatives, the 1896 Christmas was indeed Rizal's saddest. Confined
in a dark, gloomy cell, Rizal was in despair and had no idea of what his fate may
be. Under this delusion, he wrote a letter to Lt. Taviel de Andrade requested the
latter to visit him before his trial for there was a very important matter they
needed to discuss. Likewise, Rizal greeted the lieutenant with a joyous
Christmas.
●

THE TRIAL

● On December 26, 1896, at the Hall of Banners of the Cuartel de España. The
court-martial of Rizal commenced.
■ The next day, December 26, about 8 o'clock in the morning, the
court-martial of Rizal commenced. The hearing was actually a kind
of moro-moro – a planned trial wherein Rizal, before hearing his
verdict, had already been prejudged. Unlike other accused, Rizal
 had not been allowed to know the people who witnessed him. The
trial took place at Cuartel de España, a military building, with a
court composed of seven military officers headed by Lt. Col. Jose
Togores Arjona. Present at the courtroom were Jose Rizal, the six
other officers in uniform (Capt. Ricardo Muñoz Arias, Capt. Manuel
Reguera, Capt. Santiago Izquierdo Osorio, Capt. Braulio Rodriguez
Nuñez, Capt. Manuel Diaz Escribano, and Capt. Fernando Perez
Rodriguez), Lt. Taviel de Andrade, Judge Advocate Capt. Rafael
Dominguez, Lt. Enrique de Alcocer (prosecuting attorney) and a
number of spectators, including Josephine Bracken.
○ His case was pre-judged.
○ After Judge Advocate Dominguez opened the trial, it was followed by
Atty. Alcocer's reiteration of the charges against Rizal, urging the court
that the latter be punished with death. Accordingly, the three crimes
accused to him were rebellion, sedition, and illegal association – the
penalty for the first two being life imprisonment to death, while the last,
correctional imprisonment and a charge of 325 to 3,250 pesetas.
■ Rizal for his part did not challenge the jurisdiction of the court and
did not admit the declaration of the witnesses against him.

● Lt. Taviel de Andrade took the floor reading his speech in defense of Rizal.
○ To supplement this, he read his own defense which he wrote in his cell in
Fort Santiago. He showed twelve points to prove his innocence.
● Attach his 12 points*

1. As testified by Pio Valenzuela, Rizal was against rebellion

2. He had not written a letter addressed to the Katipunan

comprising revolutionary elements

3. Without his knowledge, his name was used by the Katipunan; if

he really was guilty, he could have escaped while he was in
Singapore

4. If he was guilty, he should have left the country while in exile; he

shouldn't have built a home, bought a parcel of land or established
a hospital in Dapitan.

5. If he was really the leader of the revolution, the revolutionists

should have consulted him.
 6. He did not deny that he wrote the by-laws of the La Liga Filipina,
but to make things clear, the organization was a civic association,
not a revolutionary society.

7. After the first meeting of La Liga, the association banished

because of exile in Dapitan, thus, did not last long.

8. If La Liga was reorganized nine months later, he had no idea

about it.

9. If La Liga had a revolutionary purpose, then Katipunan should

not have been organized.

10.If the Spanish authorities found his letters having a bitter

atmosphere, it was because in 1890 his family was being
persecuted resulting in their dispossession of properties and
deportation of all his brothers-in-law.

11.He lived an exemplary life in Dapitan - the politico-military

commanders and missionary priests in the province could attest to
that.

12.If according to witnesses the speech he delivered at Doroteo

Ongjunco's house had inspired the revolution, then he wants to
confront these persons. If he really was for the revolution, then why
did the Katipunan sent an unfamiliar emissary to him in Dapitan? It
is so because all his friends were aware that he never advocated
violence.

● The military court remained indifferent to the pleads of Rizal.

○ The military court unanimously voted for the sentence of death.
○ On the same day, the court decision was submitted to Governor-General
Polavieja.
○ He sought the opinion of Judge Advocate General Nicolas de la Peña.
○ Peña affirmed the verdict.
● On December 28, 1896, Governor-General Polavieja approved the decision of
the court-martial and ordered Rizal to be shot at 7:00 in the morning of
December 30, 1896, at Bagumbayan Field.

B. Rizal’s Execution & Martyrdom (Rizal spent his last 24 hours in

Bagumbayan.)
LAST HOURS OF RIZAL

● On December 29, 1896, at 6:00 o’clock in the morning, Captain Rafael

Dominguez read before him the official notice of his execution scheduled the
next day.
● After hearing the punishment, Rizal was transferred to the prison chapel where
he spent his last 24 hours.
● Inside the chapel, Rizal busied himself by writing correspondences to friends and
family, bidding everyone farewell; and conversing with his Jesuit priests’ friends.
He had a lot of visitors, arriving one or two after the other:
Fr. Miguel Saderra Mata
Fr. Luis Viza
Fr. Antonio Rosell
Lt. Taviel de Andrade
Fr. Federico Faura
Fr. Jose Villaclara
Fr. Vicente Balaguer
Santiago Mataix
Teodora Alonzo
Trinidad
Gaspar Castaño

● At around 10:00, a draft of retraction arrived prepared by Archbishop

Bernardino Nozaleda but it was declined by Rizal for it is too long. Another draft
was made by Fr. Pio Pi and he accepted it but wanted some changes.
● At ll:30, Rizal signed his retraction from the Freemasonry and it was witnessed
by Juan del Fresno the chief of the guard detail and the Assistant of the Plaza
Eloy Moure.
Rizal had a confession with Fr. Vilaclara after he signed and rested
afterward. Two hours later, he rose up, prayed the rosary and knelt in front
of the altar and confessed again. For the third time, he confessed again to
Fr. Balaguer and once finished, he read Imitacion de Cristo by Thomas
Kempis

● On the next day, at 3:30 in the morning of December 30, 1896, Fr. Balaguer led a
mass – Rizal, once again, made a confession and received Communion.
● At 5:00 am, Rizal had his last breakfast and autographed his remaining books.
 ● Since the marriage of Rizal and Josephine was not valid because there are no
real blessings coming from the priest, they were married again and the marriage
rites were performed by Fr. Balaguer.
● Rizal gave a book to Josephine as a wedding gift, Imitacion de Cristo by
Thomas Kempis which he autographed.
● For the last time, he wrote a letter to his parents, Ferdinand Blumentritt and
Paciano.

EXECUTION & MARTYRDOM

● At around 6:30, Rizal was taken from the cell of Fort Santiago and the march to
Bagumbayan field began. Wearing his black suit, black necktie, black hat, black
shoes, and white vest – calmly walked from his prison cell in Fort Santiago to the
execution site.

(Together with him were Lt. Taviel de Andrade on one side, and Fathers
Estanislao March and Jose Villaclara, on the other side. Before and
behind him were soldiers. He is tied from elbow to elbow, on his right hand
was a rosary which he was holding until he died.)

● In the Bagumbayan field, a priest blessed and offered him a crucifix which he
gently kissed.
● Rizal requested the firing squad to spare his head which was granted, he also
requested to be shot at his front but it was denied.

(Dr. Felipe Ruiz Castillo, was amazed that Rizal's pulse was normal, it
looks like he was not nervous at all– was Rizal really unafraid to die?)

● The commanding officer ordered his men to aim and there was a simultaneous
crack of gunfire and with the remaining energy of Jose Rizal, he made his last
effort to drop on his back facing the sun.
● After it was confirmed that Rizal was already dead, the Spanish spectators
shouted “Viva España!” “Long live Spain!” “Death to traitors!” and the military
band played Marcha de Cadiz.
● Jose Rizal died at exactly 7:03 in the morning of December 30.
● Rizal’s body was secretly buried at Paco Cemetery with no identification on his
grave and later on it was found by his sister Narcisa. She made a gift to the
caretaker to mark the site "RPJ", Rizals initials in reverse.
 (His remains were cleaned in Higino Mercado’s house in Binondo and
were given to Doña Teodora. His remains were laid to rest inside the Rizal
monument in Luneta.)

For the Spaniards, Rizal was a traitor to Spain but Spain made Rizal as a
martyr for the Filipinos.

Information added by Attorney Shane:

A Letter to his Parents

Jose Rizal bids his family farewell — "It is better to die than to live suffering" — How he
wishes to be buried.

The letter bears no date. (1)

To my family,

I ask you for forgiveness for the pain I cause you, but someday I shall have to die and it
is better that I die now in the plentitude of my conscience.

Dear parents and brothers: give thanks to God that I may preserve my tranquility before
my death. I die resigned, hoping that with my death you will be left in peace. Ah! It is
better to die than to live to suffer. Console yourselves.

I enjoin you to forgive one another the little meanness of life and try to live united in
peace and good harmony. Treat your old parents as you would like to be treated by your
children later. Love them very much in my memory.

Bury me in the ground. Place a stone and a cross over it. My name, the date of my birth,
and of my death. Nothing more. If later you wish to surround my grave with a fence, you
can do it. No anniversaries. I prefer Paang Bundok. (2)

Have pity on poor Josephine.

(1) This letter was among the Rizal documents presented to the Republic of the
Philippines by Spain through her minister of foreign affairs, Martin Artajo on 26 February
1953. It has no date, but it must have been written at Fort Santiago shortly before he
was led to his execution on Bagumbayan, Manila. These documents are published in
one volume, Documentos Rizalinos, Manila 1953, by the Philippine government.

(2) Paang Bundok literally means foot of the mountain. It is the place in the north of
Manila where are the North Cemetery, a municipal cemetery, and the Chinese
Cemetery. Rizal was buried, not in a humble place in Paang Bundok, as he wished but
in the Cemetery of Paco. On 30 December 1912, the Commission on the Rizal
Monument, created by virtue of Law No. 243, transferred his remains to the base of the
monuments erected on the Luneta, very near to the place where he was shot.

References:

● https://rizalgroup9.weebly.com/
● https://xiaochua.net/2012/12/25/the-last-days-of-jose-rizal-a-timeline-of-his-last-a
rrest-incarceration-execution-and-the-journey-of-his-remains/
● https://www.slideserve.com/korene/chapter-24-last-homecoming-and-trial
● https://nhcp.gov.ph/rizal-issues-a-manifesto-to-proclaim-his-innocence/
● https://www.slideshare.net/bensaralikarim5/rizal-trial-and-execution
● https://dimasalanglaonglaan.wordpress.com/rizals-trial/
● http://ubdlibrary.wikidot.com/a-letter-to-his-parents#:~:text=Jose%20Rizal%20bid
s%20his%20family,he%20wishes%20to%20be%20buried.&text=To%20my%20fa
mily%2C,the%20plentitude%20of%20my%20conscience.