ACTIVITY NO.

5
EM-SOC 1- PHILIPPINE HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT
JULY 29, 2021
A. QUESTIONS TO ANSWER:

Chapter 12-The Philippines Under the American Rule

1. How did the Americans train the Filipinos for self-government?

 The Americans stepped up to train the Filipinos for self-rule in the government
before the granting of Philippine independence. Their first step was the passing of
the Cooper Law or the Philippine Bill of 1902 (Malcolm, 1936). The law provided
the establishment of the Philippine Assembly that gave the Filipinos the privilege to
influence the decision-making body in the Congress through their elected
representatives. Another imposition made by the Americans was to pursue the Jones
Law in 1916 (Kalaw, 1927).    

 The law granted the Filipinos to handle both the Upper and Lower Houses in the
Congress. Another one was the order of the American leaders in the United States
for Governor-General Francis Burton to grant the Filipinos full access to the
political activities of the Philippine government, so they could participate in their
own politics. As a result, the Filipinos were able to hold public offices both in low
and high positions.    

 This whole plan for the Philippine politics was a process of Filipinization that
already started during the country’s resistance from Spain. Before the coming of the
Americans, the Filipinization was not totally realized and did not fulfill its main
objectives – to gain independence.    

 The government for the Philippines established by the Americans was called the
Commonwealth government. Upon the passing of the Tyding-McDuffie Act in 1934,
the transitional government was officially institutionalized (Malcolm, 1936). At the
end of the Commonwealth government’s term as constituted by the Americans, the
independence would finally be granted to the Philippines.      

2. What were the American policies on Filipinization?

 America made it a policy to appoint qualified Filipinos to government positions.

 A number of prominent Filipinos were named to high positions.
 Cayetano Arellano was named Chief Justice of the Philippine Supreme Court
 Florentino Torres became Attorney General
 Gregorio Araneta was named Secretary of Finance and Justice
3. What is the significance of the Jones Law in the lives of the Filipinos?

 Jones Law of 1916 was a promise of America to give independence to Philippines. It also
gave Filipinos greater participation in the government. It defined the structure of the
government, the powers, and duties of the officials, and provided for a bill of rights for the
Filipinos.
4. Discuss the important features of the Jones Law?

 On October 3, 1916, elections were held for the new Philippine Legislature.
 It was formally inaugurated on October 16, 1916.
 Sergio Osmena was elected Speaker of the House of representatives
 Manuel L. Quezon became President of the Senate.
5. Enumerate the important steps that led to the training for self-government?
 First, they passed the COOPER LAW or the Philippine Bill of 1902. This law was responsible
for the establishment of the Philippine Assembly, which gave Filipinos the right to be
represented in the lawmaking body through their elected delegates to the Assembly.
 Second, the Americans passed the Jones Law in 1916, which handed over both houses of the
lawmaking body exclusively to the Filipinos. It also promised to grant independence to the
Filipinos as soon as a stable government be established therein.
 Third, the Americans under Governor-General Francis Burton Harrison gave the Filipinos
greater participation in the government. This was done by employing trained Filipinos in low
and high positions in the government. This process was called Filipinization.
 Fourth, the American Congress passed the Tydings-Mcduffie Act in 1934 which provided for
the establishment of a transition government called Commonwealth. At the end of this
transition period, the Philippines would finally be given her independence.

Chapter 13- The Philippines Under the Japanese Occupation

1. Why was the Philippines involved in the Second World War?
 The Japanese planned to occupy Philippines as part of “Great East Asia War”
 To Prevent the use of Philippines as an advance base of operations by American
Forces
2. Why does our Philippine Constitution renounce war?
 The Philippines renounces war as an instrument of national policy,
adopts the generally accepted principles of international law as part of the law
of the land and adheres to the policy of peace, equality, justice, freedom,
cooperation, and amity with all nations.
3. What incident sparked the outbreak of war in the Pacific?
  Japan launched a surprise attack on the Philippines on December 8, 1941, just ten
hours after the attack on Pearl Harbor. Initial aerial bombardment was followed by
landings of ground troops both north and south of Manila.

4. Describe the bleak Christmas of 1941?

  On Dec. 24, 1941, the day Japan bombers hit Manila’s Port Area. The sad news was
headlined by The Philippines Herald on that day. At 11:30 that morning, ‘a wave of
nine Japanese bombers flew in from the northwest to the southwest and dropped 10
heavy caliber demolition and incendiary bombs and sprayed the vicinity of Boston,
Chicago and 12th Streets with death and destruction.’

5. Relate the Fall of Bataan.

 On April 9, 1942, officials in command of Bataan—where Filipino and American
forces maintained the main resistance in the war against the Japanese—formally
surrendered. Bataan has fallen.
 “Bataan has fallen. The Philippine-American troops on this war-ravaged and
bloodstained peninsula have laid down their arms. With heads bloody but unbowed,
they have yielded to the superior force and numbers of the enemy.”
Chapter 14- The Liberation of The Philippines
1. Who liberated the Philippines from the Japanese?
 On July 5, 1945, when General McArthur declared all of the Philippines had
been liberated. The Japanese conquest of the Philippines was one of the worst
military disasters in American history
2. Describe the economic condition of the Philippines before the liberation.
 The Japanese Occupation led to economic hardships. The Japanese enlisted the
support of the Filipino elite running the government.
 Traditional elite left their towns and cities fearing their lives which resulted in s
vacuum in political and social leadership while the peasants took control of their
economic life without the interference of the landlords
 Guerrilla groups emerged:
- HUKBALAHAP operated in Central and Southern Luzon
- Marciano Peralta and Tomas Confesor with the American soldiers in Panay
3. How did guerrillas carry out their missions?
 Guerrillas gathered information about Japanese movements, strengths, weaknesses,
and other activities and sent them to Gen. McArthur’s headquarters in Australia
  Guerrilla “newspapers” were circulated to provide truthful news reports

4. How did the World War end? What were the results?
 World War II ended with the unconditional surrender of Germany in May 1945,
but both May 8 and May 9 are celebrated as Victory in Europe Day (or V-E Day).
In the East, the war ended when Japan surrendered unconditionally on Aug. 14,
1945, signing their surrender on Sept. 2. At the end of the war, millions of people
were dead and millions more homeless, the European economy had collapsed, and
much of the European industrial infrastructure had been destroyed. The Soviet
Union, too, had been heavily affected.
5. Describe the liberation of Manila
 Liberation meant the reoccupation of the Philippines by Americans (Constantino)
 McArthur implemented American policy in the Philippines who did not entertain
nor did not like the interference from other American officials
 McArthur’s advisers developed a plan for the administration of civil affairs during
reoccupation
- Creation of Philippine Civil Affairs Unit (PCAU) to take care of relief operation
- Under the plan, President Osmena could make recommendations on the choice of
provincial officials and town mayors in the provinces that were under military
control, but McArthur had the final decision.
- Recommenders should have the approval of the Counter Intelligence Corps
(CIC)