RURAL WATER SUPPLY 201

MELUKOTE
8

WATER SUPPLY PROJECT

INTRODUCTION
Water is an essential commodity not only for human beings, but also for
animals, plants and other living beings. Any village or township needs a planned
water supply system to meet the demand throughout the year. Hence to ensure
the availability of sufficient quantity of good quality of water in a organized way, it
becomes imperative to plan and build suitable water supply schemes which
provide potable water to various sections and sectors of a village or town. In
addition to water supply, it is necessary that good sanitation system be provided
in a planned way. The disposal of solid and liquid waste to a safe destination in
an organized manner needs engineering skill. Hence a detailed study should be
done to handle safe disposal of solid and liquid wastes, presently a Melkote
project area. The survey is done to plot the present features on the sheet to plan
an organized water supply and sanitation scheme.

IMPORTANCE AND NECESSITY

In order to ensure the availability of sufficient quantity of good quality
water, it becomes almost imperative in a modern society, to plan and build
suitable water supply schemes, which may provide potable water to the people in
accordance with their demands and requirements. Such a scheme would:
 Provide safe wholesome water to the people.
 Reduce environmental pollution by supplying water for gardens and
maintain better sanitation and beautiful surroundings.
 Ensure safety against fire by supplying water to extinguish it.
 Help in the growth of industries (since industries require large amounts of
water).

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COMPONENTS OF A PUBLIC WATER SUPPLY SCHEME
1) Source Of Water:
The various sources available on the earth can be classified into
the following two categories:
a) Surface sources – It includes ponds, lakes, streams, rivers,
storage reservoirs etc.
b) Subsurface sources – It includes springs, infiltration galleries,
infiltration wells, wells, tube wells etc.
The following factors must be considered while selecting a particular
source:
 Quantity of available water
 Quality of available water
 Distance of the source of supply
 General topography of the intervening area
 Elevation of the source of supply
2) Intake:
The basic function of an intake structure, which is constructed at the
entrance of the withdrawal conduit, is to help in safely withdrawing water
from the source over a predetermined range of pool levels and then to
discharge this water into the withdrawal conduit, through which it flows to
the treatment unit.
The intake structure which help in protecting the conduit from being
damaged or clogged by ice, trash, debris etc., can vary from a simple
block to huge concrete towers having intake gates, screens, pumps etc.
3) Water Treatment Unit:
The available water must be treated and purified before they can be
supplied to the general public for their domestic, industrial or any other
uses. The extent of treatment required to be given to particular water

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depends upon the characteristics and quality of the available water and
also the quality requirements for the intended use.
The various steps that are undergone during the treatment process
can be represented by the flow diagram as follows:
WATER TREATMENT UNIT

From Intake Coagulant addition

Point Screening Aeration Plain
Sedimentation

WATER TREATMENT UNIT

Clear Water GLS

Filtration Chlorination storage tank R

4)Service Reservoir :
Service reservoir also called Distribution reservoirs are the storage
reservoirs, which supply water to the whole area for which the scheme is
planned. Depending on their elevation with respect to the ground, they
may be classified as:
i. Surface Reservoir: These are circular or rectangular
tanks, constructed at ground level or below the ground
level. They are generally constructed at high elevation
points in the city. In a gravitational type of distribution
system, water is stored in the ground level surface
reservoir (GLSR) and then directly sent from there to the
distribution system.
ii. Elevated Reservoirs: These are overhead tanks erected
at a certain suitable elevation above the ground level and
supported on towers. They are constructed where the
pressure requirements necessitate considerable

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elevation above the ground level, and where the use of
standpipes becomes impracticable. These tanks may be
made up of R.C.C, steel or prestressed concrete.
5) Distribution System: The function of carrying the water from the GLSR point
to the individual homes is done through a well-planned distribution system. The
distribution system may include pipes, valves, hydrants, pumps etc. A good
distribution system should be
 Capable of supplying water at all the intended places within the city
with a reasonable sufficient pressure head.
 Cheap, with least capital construction cost.
 Simple and easy to operate.
SANITATION WORKS
In a town or city with a planned water supply system, having good
sanitation is a must. A sewerage system to carry the wastewater from the
houses, industries etc., should be provided in every town or city. The sewage
carried away from the residences, business buildings, institutions etc., is known
as sanitary sewage. The wastewater from these buildings will be carried through
pipes and will be connected to the manholes, provided along the roadside at
about 180 mt intervals. A manhole should also be provided at every change in
direction and at every intersection. A drop manhole should be provided when
there is a steep gradient. The sewage from these manholes should be treated
properly before disposing it. The various units in the treatment plant are shown
below.
WASTE WATER TREATMENT UNIT

From main Primary

sewer Screening Grit Chamber Classifier

WASTE WATER TREATMENT UNIT

Aeration Secondary Chlorination To

Chamber Classifier Tank OF TECHNOLOGY
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TABLE OF DRINKING WATER STANDARDS

SERIAL CHARACTERSTICS ACCEPTABLE CAUSE OF
NUMBER LIMITS REJECTION
1 Turbidity 2.5 10
(on jtu scale)
2 Color (on PC scale) 5 25
3 Taste and odor Un objectionable Un objectionable
H
4 P 7 to8.5 <6.2&>9.2
5 Total dissolved 500 1500
solids (in PPM)

6 Total hardness 200 600

(in mg/l as caco3)
7 Chlorides 200 1000
(in mg/l as cl)

8 Fluorides (in mg/l) 1 1.5

9 Sulphates (in mg/l) 200 400

10 CALCIUM 75 200
(IN MG/L AS CA)
SERIALNUMBER CHARACTERISTICS ACCEPTABLE CAUSE OF
LIMITS REJECTION
11 Iron (in mg/l) 0.1 1
12 Manganese 0.05 0.5
(in mg/l as zn)
13 Copper 0.05 1.5
(in mg/l as zn)

14 Zinc (in mg/l as zn) 5 15

15 Phenolic 0.001 0.002
components
16 Coli form count <3 >3
(in 1000 ml sample)
17 B coli 0 >0

Equipment required :

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1. Levelling with stand 2. Compass with stand 3. Levelling staff.
4. Tape 5. Chain with arrows 6. Ranging rods.

Procedure :

1. Levelling work is carried from the TBM to starting point.

2. Levels are taken at every 30 m intervals along the proposed centre
line of the water pipe line (Rising Main). The proposed pipe line
should be almost a parallel to the existing pipe line and should be
about almost parallel to the existing pipe line and should be about 1
to 2 m way from it.
3. Cross sections are taken at every 90 m and levels along the cross
sections at intervals of 2m to an extent of 4m on either side. In
addition, cross section should be taken wherever the straight line
alignment changes.
4. Position of public taps on either side of road should be noted as
work proceeds.
5. The levelling work is continued till a BM is established near the
existing ground level reservoir.
DATA COLLECTED
In general the following data must be collected for planning a water supply
scheme:
i. Hydrological data and data on available surface water sources existing in
the vicinity of the area, to determine the quantity of water available in the
surface source.
ii. Geological data and data on available ground water in the vicinity of the
area, to know the quantity of available water at various depths in the
ground.

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iii. Data on water requirements of the city including the data on population
and their water needs, and the data on industrial establishments and their
requirements.
iv. Data on existing water supply projects
v. Data on the sanitary conditions of the area and the possible sources of
water pollution.
vi. Data on the existing topography of the area

CALUCLATION OF POPULATION

POPULATION PROJECTION

DATA AVAILABLE

YEAR POPULATION
1981 2713
1991 2855
2001 3082
2011 3375

Geometric increase method

In this method, it is assumed that the percentage increase in population remains
constant.

YEAR POPULATION INCREMENTAL % INCREMENTAL INCREMENTAL

PER DECADE PER DECADE INCREASE
1981 2713 - - -
1991 2855 142 5.23 % -
2001 3082 227 7.95 % 85
2011 3375 293 9.5 % 66
AVG I=220.67 X=7.33% r=75.5
INC

1) ARITHEMATIC METHOD
P(2051)=P(2011)+4(I)

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P(2052)= 3375+4×(221)
= 4259

2) GEOMETRICAL INCREASE METHOD

I) (142)/(2713)×100=5.23%
II) (227)/(2855)×100=7.95%
III) (293)/(3082)×100=9.5%

P(2051) = P(2011)×(1+x/100)^n

P(2051)= 3375×(1+7.33/100)^4
= 4479
3) By Incremental Increase Method
P(2051) = P(2011) +n*I +(n(n+1)*r)/2

P(2051)= 3375+(4×(221))+4(4+1)76/2
=5019
DESIGN DATA
Design period=40 yrs
Population in yr 2051,P2051=5019
Assuming avg rate of water consumption=135lpcd
NOTE- since melukote has more settling population , we consider the more
rate of water consumptoion.
Avg daily demand=Population×lpcd
=5019×135
= 677565L/D

Maximum daily demand=Avg daily demand ×1.8

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=677565×1.8
= 1219617 LD(Max)

DESIGN OF RISING MAIN AND PUMPING UNIT

Assuming that the water is to be pumped only 2 hrs a day
Quantity of water to be pumped = 1219617 LD
= 1219.617 m^3/day
For two hours of pumping discharge = (1219.617)*(2/24)/(60*60)
=0.028 m^3/sec

DESIGN OF RISING MAIN

Using empirical formula
Diameter of the pipe,D = 0.97 to 1.22 sqrt(q)
= 1.22 sqrt (0.028)
= 0.20 =20.15 cm =21cm
assume 10 inch diameter for the rising main

DESIGN OF PUMPING UNIT

Assume that the water is to be pumped only once a day for 2 hrs
Quantity of water is to be pumped = 1219.617 m^3/day
For 2 hrs of pumping, discharge = 0.169 m^3/sec
Diameter of rising main , d = 51 cm
Total head against which pumping is to be design is
H= suction head+head loss due to friction +delivery head
Assuming suction head, Hs =2m
Using Darcy weishberg equation
Hf=(flq^2)/(3xd^5)
Where, f=friction factor(0.01 for new pipes)
l=Length of pipe in meters=Hs+25=2+25=27
= (0.01x27×0.028^2)/(3x0.21^5)
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= 0.1725 m
Hd = (RL OF OHT)-(RL OF WATER FORCE)+(HEIGHT OF OHT+STORAGE
LEVEL)
= 910–( 879+ (15 +5))
= 11 m
Total head (H) = Hf+Hs+Hd
= 0.1725+2+11
=13.1725 m
B.H.P of the pump = (P*Q*H)/(75 * n)
= (1000x 0.028 x 13.1725)/(75 *0.8)
= 6.14 HP
DESIGN 0F OVER HEAD TANK
Discharge ,(Q) = 1219617 LD
= 1219.617 m^3/day
Capacity of tank = 1219.617 m^3
Assuming the depth of water in the tank = 8 m
Area = 1219.617/8
= 152.4 m^2
Diameter of the tank = sqrt[(152.4*4)/π]
= 13.92 m = 14m
Design of chlorinator
Assume the chlorinc dosage rate to be 1 ppm
Chlorine requirement = avg quantity of water x chlorine dosage
= 1219617 LD× 1 mg/Lit
= 1219617 mg /day
= 1.2196 kg /day
Generally chlorine is stored for 3 months
Therefore quantity of chlorine for 3 months = 1.2196x90
= 109.764 kg
We use bleaching powder which contains 70% of chlorine

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Hence ., we add 142.69 kg bleaching powder
DESIGN OF SEDIMENTATION TANK
Detention period = 4 hrs
Velocity of flow = 10 cm /min
Length of tank = 0.1 x 240
= 24 m
Volume of water in 4 hrs = (1219.617)x4/24
= 203.26 m^3
Cross sectional area , A = volume/length
= 203.26/24 = 8.469 sq m
Assuming working depth of 1.5 m
Width = 8.469/1.5
= 5.66 m= 6 m
Provide an extra depth of 1 m for sludge storage and 0.5 m as free board
Therefore total depth = 1.5+0.5+1 = 3m
Hence provide settling tank of size = 24*6*3
= 432 m^3

DESIGN OF RAPID SAND FILTER

Maximum water demand per day =1219.617m3
Assume 4% of filtered water used for back washing
Total quantity of filtered water required per day = 1219.617+4/100*(1219.617)
=1268.40m3
Assume 30 min i.e,0.5 hour is required for washing filter
Thus, filtered water required per hour = 1268.4/23.5
= 53.97m3/hr
Total area of filtered required = water demand/rate of filtration
= (53.97*10^3 ltr/hr)/(5000 ltr/m2/hr)
=10.794m2

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Rate of filtration =5m3/m2/hr
Assume length =1.5 (breadth of filter) & provide 1 filter bed
Thus ,one filter bed =10.794/1
= 10.794m2
l*l/1.5=10.794
l = 4.023m
b= l/1.5 = 4.023/1.5
2.68m
Thus, dimension of the filter = 5m*3m
Thus , provide 3 filter beds where 1 is working and 2 are standby.

Design of Oxidation Pond

Design criteria
• Oxygen loading = 170-340kg/hour/day
• Length of tank = 2*width of tank
• Depth of tank = 1-1.6m
• Detention period = Normally 10 days

Calculation of sewage flow

Assuming 80% of water supply will appear as sewage.
Sewage flow = 80% of Q
= 0.8*1.2196
=0.975693 MLD
= 975.693 m3/ day
Assuming 5day BOD at 20oC as 360mg/l
BOD of sewage = 0.975693*106/day*360mg/l
= 351.249*106mg/day
= 351.249 kg/day

Assuming organic loading rate of 280kg/hour/day. Since village is located in an

area of temperate zone.

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Pond area required = BOD of sewage/organic loading
= 351.249/280
= 1.254 ha
= 12540 m2

Assuming an operation liquid depth = 1.2m

Provide free board of 0.3m
Capacity of pond = Area*depth
= 12540*1.2
= 15048 m3

Check for Detention Period

Detention period provided = capacity/flow
= 15048/975.693
= 15.42=16 days
For 90% removal of BOD, detention time required is
t = 1/k
k = deoxidation reaction rate of constant
assuming reaction rate k = 0.1/day at 20oC
= 10 days < 15.43 days
Hence design is safe
Assuming length of tank = 2*width of tank
Area = L*B
12540= 2*B*B
12540 = 2*B2
B2 = 12540/2
B = 79.18m
L = 2*B
= 2*79.18

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= 158.366m
Overall dimensions of oxidation pond = 158.366m*79.18*1.2m
Design of inlet pipe of oxidation pond
Assuming an average velocity of sewage as0.90m/s and daily flow for 8 hours
only.
Discharge = 975.693/(8*60*60) = 0.03387m3/second
Area of inlet pipe required A = Q/V
= 0.03387/0.9
= 0.0376m2
Diameter of inlet pipe is A = (3.14*d2)/4
0.0376 = (3.14*d2)/4
d2 = (0.0376*4)/3.14
d = 0.218m
Diameter of outlet pipe may be taken as 1.5 times the diameter of inlet pipe
D = 1.5*0.218
= 0.327m

VILLAGE PROJECT
INTRODUCTION:ma
The term village project is used to indicate the arrangement of various
components or units of a town in such a way that the village attains the
significance of living organisms. It also includes the ways and methods to be
adopted for the improvements of the existing village or for the extension of
village.
OBJECTS:
The amenities include cheap power and electricity, transport facility, convenience
in the form of various economical, social and recreational amenities.

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Beauty is achieved by taking the most possible advantages of natural conditions
of village.
METHODS ADOPTED TO COLLECT DATA:
The data and information of various survey are collected partly by field work and
analyzing the reports.
The maps and drawings may be prepared in convenient size and standard
scales, colors and symbols may be framed to have uniformity in the work.

Equipments required :

1). Dumpy level instrument 2) Tape

3) Ranging rod 4) Compus and leveling staff

Procedure :

1. Starting from the out skirt of the village the village plan is prepared using
the methods of plane tabling.
2. The centre line of the water mains sub-mains and laterals should also be
shown.

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