DEVOLUTION AND CONFLICT RESOLUTION IN MANDERA COUNTY

ABDIRAHMAN OMAR ALI

A RESEARCH PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF SECURITY, DIPLOMACY AND PEACE STUDIES

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF MASTER OF ARTS DEGREE IN

PEACE AND CONFLICT MANAGEMENT OF KENYATTA UNIVERSITY

MA 2020

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 DECLARATION
This research project is my original work and has not been presented for an award of a degree in

any other university.

Signature………………………….. Date………………………………………

Abdirahman Omar Ali

This research report has been presented for examination with my approval as Kenyatta

University supervisor.

Signature…………………………… Date……………………………

Name: Dr. Felistus Kinyanjui, PhD

Chairperson, Department of International Relations Conflict and Strategic Studies
School of Security, Diplomacy and Peace Studies
Kenyatta University

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 ABSTRACT
This study explored the continuing spectre of inter-clan conflict among the various Somali
communities living in Mandera County. It tried to look at how the devolved system of
government, introduced in 2010 and documented in the Constitution of Kenya (2010) can
provide a framework for resolving these conflicts. Towards this end the study specifically sought
to examine the various causes of inter-clan conflict in Mandera County, analyze the peace efforts
that have been applied to resolve inter-clan conflicts in Mandera County, and to assess how
devolution can help resolve inter-clan conflicts in Mandera County. The study was guided by
conflict theories and consociation Democracy model. Conflict theories are perspectives in
sociology that emphasize the social, political, or material inequality of a social group, that
critique the broad socio-political system, or that otherwise detract from structural functionalism.
consociation Democracy theory provides a power-sharing mechanism to avert or remediate inter-
group conflict and violence in plural societies. It is an ideal micro-level model that an individual
society engages in to promote peace. The emphasis of this theory is placed on two important
pillars of conflict management, which include education and socialization. The location of the
study will be Mandera County. The field study was carried out in Mandera County through
questionnaires and oral interviews with the elders from various clans and local leaders who
participated in the oral interviews. Among the local leaders were the area chiefs and teachers.
The participants were recruited using non-probability stratified quota sampling as well as
purposive sampling to obtain the desired target population. Data was analyzed quantitatively and
qualitatively and the results presented in tables and narrations. The study established that there
are more conflicts in Mandera County after devolution compared to before devolution. The study
also showed that the sensitization programmes were many but they did not impact positively
since they did not reach the targeted population of youths on time. It was revealed that Mandera
County employed various peace efforts to ensure sustainable peace. Among the efforts were to
involve women and youths in matters of conflict resolution in the county. The study concluded
that although there were conflicts after devolution than before there are more amicable ways of
resolving them. It also concluded that involvement of women and youths in matters of conflict
resolution in the county was a way that will ensure sustainable peace in the county.The study
recommended that the county needed to come up with measures to ensure that everybody was
well represented in the county so that they could feel as part of the county government. The
county government of Mandera needed to come up with a way that involved all the communities
on matters to do with tenders, job employment, development budgets as well as appointments to
various county positions.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS
DECLARATION.........................................................................................................ii

ABSTRACT................................................................................................................iii

LIST OF FIGURES..................................................................................................viii

LIST OF TABLES.....................................................................................................ix

ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS....................................................................x

OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS..........................................................xi

CHAPTER ONE..........................................................................................................1

INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................1

1.0 Introduction..............................................................................................................1

1.1 Background to the Study.........................................................................................1

1.2 Statement of the Problem.........................................................................................3

1.3 Purpose of the Study................................................................................................4

1.4 Objectives of the Study............................................................................................4

1.4.1 General Objective of the Study.......................................................................................4

1.4.2 Specific Objectives of the Study.....................................................................................4

1.5 Research Questions..................................................................................................4

1.6 Justification of the Study.........................................................................................4

1.7 Scope and Limitation of the Study..........................................................................4

1.8 Relationships in Reduction of victimization............................................................6

What is this? We have no information here...................................................................6

1.9 Conceptual Framework............................................................................................6

CHAPTER TWO.........................................................................................................7

LITERATURE REVIEW............................................................................................7

2.0 Introduction..............................................................................................................7

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2.1 Empirical Review....................................................................................................7

2.2 Causes of Conflict in Mandera County...................................................................8

2.3 Peace Efforts to Resolve Conflicts in Mandera.......................................................9

2.4 Resolving Inter-clan Conflict through Devolution................................................10

2.5 Theoretical Framework..........................................................................................11

2.5.1 Ethno-Plural Consociationalism for a Divided Society................................................11

2.5.2 Decentralization Theory and the Ethnography of Democratization..............................12

CHAPTER THREE...................................................................................................14

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY.............................................................................14

3.0 Introduction...........................................................................................................14

3.1 Research Design...................................................................................................14

3.2 Location of the Study.............................................................................................14

3.3 Study Population....................................................................................................14

3.4 Sampling Design and Sample Size........................................................................15

3.5 Data collection Instruments..................................................................................15

3.5.1 Interview guide...................................................................................................15

3.5.2 Questionnaire......................................................................................................15

3.6 Data Collection Procedures...................................................................................16

3.7 Data Analysis Procedures......................................................................................16

3.8 Ethical Considerations...........................................................................................16

CHAPTER FOUR.....................................................................................................17

RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS.....................................................17

4.1 Introduction............................................................................................................17

4.2 Response Rate........................................................................................................17

4.3 Demographic Information....................................................................................17

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 4.3.1 Gender of the Respondents............................................................................................17

4.3.2 Age of the Respondents.................................................................................................18

4.3.3 Level of Education of the Respondents.........................................................................18

4.3.4 The number of years stayed in Mandera County..........................................................19

4.4 Devolved Government and Inter-Clan Conflict....................................................19

4.6 Effect of Devolved Sensitization Programs on Inter-Clan Conflicts.....................24

4.7 Measures to Ensure Sustainable Peace..................................................................26

4.8 Diagnostic Tests....................................................................................................28

4.8.1 Test of Multicollinearity...................................................................................28

4.8.2 Test of Heteroscedasticity.................................................................................28

4.8.3 Test of Linearity................................................................................................28

4.8.4 Test of Normality...............................................................................................28

4.9 Inferential Statistics.............................................................................................29

4.9.1 Correlation Analysis.........................................................................................30

4.10 Regression Analysis............................................................................................31

4.10.1 Multiple Linear Regression for all variables................................................31

4.10.2 ANOVA............................................................................................................32

CHAPTER FIVE.......................................................................................................34

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS..............................34

5.1 Introduction..........................................................................................................34

5.2 Summary of the Findings.......................................................................................34

5.3 Conclusions of the study........................................................................................35

5.4 Recommendations for Policy Implications............................................................36

5.5 Areas for Further Research....................................................................................36

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REFERENCES..........................................................................................................37

APPENDIX A – QUESTIONNAIRE.......................................................................39

APPENDIX B - INTERVIEW GUIDE....................................................................41

APPENDIX C - WORK PLAN.................................................................................42

APPENDIX D - BUDGET.........................................................................................43

APPENDIX E- MAP OF MANDERA COUNTY...................................................44

APPENDIX F- RESEARCH AUTHORIZATION.................................................46

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 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1.1: Conceptual Framework...................................................................................10

Figure 4.2: Respondents Gender........................................................................................32

Figure 4. 3: Level of Educational......................................................................................34

Figure 4.4: Number of years stayed in Mandera County...................................................34

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 LIST OF TABLES

Table 4.1: Age of Respondents..........................................................................................33

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 ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

ICHR - International Council on Human Rights

ICRC - International Committee of the Red Cross

KNBS – Kenya National Bureau of Statistics

KOD – Kenya Open Data

KRCS - Kenya Red Cross Society

OCHA - Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs

OHCHR - United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights

UNDP – United Nations Development Program

UNHCR - United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees

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 OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS

Autonomous This is a situation where a region or a community has the freedom

of governance on itself and being in a position to manage and
control its affairs
Conflict A conflict is defined as some form of discord whereby the beliefs or
actions in a group or another are resisted or not accepted by one or
more members of a group
County This is referred to as a geographical area of a country that is used for
administrative or other purposes set out by modern nations.
Plural society This is defined as a society composing of different ethnic groups or
traditions that are reflected
Decentralization This is a situation where there is delegation of authority is done to
individuals or units in relation to assignment of responsibility and
accountability for results.
Deconcentration This is defined as a situation whereby central government
undertakes some of its responsibilities through regional or local
offices without transferring power or its responsibilities to the
county
Delegation This involves the transfer of authority to lower level so that
operational responsibility is carried out but ultimate responsibility
rests with higher authority
Devolution This is refers to the statutory granting of powers from the national
form of government to a system known as county government

Dual society This is defined as a condition where one an ethnic group accounts
for majority of the population that is over 80 per cent
Genocide This is referred to as an action that is intentional in destroying
people in whole or in part usually in terms of race, religion, ethnic or
nationality.

Federalism This are defined as devolved powers of the sub national authority
may be temporary and ultimately reside in central government, thus
the state remains unitary
Human rights This are defined as the moral principles or norms that describe
certain standards of human behaviour, and are regularly protected as
legal rights in municipal and international law.
Legislation This involves the exercise of the power and function of making rules
that have the force of authority by virtue of their promulgation by an
official organ of a state or other organization

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 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.0 Introduction

This chapter reviews the background of the study on the history of inter-clan conflicts in Mandera County. It also

gives the statement of the problem, purpose of the study, research objectives and research questions, justification

of the study, and the limitations of the study.

1.1 Background to the Study

Since time immemorial conflicts have been common phenomena in many regions of the world, especially in dry

lands, that are endowed with scare natural resources. According to Huho (2012) conflict is a manifest in structural

inequity and unequal distribution of power. It is a situation with at least two identifiable groups in conscious

opposition to each other as they pursue incompatible goals. Global environmental change coupled with population

increases has led to unprecedented demand for resources (Hassan, 2014). The consequences have been

competition over control of and access to the meager resources which in turn trigger conflicts. Climate related

environmental changes have been observed to be among the major causes of the conflicts (Mathew et al., 2009;

Meier et al., 2007; and Sterzel et al., 2012).

Across the globe conflicts among the communities are largely caused by competition over control of and access to

natural resources particularly water and pasture (Huho, 2012). Other causes of conflicts include historical rivalry,

deep-seated cultural values, land issues, political incitements, idleness amongst the youth and more recently

proliferation of illicit arms (USAID, 2005). However, Mathew et al. (2009) observes that exploitation of natural

resources and other related environmental stresses are crucial in all phases of the conflicts, from outbreak and

perpetuation of violence to undermining prospects for peace. They noted that at least 40% of the intrastate

conflicts in the last sixty years are associated with natural resources. In some parts of Sudan, for instance,

conflicts have intensified due to dwindling natural resources caused by severe droughts (United Nations

Development Programme Sudan, 2010).

Regionally, in Somalia and Sudan access to and control of valuable natural resources has been a critical factor in

occurrence of violence (Mazrui, 2008). The structure of natural resources in the regions is unevenly distributed

with pockets of abundant natural resources to regions where natural resource scarcity is common (Justino, 2008).

The use and control of resources motivated by greed and grievances related to inequitable distribution of land and

natural resources has been an underlying cause of armed conflict (Mulu, 2008).

In Kenya conflicts among neighboring communities have been witnessed. For instance, Mworia and Ndiku

(2012), note that the Turkana and Pokot have had sporadic conflicts. According to Mworia & Ndiku (2012), the

Turkana and Pokot conflicts arise out of scarcity and competition over pasture and water as well as border

disputes. The disputes are compounded by minimum routine interaction and communication between the two

communities (Government of Kenya, 2006). The conflict occurs in the context of weak or nonexistent structures

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and institutions for conflict prevention and response (Yamano and Deininge, 2005). Colonial experience in Kenya

has meant that land often forms the backdrop to a variety of conflicts (Mazrui, 2008).

Northern Kenya is characterized by harsh climatic conditions, unreliable and unpredictable weather patterns and

general remoteness. The populace is exposed to frequent natural disasters like droughts and floods. Other

problems include: frequent clan and cross-border conflicts; weak leadership and governance structures; and

inadequate social services and infrastructure. Being predominantly pastoralists, the resident Somali clans rely on

livestock production for their subsistence and economic needs. But there are those who derive their livelihood

mainly from agro-pastoralism along the Daua River. The vulnerability of their livelihoods emanates from

competition over pasture and water resources; more often triggering inter-clan and cross-border resource

deficiency related conflict between the Somali clans (Mworia & Ndiku, 2012).

From the political perspective, according to Okojie (2009), decentralization is a key strategy for promoting good

governance, interpreted as greater pluralism, accountability, transparency, citizen participation and development.

Since decentralization enhances the ability of citizens to monitor locally elected officials, there are possibilities of

improved transparency and reduction in corruption and an overall improvement in local governance.

Administratively, decentralization is an important process that results in decongestion of the central government

and reduces the workload to manageable proportions. Furthermore, resources accruing to local governments may

be so small that there is little for provision of public services. Evidence on the positive impact of decentralization

on accountability, efficient resource allocation and cost recovery is very thin (Bonfiglioli, 2003).

Devolution enhances the ability of citizens to monitor locally elected officials; there are possibilities of improved

transparency and reduction in corruption and an overall improvement in local governance and can be used as a

form peace among communities in conflict. Administratively, devolution is an important process that results in

decongestion of the central government and reduces the workload to manageable proportions. Since devolution is

the transfer of decision-making powers from the center to local institutions, it provides a better service delivery to

the people at the grassroots (Hufty, 2011). Devolution is the most important aspect in Kenya’s Constitution. It is

already decentralizing power and governance in the country. Devolution has increasingly been adopted as a

guarantee against discretionary use of power. It has also been touted as increasing efficiency in social service

provision by allowing for a closer match between public policies and the desires and needs of local

constituencies.

Devolution/decentralization can shift the geographical distribution of crime and affect areas with previously low

rates. In terms of crime control, it can also provide an opportunity for innovation, increased organizational

efficiency and adaptation of crime control measures to the local context and create healthy competition and

sharing of strategies. This is important given the cross cutting nature of crime from county to county (Teichman,

2005). The impact of decentralization on transnational terrorism is an important consideration. In an analysis of

109 countries from 1976 to 2000, it has been observed that fiscal decentralization can reduce transnational

terrorism. The reason for this is not evident, although it may be to do with increasing political stability or with

improving provision of public safety.

It was noted that political decentralization does not confer the same benefits. The money and capacity to act

seems to be the most important benefit ( Dreher & Fischer, 2011). Osaghae (2000) argues that integration of
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traditional approaches with modern negotiation and diplomacy strategy is feasible. In federal Ethiopia, the context

of decentralization and devolution of power to the regions provide ample opportunity for co-existence between

community justice and the formal government institutions that promote individual human rights. While customary

institutions help ease the burden of modern structures in dealing with conflict situations, the latter provide

frameworks for national and international norms in contemporary world (Pankhurst &Assefa, 2008). According to

Hagmann and Mulugeta (2008) a policy of co-option and partial incorporation of the customary authorities and

their procedures into modern institutional setups has been adopted by the successive governments of Ethiopia.

Devolution has made governments more responsible; facilitates participatory decision making; brings the

government closer to the governed; accommodates and manages social diversity; it is an anti-dote for

concentration of power and balances economic development in the whole of the country (Republic of Kenya,

2010).The devolved model ensures that, the government puts in place sound economic, political and social

policies for Kenya to achieve Vision 2030. The Vision 2030 strategy is specifically tooled to focus on reforms

and development in eight key sectors which are macroeconomic stability for long-term development, continuity in

governance reforms, enhanced equity and wealth creation opportunities for the poor, infrastructure, energy,

science, technology and innovation (STI), land reform, human resources development and security.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

Inter-clan conflicts have at best prevented people from developing their bountiful human and natural potential.

Communities in Northern Kenya have co-existed peacefully since their migrations and settlement. They have

traded, intermarried and shared many social festivals. However, the same communities have experienced

unending conflicts spanning two or more decades despite existence of institutions that ought to have solved the

conflicts. Almost everything in Mandera is organized along clan lines. The Garre comprise the majority in the

County and using their numerical strength, they have dominated Mandera West and Central Constituencies,

whereas the Beesha Murule’s control Mandera East and Lafey Constituency (UNDP Kenya). The Garre’s believe

that Mandera is their territory after having moved into the area and forcibly evicted the Borana’s in the 19 th

Century, pushing them to their present-day settlement in Moyale and part of Ethiopia. Politically, in the post-

independence period, the Garre’s held the sole Mandera parliamentary seat (UNDP Kenya, 2010).

Mandera County is dependent on land, pasture and water as the most strategic and contested of all the natural

resources. Use of these resources has been characterized by politics driven conflicts. The conflicts are so severe

that there have been new insights into future peace and security concerns. The failures of past peace efforts means

that appropriate solutions have not been found and that struggle to access and control land, water and pasture by

different communities living in Mandera will continue. These have been efforts of conflict management and

conflict prevention measures pursued by Government, the international community and other stakeholders which

have focused largely on the political dimensions of conflicts without looking at the successes or failures of peace

efforts initiated. Secondly, studies have looked at the ecological underpinnings and future implications of these

efforts.

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This research therefore sought to fill the knowledge gap and help policy makers to improve and respond with

appropriate interventions. The overall purpose of this study was to provide clarity and understanding of how

devolution can be used as a vehicle for peace and help policy makers to improve and respond with appropriate

interventions by unraveling the causes of inter-clan conflicts in Mandera and provide various economic and socio-

political discourses that can be used to bring about lasting peaceful coexistence of the different clans and

communities living in Mandera County.

1.3 Purpose of the Study

The purpose of the study was to assess inter-clan conflicts in Mandera County and provide an understanding on

how devolution could be used to provide economic and socio-political discourses that could be used to resolve the

inter-clan conflicts and facilitate lasting peace.

1.4 Objectives of the Study

1.4.1 General Objective of the Study

The general objective of the study was to assess inter-clan conflicts in Mandera County and provide an

understanding on how devolution could be used to provide solutions to resolve inter-clan conflicts and bring

about lasting peace.

1.4.2 Specific Objectives of the Study

The specific objectives of the study were:

i. To assess how devolved governance can help resolve inter-clan conflicts in Mandera County.

ii. To examine the effect of economic empowerment for the youth on inter-clan conflicts in Mandera County.

iii. To establish the effect of grass root empowerment programs on inter-clan conflicts in Mandera County.

1.5 Research Questions

i. How can devolution governance help resolve inter-clan conflicts in Mandera County?

ii. What is the effect of economic empowerment for the youth on inter-clan conflicts in Mandera County?

iii. How do grass root empowerment programs affect inter-clan conflicts in Mandera County?

1.6 Justification of the Study

The increasing population, poor pastoral practices, decreasing acreage of pasture, environmental degradation,

effects of conflicts in neighboring countries of Somalia and Ethiopia and declining food stocks are some of the

leading factors causing ethnic clashes over politics and resources in Mandera. These conflicts cause not only

casualties and refugees but contribute vastly to the spread of disease, malnutrition and starvation, social and

economic decline and moral deterioration. Land and other natural resource related conflicts have been evolving

and often coalescing into violent confrontations among clans and between communities living in Mandera. Peace

efforts have not been analyzed in a proper socio-economic, political and governance contexts that provide the

appropriate framework for conflict mapping, prevention and mitigation. Therefore, this study will use devolution

to resolve the inter-clan conflicts in Mandera County.

1.7 Scope and Limitation of the Study

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The study covered Mandera County. Mandera County is located in the North Eastern part of Kenya and it

occupies 25,999 square kilometers with a high population of 1,025,756 persons almost exclusively belonging to

the Somali ethnic community (KNBS, 2010). Mandera is located in an area prone to drought. As with the other

areas of the North Eastern region, Mandera is inhabited almost exclusively by ethnic Somali. The Somali

community in the county is however divided into 5 clans which are the Gurre, Murulle, Degodia, Marehan and

the “corner tribes” (UNDP Kenya, 2010). Although inter-clan conflicts are a common phenomenon in the North

Eastern region, this study only covers an assessment on inter-clan conflicts in Mandera County. This is because

against the complex historical, socio-economic and political background of the people living in Mandera County,

the demand for peace and security structures in order to achieve development is necessary and urgent. Although

the study covered Mandera County as the case study, the results were representative of a broad spectrum where

insecurity and conflicts are concerned.

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1.8 Relationships in Reduction of victimization

What is this? We have no information here

1.9 Conceptual Framework

Independent Variable Intervening Variable Dependent Variable

Devolved
Government System
Plural democracy,
Representation,
Inclusivity

Resource Distribution Cultural Resistance

Water, Grazing land, Social Amenities Social Cohesion, Less

Conflict

Grass-root Empowerment

Enhanced Civic Education

Increased Political Participation

Increased Economic Opportunities

Figure 1.1: Conceptual Framework

Source: Researcher (2018)

What are the intervening variables?

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 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0 Introduction

This chapter provided relevant literature in the area of study. It provides an extensive review of the literature and

research related to conflicts. The chapter was divided into sections that include the empirical literature and studies

related to conflict and devolution in Mandera County.

2.1 Empirical Review

Onyango (2014) arguing about Africa is of the opinion that devolution suggests that both state and local

governments have not performed well in public service delivery. Rather than centres of rural service delivery,

devolution has been used by ruling parties at federal and state levels to renew or consolidate their power and

influence at the local level. Although inadequate finance and insufficient tax power have been mentioned as major

constraints on county government performance some argue that corruption and lack of accountability and the

inability of rural people to hold their elected representatives accountable are the real issues.

Murithi (2016) argues that have been peace efforts pursued by Government, the international community and

other stakeholders but these have focused largely on the political dimensions but ignoring conflicts which revolve

around the struggle to access and control land, water and pasture by different communities living in Mandera. The

resulting effect is that the peace efforts have not been analyzed in a proper socio-economic, political and

governance contexts that provide the appropriate framework for conflict mapping, prevention and mitigation. The

only efforts frequently mentioned is Government’s response which has in most cases been reactive and

suppressive rather than proactive, which simply postpones the problem. According to the study above it clear that

the focus area was on political dimension while the main focus of the current study was on developed system of

government.

Hussein (2015) did an empirical research on inter-clan conflict between the Garre and murulle clans in Mandera

district in the period in between 2004-2009. The study revealed that, over the decades, the clans of Murulle and

Garre have migrated onto each other`s territory as well as other clan`s territories resulting in inter-clan conflicts

and displacement. Conflicts were common during dry spells or drought. As drought took effect, resources of

pasture and water dwindled and set in motion competition for these much needed resources. Often, the result was

conflict. Apart from drought the changing climatic patterns and the ecological stress being experienced around the

globe, a steady population increase among the pastoralists has been attributed to the diminishing pasture lands and

water catchments points. This study while addressing cases of violence among ethnic communities it did not

cover ways of solving such violence through the use of devolved forms of government. This is the knowledge gap

that the current study will seek to fill.

In her study, Pettersson (2014) conducted a research on intractability of conflict causes, drivers and dynamics of

the war in Somalia. This study aimed at filling a gap in the literature by pointing to some elements which have

previously been overlooked in existing research on the topic, especially the impact of the war economy on the

fuelling of the conflict. The conclusion was drawn that the war economy had the greatest impact on conflict in the

7
first rounds of the civil war, but with the transformation, re-escalation and re-intensification of the conflict that

has occurred over the last couple of years, the opportunities for benefiting from war and instability may again

have increased. Piracy stands out as a new, prominent pillar of the contemporary war economy. The war economy

of today continues to have an influence on the Somali conflict; it adds to its intractability, makes it increasingly

difficult to establish a legitimate and stable non-corrupt government, and generally sustains violence in the

country. None of the empirical studies or research has covered inter-clan conflicts in Northern Kenya and how

devolved system of government. This study attempts to establish ways of resolving inter-clan conflict through the

devolved system of government in Mandera County.

2.2 Causes of Conflict in Mandera County

Politics is largely cited as one of the major cause of conflict in Mandera County. Clan supremacy and chauvinism

plays a big role in any political relations in Mandera County. People who want political positions rallied their

clans against others. For instance in 1988 when Mandera Central constituency was curved out from the then

larger Mandera East constituency the Garre felt that part of their territory was being moved to the Murule side.

Although the creation of the new constituency was meant to bring some sought of balance by creating room for at

least one MP from the two clans, politicians rallied their people not to accept the new boundary at Alango, (Farer,

2016). The politicians fuelled the conflicts for their own benefits by making members of their clans to distinguish

themselves from others. The clan became central to the political environment in Mandera. This is because of the

belief that political, social and economic benefits are best dispensed by own clansmen/women. The clan

affiliation therefore became very instrumental fermenting clan violence in Mandera County during election years.

Study by Ayalneh and Korf (2014) on the causes of conflict between the Murule and the Garre in Mandera

County looked at specific factors in particular whether scarcity of resources was fuelling the conflict in Mandera

County. He established that the scarcity of resources contributed significantly to the conflict in northern Kenya in

particular Mandera County, (Farer, 2014). Clan affiliation resulted into the politics of exclusiveness, excessive

rivalry between clans as they struggled for their favorite’s sons to ascend into the national assembly and glory,

power, resources and belonging. The political clan affiliations explain the characteristics of violence in Mandera.

However, in the face of clan chauvinism, harmonious relationships are destroyed. Chauvinists ally themselves

with politicians who are seeking votes, and in an atmosphere of divide and rule and complete impunity, violence

produces strange relationships. Every election in the County generally reflects the characteristics of the clans in

the County. For instance, there are three Garre councilors; two are Murulle, one from the Degodia clan, and one

from the Corner ethnic groups in Mandera town, (Hersi, 2017).

There is intense competition for power between clans in Mandera. Apart from the council politics, the Kenyan

Member of Parliament has gained great power over the last decade. Their remunerations and allowances have

increased tremendously to rival the best-paid parliamentarians in the world. MPs control quite a number of so-

called decentralized funds at the constituency level, increasing their power of patronage. To gain or retain their

popularity, politicians take some populist stances, which may be unacceptable. Many promise to push out of their

constituencies opposing or rival clan. For instance, aspiring a candidate for the Mandera Central seat is reported

to have promised to expel Murulle from the constituency if elected. The Murulle people had a feeling that they

8
would struggle to regain control of all their historical territories. Such utterances frequently led to the clashes of

the two clans, (Haakonsen, 2014).

Due to such large numbers of livestock, the resources that support livestock, such as pasture and water are often at

the centre of conflict between the Garre and the Murule. Permanent water sources are rare and the amount of

water available from boreholes and springs is limited. During drought, there is overcrowding at the few

permanent water facilities, such as boreholes, whose engines tend to be overworked or clogged due to siltation,

leading to frequent breakdowns. Since running a borehole pump is very expensive due to high prices of fuel and

spare parts, the cost of maintaining borehole engines are passed on to the poor livestock owners who have to pay

Kshs. 5 when watering their animals. Keeping in mind that these people have large numbers of animals Kshs. 5

multiplied by the number of animals might run into thousands of money, which the locals find hard to raise,

(Kratli, & Swift, 2009).

The clan territoriality inhibits any meaningful economic cooperation with other clans. For example, it is very

unlikely that two clans living in any contiguous areas cooperate in digging water wells, protect environment or

jointly make security arrangement for the benefit of the respective communities. The social barriers between the

clans and chronic mutual animosity made them mistrust others by holding perceptions and prejudices about the

other clans. Mistrust and insecurity always marred inter-clan economic and trade transaction. Any time the Garre

and the Murulle had a pending case, not yet resolved, communication and transaction between the two

communities would become tense and insecure, until the case is settled. Trivial accidents and minor brawl could

lead to a major confrontation, which render economic and trade transaction may stalemate for as long as many

years, (Jessa 2011).

2.3 Peace Efforts to Resolve Conflicts in Mandera

The frequent violent conflict that erupted in Mandera County had a tremendous social and economic impact on

both the immediate and neighboring communities. The traditional titled elders of the Garre and Murule clan

family, the Malaqyo, and prominent religious and community leaders strived on several occasions to stop the

fighting and facilitate dialogue through peace initiatives. In common with other Somali pastoral and agricultural

communities, traditional conflicts developed in the area over use of water sources and boundaries of agricultural

and pasture land. However, the communities had established customary law “xeer” to regulate their interactions

and co-existence, which was the reference point for resolution of conflict. The specific xeer relating to the

community water catchments (war) is a well-established arrangement with a long history among the Garre and the

Murule.

The government fact-finding team made the following recommendations as a mechanism to solve the problem.

The elders in the peace delegation mission together with the local community and other peace stakeholders,

religious leaders members of provincials administration and internal security and Mandera mediation council,

after assessing the situation on the ground and also collected views of the local inhabitant of the affected areas

and made field visits to the burnt houses scene recommended the following as short term mitigation measures to

stop further escalation skirmishes. The second recommendation was that the fighting groups to observe in cease

fire by both sides this will be undertaken using the following methodology and measures such as the parties to

9
conflicts should reconcile with each other and come to the common goal of Peace Building Conflict preventions

and social reconciliation with each other for sustainable Peace to be achieved between two warring clans.

Thirdly, that both parties should preach peace to their followers and local people so those peace messages are

disseminated across border to everyone in the affected areas so that fruits of these peace agreement may bear

results. That no party should take any hurting action that are likely to reverse the gains made or perpetration

against the other in disobedience to the reconciliation and peace building and conflicts resolution effort by Peace

elders and that, there should be a peaceful cohesion coexistence and harmony among the Kenyan communities

living in Mandera. A committee that would be supervised and coordinated by the District Peace Committees and

members of the District Security Committee was formed to make a follow up on the following Peace resolutions

reached by parties to conflicts (UNDP, 2010).

People need to dialogue and willingly embrace each other and this was missing in the government policies in

security management and administrations. During the operation all armed clan militia crossed the porous Somali

border just to sneak back to cause more havoc shortly after the presence of security officers was scaled down. It

was just a game of ping-pong between the government forces and the clan bandits. This gap prompted the birth of

Women for Peace and Development Organisation in 2000 and since then the women have never turned back in

the realisation of lasting and amicable peace in Mandera County. In the analyses of the data collected on the

conflicts, the study found that women were the most vulnerable in all forms of conflict in the county. If it is not

rape, the woman was being widowed or losing a son as a result of the conflict (Hassan, 2013).

Underdevelopment experienced in the region can be traced to the incessant clan skirmishes that diverted a huge

chunk of the region’s budgetary allocations for development to security and in such a case the women were the

ones who bore the consequences. Many private investors shunned off investing in this region, particularly in

Mandera due to the disturbing reports of recurrent conflicts that they read about in the papers or watched on

television (Fatumaabbey, 2013). No serious investor could risk putting their money in a fluid security situation.

2.4 Resolving Inter-clan Conflict through Devolution

Devolution is often seen as desirable for its economic efficiency, responsiveness and improved equity, as centres

of decision making are closer to the people, and more representative of local needs, cutting out expensive and

unnecessary bureaucracy (Rodriguez-Pose & Gill, 2005) (Bogdanor, 2001). Devolution may also be a useful

context for experimentation, allowing local governments to innovate new responses to local issues (Kirkham,

2010). However, improved efficiency may not always result, capacity at the local level may be a problem (Ghai,

2007) and institutional burdens may increase (Rodriguez-Pose & Gill, 2005, Ghai 2007). Inequality is not always

addressed by devolution either, as some devolved authorities may have greater capacity, power and influence with

central government and be favoured at the expense of others (Rodriguez-Pose & Gill, 2005).

In the UK, the devolved regional government has been described as ‘uneven and faltering’ in its ability to address

income inequality, social exclusion (Morelli & Seaman, 2007). An important question is whether devolution

reinforces ethnic identities, fuels ethnic conflict and even the drive for secession. This might happen through

reinforcement of regionally based ethnic identities, producing legislation that discriminates against certain ethnic

or religious groups and providing resources to engage in ethnic conflict or secession. However, devolution has

10
also been noted to be a helpful strategy for reducing the demand for secession, by accommodating distinctly

different groups within a nation, that is, if there is mutual trust and equitable resource distribution (Guibernau,

2006). Indeed, Ghai (2007) has argued that in Kenya a sense of nationalism would be fostered rather than

weakened, due to the addressing of regional disparities. In a detailed statistical analysis of 30 democracies,

Brancati (2006) notes that decentralization is a useful tool for curbing ethnic conflict and secessionism in many

countries, but in those countries where it has not worked, it is often because it is undermined by regional parties,

which should be regulated.

Devolution, and which functions are devolved, is highly variable according to the socio-political context of a

country. In the UK, while policing has not been one of the functions devolved to Wales or Scotland (Rummery &

Greener, 2012), the devolution of policing was a central part of the 1998 Good Friday Agreement which devolved

power to Northern Ireland (Perry, 2011). This was because policing had been experienced as repressive by those

opposed to Westminster’s domination. In Pakistan, Musharraf’s 1999 ‘Devolution of Power Plan’ similarly

deconstructed the military state and devolved policing to District Mayors. However certain checks and balances

were designed to ensure that neither police nor mayors abused their power, including that the District Chief of

Police was answerable to his own hierarchy in certain functions.

Even if policing is not devolved, a variety of actors are involved in security provision at the local level and

devolution may alter their relationships and dynamics. In Indonesia, while policing was not devolved, a lack of

clarity over roles and responsibilities at the local level, weakened central control. The gap was filled by local

security groups and vigilantes who were controlled by local authorities, and crime in general rose (Kristiansen &

Tronjono, 2005). Further, local corruption can be worsened by devolution due to reduced vertical accountability

(where horizontal accountability is also lacking). The Indonesian context is similar to Kenya, in that the

devolution process took place at a time when crime was increasing due to economic crisis and high

unemployment, and ethnicity played an important part in conflict. Kenya also has a prominent private security

industry which is poorly controlled by the state (Mkutu & Sabala, 2007), a high number of gangs, some with

political linkages and a culture of mob violence and mob justice. Mkutu & Wandera (2013), note that where the

state control is weak, the Kenya Police Reservist is vulnerable to ‘recruitment’ by local elites and politicians for

their own interests.

2.5 Theoretical Framework

2.5.1 Ethno-Plural Consociationalism for a Divided Society

In plural societies, power sharing is often selected as a mechanism to avert or remediate inter-group conflict and

violence. Among the challenges facing power sharing orientation is the achievement of a popular majority, while,

at the same time, preserving groups’ cultural autonomy (Dodge, 2007; Lipjhart, 1969; Kapoor, 2002). Traditional

debate has entailed competing political propositions. Lessons from countries with fluid, interactive, and dynamic

cleavages that have relatively succeeded in institutionalizing political formulas to moderate divisions and

accommodate fast changing demography should be revealing. According to Norris (2008) the most important

factors in driving a strong democracy are both the political system (decentralization/ centralization) and whether

or not the constitutional design specifies the adoption of a federal or unitary state.

11
Many rapidly industrialized and urbanized states have also institutionalized successful integrative mechanisms

that helped preserve the dual interests of the citizenry and that of the emerging communities. For example, the

melting pot model rejects ethnicity-based power sharing and advocates assimilation toward nationhood (Dodge,

2007). The multi-cultural and neo-liberal theory models, on the other hand, have emphasized diversity and

stressed the importance of politically preserving ethnic, sectarian, religious, regional, and racial peculiarities and

identities (Lijphart, 1969; McGarry & O‘Leary, 2007). At least four important institutional arrangements can be

formulated along integrative consociation principles: bicameralism, duality of administrative local and national

governance, mixed electoral system, and cross-cutting electoral districting. A combination of centralized and

decentralized administrations has also helped achieve duality of interests between the national and local levels of

governance. Appropriate electoral mechanisms along corresponding electoral districts stimulate alliances and

cross-cutting cleavage formations. The establishment of bicameral representation along with a responsive

electoral system is one of the keys to integrative consociationalism.

The implementation of integrative consociationalism can be achieved through political reforms that

institutionalize secular ―self-determination alongside communal sectarian ―predetermination as a principled

guide. Consociationalism based on self-determination makes confessional group membership optional rather than

pre-determined (Hanf, 1981). Applying these recommendations within a diverse ethno-sectarian and divided

society requires resolutions that stress political inclusion of individual citizenry without undermining ethno-

sectarian communalism (Burkholder, 2006; Khalaf, 2001). The electoral implications of such a proposition

include the establishment of ethno-sectarian alongside non-ethno-sectarian elected offices.

2.5.2 Decentralization Theory and the Ethnography of Democratization

The decentralization theorem states that, in the presence of diverse preferences and needs, provision of services

from a decentralized government will lead to increased citizen welfare. This occurs because decentralized

government leads to information advantages and more flexibility in adapting to citizens’ needs and preferences,

as emphasized by Hayek (1945). The advocates or fiscal federalism theories argue that decentralization leads to

higher levels of political participation, accountability, administrative and fiscal efficiency. Although there is no

consensus on the good or vice of decentralization, both approaches assume an increase of sub-national officials’

power as the intervening variable between decentralization and either good or bad outcomes.

A sequential theory of decentralization is a set of policy reforms aimed at transferring responsibilities, resources

or authority from higher to lower levels of government. It has three main characteristics: it defines

decentralization as a process; it takes into account the territorial interests of bargaining actors; and by

incorporating policy feedback effects, it provides a dynamic account of institutional evolution. Analyzing all

countries, Gerring and Thacker (2008) and Gerring et al. (2005) conclude that a centralized authority, combined

with proportional representation will lead to better governance overall. Hence Consensus Democracy can now be

defined by executive power sharing and decentralization, while majoritarian democracy is characterized by strong

government and centralization of power. In this view, the combination of a proportional representation electoral

system and a centralized political system performs better on economic and democratic indicators than other types

of system.

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 CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.0 Introduction

This chapter presents the procedures that was used to conduct the study. The chapter focuses on research design,

location of the study, study population, sampling procedures, sample size, data collection instruments, data

collection and data analysis.

3.1 Research Design

This study adopted a descriptive research design. Mugenda and Mugenda (2003) defines descriptive research
design as an attempt to collect data from members of the public in order to determine the current status of that
population with respect to one or more variables. Descriptive research design is designed to obtain pertinent and
precise information concerning the status of phenomena and whenever possible to draw valid general conclusion
from the facts discovered. Descriptive survey attempts to describe characteristics of subjects or phenomena,
opinions, attitudes, preferences and perceptions of persons of interest to the study. Moreover, a descriptive survey
aims at obtaining information from a representative selection of the population and from that sample the study is
able to present the findings as being representative of the population as a whole (Mertens, 2014).

The field study was carried out in Mandera County through semi-structured questionnaires and oral interviews

with the elders from various clans and local leaders who participated in the oral interviews. Although the study

used both qualitative and quantitative research designs the study was highly qualitative. The qualitative design

helped the researcher to narrations of the problem under study. The method also helped in understanding of the

phenomena more broadly, to expand on issues and back up information that may have been difficult to convey

quantitatively.

3.2 Study Location

The study was conducted in Mandera County of Kenya (See Appendix E for map). The location was selected

because it is convenient to the researcher and the researcher wishes to investigate the main causes of the inter-clan

conflicts in this region from 2005 to 2015. The county has six (6) sub counties, namely; Mandera West, Mandera

South, Banissa, Mandera North, Mandera East and Lafey, which are further sub divided into 30 administrative

wards. Mandera as a county borders Somalia to the east, Ethiopia to the north, Wajir County to the south and

Marsabit County to the west. The researcher also happens to come from this area and has experienced some of the

bloody inter-clan conflicts that have taken place in this county.

The aim of the study was to examine how devolution could be used to resolve inter-clan conflicts in Mandera

County. Data on Mandera was collected and synthesized. The study begun with secondary data analyses taken

from different libraries and resource centres of different groups who once worked in Mandera and the

neighboring areas.

This was followed by a field study that was carried out in Mandera through questionnaires and oral interviews

with the elders from the different clans who were present during the conflict and peace process Local leaders also

participated in the questionnaire and oral interviews, among them the area chiefs and teachers as well. The

13
participants were selected using non-probability stratified quota sampling as well as purposive sampling to obtain

the desired target population.

3.3 Study Population

A population is a group of individuals, objects or items from which samples are taken for measurement. It is the

entire group or elements that have at least one thing in common (Kombo& Tromp, 2006). The study population

was all the people in Mandera County. However, not everybody was able to provide the information required to

form a basis for this study. The population of Mandera County as per the 2009 census stood at 1,025,756 people.

3.4 Sampling Design and Sample Size

A sample is a subset of the target population to which the researcher intends to generalize the results(Wiersma,

1986). According to Kothari (2004), the ideal sample should be large enough to serve as adequate presentation of

the population about which the researcher wishes to generalize and small enough to be selected economically in

terms of subject availability, expenses in both time and money and complexity of the data analysis. However,

majority of the population did not adequate knowledge of the root causes or reasons of the conflict. Therefore, the

researcher selected 10 participants (5 male and 5 female) purposively from the village elders in each sub county,

giving 60 the number of participants who were interviewed.

The researcher administered the questionnaire to 10 local teachers of Somali origin from each sub county, the six

(6) sub county administrators, making the number 66. To determine the sample size from each group, stratified

random sampling was used. The various strata used in the study were the sub counties within the county.

3.5 Data collection Instruments

The following research instruments were employed to facilitate collection of data:

3.5.1 Interview guide

Interviewing involves asking respondents a series of open-ended questions. These can generate both standardized

quantifiable data, and more in-depth qualitative data. However, the complexities of people and the complexities

of communication can create many opportunities for miscommunication and misinterpretation. In conducting

interviews therefore, the researcher needed to: question, prompt, and probe in ways that help in gathering rich

data, actively listen and make sense of what is being said and manage the overall process. The researcher also

adopted either in-depth interview which was structured for the purposes of capturing all the relevant topics. The

interview was carried out through a standardized interview schedules and all respondents were treated similarly in

approach. The structured interview was used to collect data relating to the stated objectives. The information

collected in this method was used for generalization, to capture variations and to give the desired statistics.

3.5.2 Questionnaire

The researcher used self-administered questionnaires. According to Kombo and Tromp (2006), a questionnaire is

a research instrument that gathers data over a large sample. This method is appropriate for the study as the

method can reach many people within a short time. The questionnaire also availed to the researcher an

14
opportunity to establish rapport, explain the purpose of the study and explain the meaning of items that may not

be clear. Through the use of questionnaires, the researcher was able to reach a wide geographic coverage. They

are also relatively cheap and avoid embarrassment on the part of the respondent since anonymity is observed.

Anonymity helps to produce more candid answers than it is possible in other methods. The questions was

structured (close-ended) or unstructured (open-ended). The structured questions had alternative answers given

whereas the unstructured questions sought individual opinions from the respondents. Due to the fact that

questionnaires guarantee privacy, more information is easily collected by use of this too.

3.6 Data Collection Procedures

The researcher employed the interview and questionnaire methods to collect data. The sub-counties in the county

were visited and the questionnaires administered to the respondents. The respondents were assured that strict

confidentiality was maintained in dealing with the responses. The completed questionnaires were collected at the

agreed time.

The use of both primary and secondary sources in this study could not avoided because issues are in relation to

space and time. Primary source was the first hand information. This was obtained from questionnaires and

interviews. This involved people affected by the clan conflicts. Secondary data includes both published and non-

published data. In this study, this included and not limited to reports from the Ministry of Interior, County

Commissioner’s office, local and international NGOs.

3.7 Data Analysis Procedures

The aim of data analysis is to determine any diversity in the findings obtained from the study. Data was coded

into meaningful categories so as to see any emerging patterns and determine any relationship or variations

between the results and the research objectives of the study. In order to analyze the data, the researcher also

included editing and data entry (Franklin, 2012). A computer statistical package, Statistical Package for Social

Sciences (SPSS) was used to facilitate the data analysis. After analysis, the data findings were presented using

descriptive statistics methods namely, percentages and frequencies. Tables, pie charts and bar graphs were also

used to present the results.

3.8 Ethical Considerations

In social research, ethical considerations such as anonymity, confidentiality and avoidance of deception are very

important issues. According to Mugenda and Mugenda (2003), confidentiality seems to be a matter of concern to

all the respondents. In order to avoid breaching confidentiality, the researcher did not disclose the names of the

specific respondents or directly attributed to specific responses to specific respondents.

During the investigation, the researcher observed appropriate behaviour in relation to the rights of individuals

who participated in the study. The researcher briefed the resource people about the research objectives and what

was involved in the study. At the data collection stage, the researcher gave an introductory brief on the purpose

of the research. All data collected was anonymous. The participants were also informed that the data which was

15
collected for the research could be open to the public for further research. The Kenyatta University code of

conduct and research ethics were followed.

16
 CHAPTER FOUR

RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS

4.1 Introduction

This chapter presented research findings and discussions on an assessment of inter-clan conflicts in Mandera

County and providing an understanding on how devolution could be used to provide solutions to resolve inter-

clan conflicts and bring about lasting peace. This chapter provided the research results using descriptive analysis

and content analysis on the study objectives as stated in chapter one.

4.2 Response Rate

The researcher sought information from 66 participants who were administered with the research questionnaires

out of which 51 responded by filling and returning the questionnaires for analysis representing 77..2% response

rate. This response rate is considered sufficient for purposes of further analysis according to Mugenda and

Mugenda (2008). Bryman and Bell (2014) contend that a response rate of at least 50% to a research instrument is

satisfactory to proceed with statistical analyses; a rate of 60% is good enough and 70% is excellent. As per these

recommended thresholds, the final response rate yielded by this study’s data collection exercise can thus be

termed as excellent for generalizability of the statistical findings

4.3 Demographic Information

Personal characteristics that were tested in this study were gender, age, level of education and number of years

one had stayed in Mandera County.

4.3.1 Gender of the Respondents

Owing to the fact that gender mainstreaming plays in the country and more especially among public sector

players this paper was interested in establishing the gender of the participants. The study findings are as

demonstrated in Figure 4.1.

Figure 4.2: Respondents Gender

Source: Researcher (2019)

As shown in Figure 4.2 the study results show that 34 of the respondents were male representing 67% while 17 of

those who participated representing 33% were female. The findings show that the third gender rule is applicable

17
in Mandera, hence the responses of the respondents could not be biased with respect to gender. Gender is an

important aspect in devolution and clanism in Mandera since although the county is patriarchal in nature, the

constitution (2010) has allowed for the two thirds gender rule which require that matters of the country be

handled by both genders.

4.3.2 Age of the Respondents

The study sought to establish the age of the respondents by carrying out an inquiry into the age of the

respondents. The study findings are as shown in Table 4.1.

Table 4.1: Age of Respondents

Age in Years Frequency Percentage

18-25 years 3 5.8
26-30 years 7 13.8
31-35 years 12 23.6
36-40 years 11 21.5
41-45 years 6 11.7
46-50 years 7 13.8
51-55 years 3 5.9
Over 55 years 2 3.9
Total 51 100.0

As shown in Table 4.1 the study results show that most of the respondents were in age category of 31-35 years

representing 23.6% followed by those in the age category of 26-30 years and 46-50 years representing 13.85

respectively. From the study findings we realize that most of the respondents were aged between 26-50 years

with a total of 46(90%). This means that the data collected was reliable since this is the age of independent

decision making in matters of devolved government and inter-clan conflict ( Mworia &Ndiku , 2012).

4.3.3 Level of Education of the Respondents

The study carried out an investigation on the level of education of the respondents who participated in this study.

The study findings are as shown in Figure 4.2.

Figure 4. 3: Level of Education

Source: Researcher (2021)

As shown in Figure 4.2 the study findings show that most of the respondents had secondary education

representing 63% while 24% of the respondents who participated in the study had university education. The study

results show that 75 of the respondents had primary education while the rest had other academic qualifications.

Murithi (2006) indicates that the implication of this study results is that the participants of the study were

literate, hence could understand and comprehend the purpose of the study and help in providing data with regards

to the role of devolution in civil conflict resolution of the inter-clan conflicts in Mandera County.

18
4.3.4 The number of years stayed in Mandera County
The study sought to find out from the respondents the number of years the respondents had stayed in Mandera

County. The study results are as shown in Figure 4.3.

Figure 4.4: Number of years stayed in Mandera County

As shown from the study findings in Figure 4.3 most of the participants in this study had stayed in Mandera

County for a period exceeding 20 years representing 45% followed by those who had stayed in Mandera County

for a period of 16-20 years representing 24%. The study results indicate that 15% of the respondents’ had stayed

in Mandera County for a period of 11-15 years whereas 10% of the respondents had stayed in Mandera County

for a period of 5-10 years. This means that the most of the study participants have stayed in Mandera County for a

long period of time, hence can offer information on the role of devolution in civil conflict resolution of the inter-

clan conflicts in Mandera County. According to Okojie (2009), The more one stays in a place the more he/she is

able to understand the dynamics of devolution and how they influence the stability of the area.

4.4 Devolved Government and Inter-Clan Conflict

The study in this research questions one sought to explain the role of devolved government in interclan conflict

resolution. The interviewer aimed at understanding inter-clan conflict in Mandera County prior and after

devolution. Most of the respondents indicated that conflict between clans in the County started a long time ago

during the colonial period. One woman respondent from the Garre clan said;

“Conflict between the different clans in Mandera started during the colonial period due to scarce resources in the
region. To date, inter-clan conflict still occurs, however, the justifications for the conflicts have increased to not
only inadequate resources but also competition for power (Female Respondent E)”.

The problem as one can see is that it has expanded to power dynamics such as access and control of the county

resources and especially the budget. The findings are similar to Mworia and Ndiku (2012) who established that

the vulnerability of livelihoods in Mandera County emanates from competition over pasture and water resources;

more often triggering inter-clan and cross-border resource deficiency related conflict between the Somali clans.

Another respondent from Mandera East said:

“Mandera County is divided on the lines of clans, with the Garre clan having the largest numbers followed by the
Murulle, Degodia and corner tribe clans. With this kind of arrangement you expect that the largest share of
devolution resources go to the major clans as the minority ones suffer. This is the cause of conflict in my opinion
( Male Respondent H).”

19
The above quote introduces the politics of majority and minority conflict in Mandera County. Nabudere (2008)

the major problem here is that the minority clans want recognition while the majority clans are hegemonic.

Further, responses from an FGD revealed an agreement that the common inter-clan conflicts in Mandera County

involved the Garre and the Murulle clans. The 21 respondents in the three FGDs revealed that the two clans

engage in conflict as they compete for power with each of the clan wanting their own leaders to be elected. The

Garre comprise the majority in the County and using their numerical strength, they have dominated Mandera

West and Central Constituencies, whereas the Murulle control Mandera East and Lafey Constituency (UNDP,

2010). In addition, Hussein (2012), found that, over the decades, the clans of Murulle and Garre have migrated

onto each other`s territory as well as other clan`s territories resulting in inter-clan conflicts and displacement.

The researcher enquired from the respondents to indicate their opinions in relation to devolution and inter-clan

conflict. Most of them (15) stated that devolution was an effective tool in ending inter-clan conflict in Mandera

County if implemented effectively to suit the needs of the communities in the County. The participants stated that

devolution results in responsible governance. A respondent from the Garre clan said, “responsible governance is

upheld since the leaders are elected by the citizens through free and fair elections. The leaders on the other hand

work hard to ensure peace in the region since the citizens hold them accountable for their actions and decisions”.

This is in agreement with the decentralization theory as explained by Hayek (1945) that decentralization leads to

higher levels of political participation, accountability, administrative and fiscal efficiency. UNDP, (2010)

advocates for the use of peace messages by political leaders in solving conflict between communities. This was

observed in the study where respondents from Degodia clan agreed that devolution promotes good political

governance. They explained that after the implementation of devolution the leaders in the region have become

more responsible with the messages they spread, this is because the community members monitor each and every

decision and action taken by the politicians.

In addition, youth participant from the Murulle clan said:

“The politicians in the county have become sensitive on the messages they communicate, some of the
politicians have started to spread peace messages and condemn conflict between the communities. You
know it is like the politicians have known that they are the ones that fuel most of the conflicts (Female
Respondent A).”

Participatory leadership is a key pillar of devolution. A participant from Mandera North explained that devolution

has encouraged more local community members to engage in leadership roles and hold their elected leaders

accountable. Brancati (2006) notes that decentralization is a useful tool for curbing ethnic conflict and

secessionism in many countries. 6 young interviewed respondents indicated that elections are a good avenue for

promoting participatory leadership, since the community members are given the chance to select the leaders they

want and hold them accountable. Moreover, an elderly female respondent from corner tribes said

“Devolution has made the leaders to be accessible to all members of the community. I am able to have
access to my county leaders and give them ideas on how they can promote peace within the clans in
Mandera County(Female respondent X) “

These findings aligned to the key role of devolution that devolution has made government more responsible;

facilitates participatory decision making; brings the government closer to the governed; accommodates and

20
manages social diversity; it is an anti-dote for concentration of power and balances economic development in the

whole of the country (Republic of Kenya, 2010).

On being interviewed, 5 respondents said that devolution resulted in transparency within the county, hence

facilitating trust and unity among local community members. One of the 5 respondents a member of the corner

tribe as a member of the minority clan in Mandera County said:

“Through devolution, the people living in the county are able to find out how much revenue is collected
and how much revenue is allocated and implemented in different sectors of the County( Male respondent
B).”

Further the interviewee added that Mandera County was not performing well in relation to revenue collection.

This concurred to a report by the County Government of Mandera (2018) which recorded that within the financial

year 2017/2018, the revenue collection of Mandera was estimated to reach 231 million, however only 61,561,395

was collected. A member of the Garre clan from Lafey sub-county stated that revenue allocation in the county has

become transparent after the implementation of devolution; the respondent added that the local residence in the

County are able to access and hold their leaders accountable on the implementation of proposed budgets hence

finding a common ground for all the clans to come together and work as a team. The findings are in support of the

County of Mandera annual budget that documents revenue allocation and proposed projects (County of Mandera,

2018).

Two respondents from Banissa sub-county indicated that the fair distribution of funds from the national

government to the County government also plays a critical role in peace resolution. The two respondents one

from Garre clan and the other from Murulle clan explained that devolution ensures that the County government is

funded to undertake projects that develop and grow each County in Kenya. The interviewees stated that the funds

allocated in Mandera can help in creating more job opportunities for the people, hence reducing conflict.

Moreover, a respondent who is a resident from Mandera West said :

“Devolution recognizes the right of all individuals as equal, as such the appropriate allocation of funds in
the county also acknowledges equality among the clan members in Mandera(Male respondent R).”

According to the County government of Mandera (2018) for the financial year 2017/2018 Mandera County was

allocated 9,663,203,837 to implement its projects among which included creating jobs for the youth and women

in the County.

Most respondents(16) revealed that devolution gives the County government leaders the power to oversee all the

activities in the County. A respondent from Banissa revealed that having county leaders working in close

proximity with the public gives them insight to understand the types and causes of conflict affecting the people of

Mandera. The participant went further and said:

“The county leaders are in a better position to implement policies that ensure fair distribution of resources
in Mandera and advocate for peace efforts between the four prominent clans in Mandera( Respondent A).”

The results align with the definition of decentralization by Yamano and Deininge (2005) that decentralization is a

process; it takes into account the territorial interests of bargaining actors; and by incorporating policy feedback

effects, it provides a dynamic account of institutional evolution.

21
In an FGD Seven(7) female interviewees interviewed explained that they were happy with devolution since it

recognizes the female gender. The women stated that devolution recognizes the woman an important aspect of

society and encourages the involvement of women in decision making including in peace operations. In this way,

a lady from the Degodia clan said:

“Women in Mandera County are given the opportunity to actively promote peace unlike in the past, hence
reducing conflict in the County. It is important to have women on the peace building table. You know
women are more interested in the process than in the results. The reason here is that women are usually
out to build relationships for future (Female Respondent X)”

Further a participant from Mandera South explained that in the past, communities in Mandera never considered

women to be able to participate on peace efforts however with devolution and changes in the constitution more

and more women are given roles to play with it comes to peace efforts and reduction of inter-clan conflicts. Hasan

(2014) established that women involvement in peace was recognized by the Women for Peace and Development

Organization in 2000 and since then the women have never turned back in the realization of lasting and amicable

peace in Mandera County.

4.5 Economic Empowerment for the Youth on Inter-Clan Conflicts

In this research question on economic empowerment for the youth on inter-clan conflicts, the researcher aimed to

assess the influence economic empowerment for the youth on inter-clan conflict in Mandera County. Five(5)

interviewees from Mandera North revealed that economic empowerment for the youth is a big step in reducing

the level of inter-clan conflict in Mandera. One of the respondents from Mandera North explained that the high

rates of unemployment in Kenya and in particular in Mandera has resulted in majority of the youths being used by

politicians to instigate conflict. The participant went further and said;

“Empowering a young person economically, elevates his/her way of thinking and behaving; it can be the
solution that the whole Mandera has been waiting to eradicate inter-clan conflict.”

The quote above aligns to a report by USAID (2005) that found that idleness amongst the youth was a core cause

of conflict between communities. Hence, by empowering young people, they find something to do which

occupies their time and makes them more fruitful in the society.

One of the respondent from the Garre clan who was a youth indicated that the County has helped the youths

through the Youth Enterprise Development Fund. The respondent revealed that he and his friends had benefitted

from the youth fund in opening a barber shop in Mandera South. Moreover Five (5) young people from Lafey

stated that the County government of Mandera County had attempted to provide finances to the youths the Youth

fund as a way of supporting the entrepreneurial potential of the young people in the County. The Five (5)

respondents from Lafey also explained that through the financial support from the County government, the

beneficiaries of the Youth fund had stopped taking active part in inter-clan conflict. This is in correlation to the

annual budget of Madnera County which allocates some finances for the youth on an annual basis (County

government of Mandera budget, 2018).

Contrary, seven (7) of the respondents from Banissa, Mandera East and Mandera South, explained that majority

of the youths do not benefit from the Youth Enterprise Development Fund. These respondents stated that very

22
few young people had benefited from the youth fund. One of the interviewed respondents from the Murule clan

said:

“I have never heard of any young person who had benefited from the youth fund from my clan. They keep
talking about the youth fund but we don’t get to benefit from it. Where does the money go? Who are these
youths that are benefiting from this fund?( Youth Respondent G).”

Another seven(7) respondents from Mandera West explained that the lack of economic support for the youths in

their sub-County has resulted in many young people indulging in inter-clan conflict since they were idle and

unemployed. Kristiansen & Tronjono, 2005 local corruption can be worsened by devolution due to reduced

vertical accountability (where horizontal accountability is also lacking). The Indonesian context is similar to

Kenya, in that the devolution process took place at a time when crime was increasing due to economic crisis and

high unemployment, and ethnicity played an important part in conflict.

Most participants (25) agreed that education in Mandera County was promoted promoted as a result of devolution

goes a long way in reducing conflict in Mandera County. They explained that educating young people in the

county on conflict and its mitigation helps in resolving conflict in the region. One of the respondents explained

that the youth involvement in various training and seminars occupies the time of the young people, hence no time

for them to engage in inter-clan conflict. In addition, the participants explained that the promotion of education of

both boys and girls in the County also enlightens the community members to implement peaceful measures means

of mitigating conflict. Further, three participants from the Garre Clan mentioned that devolution advocates for the

construction of industries where the youth in the region can be employed. The respondents explained that the

construction of the industries not only adds to the economic activities in the County but also ensures that the

young people have something to do other than engaging in conflict. Devolution in Kenya supports the need to

educate all young people. This is clearly illustrated in the national and county level annual budget which allocate

finances for education (County government of Mandera budget, 2018)

Seven (7) interviewees in an FGD revealed that including youth in peace negotiations and peace building is an

effective measure that can be implemented in Mandera to attain long-term peace between clans in the County.

The participants explained that the youth ought to not only be educated but also be actively involved in taking

action and making the decisions pertaining to peace operations in the County. One elderly respondents said:

“The youth have to be included in peace efforts between the clans in Mandera so as to eradicate conflict in
the county. You know it is the youths who fight and so they must be involved when I comes to resolving
conflicts( Male respondent T).”

These findings support a recommendation by the USAID (2005) that involving the youth would ensure that they

are no longer idle hence do not have time to engage in conflict.

A good number of respondents(11) interviewed explained that though the ministry of youth, gender and social

service, the young people together with the women and persons with disabilities were supported economically in

Mandera. The participants recollected how the youths who had proposed to the County government that they

needed resources to start small businesses received sewing machines, and saloon equipment courtesy of the

County government of Mandera. The interviewee interviewed one of the ladies who had received a sewing

machine who said:

23
 “The sewing machine has helped me as a young person to earn a living. before I got the sewing machine, I
used to seat around with friends inciting each other to indulge in violence as a way of earning some money
and property while at the same time keeping busy. However, with this sewing machine, I am able to make
a difference in the community one piece of clothing at a time(Young Female respondent H).”

In Mandera, financial support is often provided by the government and the political leaders. This is because, as

explained by Fatuma abbey, (2013), many private investors shunned off investing in Mandera due to the

disturbing reports of recurrent conflicts that they read about in the papers or watched on television.

4.6 Effect of Devolved Sensitization Programs on Inter-Clan Conflicts

The researcher aimed at determining the influence of devolved sensitization on inert-clan conflict in Mandera. 31

participants agreed that education promoted as a result of devolution sensitization goes a long way in reducing

conflict in Mandera County. 3 participants from corner tribe clan explained that using education to sensitize

people on devolution resulted in unifying the people of Mandera County irrespective of clan. Further, a

participant from Mandera North said:

“During the sensitization of devolution, different clan members came together in support of devolution,
however since the sensitization programs were not held for after the sensitization programs the community
members returned to their old behaviours of conflicting with each other(Respondent Z).”

The finding is in support of the aim of devolution as posited by the Kenya Constitution (2010), devolution has

made government more responsible; facilitates participatory decision making; brings the government closer to the

governed; accommodates and manages social diversity; it is an anti-dote for concentration of power and balances

economic development in the whole of the country.

Nine (9) participants explained that the devolved sensitization programs had been successful to a small extent.

However, a respondent from Lafey said:

Finding lasting positive outcomes of the devolved sensitization programs there must be commitment from

all the actors of this conflict which includes civil society, the government, local communities or the

clans( Respondent C).

Most of the participants(14) argued that the government will need to demonstrate more commitment in addressing

the underlying causes of the conflict in Mandera County for the devolved sensitization programs to be fully

successful. Murithi (2006) argues that a devolved sensitization program requires the Government, the

international community and other stakeholders to come together with a common goal to ensure its success.

The study revealed that the devolution sensitization programs resulted in more inter-clan conflict. In an

interview, a respondents explained that the devolved sensitization programs did not account for the socio-

economic, political and governance leading to greater division among the clans. A participant from Mandera East

said:

“Due to the lack of balance on the social, economic, and political aspects of conflict in the County, the
devolved sensitization programs brought about division of the Garre and Murulle clans(Respondent G).”
A participant from the corner tribe clan explained that the devolved sensitization programs concentrated more on

politics and resources conflict only and did not focus on the social aspect of unifying the clans in Mandera.

Further interviews showed that the devolved sensitization programs in the region were noble however they have

24
not been inclusive enough to accommodate all the core aspects of the community members in Mandera, hence

their failure in unifying the people of Mandera. This is in accordance to findings by Murithi (2006) that

sensitization programs fail since the Government, the international community and other stakeholders focus

largely on the political dimensions of conflicts without looking at other social and economic aspects of conflict,

thus resulting in the failure of such sensitization programs.

Interviewees from Murulle clan noted that the devolved sensitization programs did not advocate for innovative

security structures. The participants indicated that the devolved sensitization programs introduced in the region

were not innovative to attract the attention of people to take part in the programmes. A young interviewed

respondent from Banissa said that in Mandera County, the young population is large, as such any efforts to

educate people of devolution, would need some sought of innovation or creativity in order to attract the focus and

attention of the young people.

The study further showed that after the implementation of the devolved sensitization programs no proper

evaluation of peace efforts is done. A participant from the Garre clan said:

”Due to the lack of monitoring after the implementation of the devolved sensitization programs majority
of the community member fell back into their old habits of conflicting with other community
members( Male respondent I)”

Devolution can shift the geographical distribution of crime and affect areas with previously low rates. In terms of

crime control, it can also provide an opportunity for innovation and adaptation of crime control measures to the

local context and create healthy competition and sharing of strategies; this is only applicable when the process is

monitored to the end (Teichman, 2005).

Data from Mandera South, Mandera East, and Banissa revealed that the devolved sensitization programs

resulted in young people feeling left out in contributing to the community. One young participant from the Garre

clan said:

“The programs were conducted by outsiders, people who were not from Mandera County, as such lack a
clear understanding of conflict in the region. This made me as a young person feel ignored within the
society; this is because, the government could have given the young people the opportunity to actively
participate in the programs(Young Male respondent L).”

This is on the fact that USAID (2005) found that idleness amongst the youth was a core cause of conflict between

communities. Hence, creating employment from people outside Mandera County to come and sensitize the people

of Mandera on devolution was not embraced by the young people in Mandera. The constitution of Kenya (2010)

explains that youth empowerment and development is critical for development of each county.

Participants from Mandera South and Lafey sub-counties stated that the devolved sensitization programs failed to

grab the full attention of all of the community members in Mandera County. The respondents explained that the

programs were not well adapted to the context in which they operate. A lady interviewed from the Murulle clan

said:

“Although the devolved sensitization programs were implemented in Mandera County, they were not fully and

effectively adopted to operate within the environment of the region. This was because the implementers of the

25
peace efforts had a sketchy understanding of a conflict which worsens tensions and fuels the conflicts they seek to

mitigate.”

Most participants(31) from Garee and Degodia clans explained that the lack of understanding of not only the

conflict between the clans in Mandera but also the way of life and existence in Mandera County hindered the

efforts of the devolved sensitization programs from being fully embraced by the community members. The

findings contradicted with Kirkham (2010) who was of the opinion that devolution allows local governments to

innovate new responses to local issues such as inter-clan conflict. However, this has not been the case for the

people of Mandera County.

A good number of participants(13) from Mandera West explained that the lack of effective local conflict social

reconciliation processes, low trust levels between the stakeholders, local population and the security agencies,

implementation of peace agreements and political dialogue challenges during the devolved sensitization programs

intensified the inter-clan conflicts, since the people of Mandera felt like their leaders did not understand them.

Results from this study are in tandem with the findings of Obwona (2000) who was of the opinion that devolution

suggests that both state and local governments have not performed well in public service delivery.

Rather than centres of rural service delivery, devolution has been used by ruling parties at federal and state levels

to renew or consolidate their power and influence at the local level. Although inadequate finance and insufficient

tax power have been mentioned as major constraints on county government performance some argue that

corruption and lack of accountability and the inability of rural people to hold their elected representatives

accountable are the real issues.

4.7 Measures to Ensure Sustainable Peace

The study revealed that there were several peace efforts in Mandera County by the various clans. The researcher

asked the participants to indicate the measures that would prevent the breaking-out and escalation of inter-clan

conflict through devolution in Mandera County. Majority of respondents from the Garre, Murulle, Degodia and

corner tribe clans agreed that information gathering and monitoring was the first measure that could be used in

preventing conflict and implementing sustainable peace operations. The participants indicated that by gathering

information about the conflict, an understanding of inter-clan conflict in Mandera County is established. A

participant from Mandera West added that, monitoring the actions taken by the community members by the

leaders of each sub-County helps in tracking the development hence a way of ensuring sustainable peace

operations.

Participants from Mandera West and from Mandera North added that strengthening the capacities, institutions

and norms necessary for conflict management is a measure that would promote peace among the clans in

Mandera County. Further a participant from Lafey said:

“Development work should be complemented by activities that focus specifically on removing the causes
and drivers of conflicts through the proper and effective implementation of the budget of the
County(Respondent K).”

The finding supports the aim of a county budget that is effectively implemented to ensure County development

and lower the conflict within the County (County government of Mandera, 2018).

26
Most of the of the interviewed respondents(20) from Garre and Corner tribe clans also indicated that engaging in

traditional development activities such as health and education is an effective measure in ensuring sustainable

peace operations. The 20 participants added that engaging the community members in education and training

enlightens the clans on the need for peace hence in conflict resolution. Osaghae (2000) argued that integration of

traditional approaches with modern negotiation and diplomacy strategy through education and training can help in

resolving conflict. In addition, 7 respondents added that proper planning and resource management helps in

ensuring peaceful coexistence between the clans in Mandera County. Devolution has also been noted to be a

helpful strategy for reducing the demand for secession, by accommodating distinctly different groups within a

nation, that is, if there is mutual trust and equitable resource distribution (Guibernau, 2006).

Seventeen (17) interviewed participants explained that the involvement of local community members and in

particular women and young people in measures of resolving conflict was crucial in establishing peace between

the Garre, Murulle, Degodia and Corner tribe clans in Mandera. One participant from Mandera East said:

“The participation of women in peace efforts are currently encouraged by the County government of
Mandera. This is after they have noticed that they cannot achieve sustainable peace without women.
(Respondent F).”

This was in support of findings by Hasan (2014) who established that women involvement in peace was

recognized by the Women for Peace and Development Organization in 2000 and since then the women have

never turned back in the realization of lasting and amicable peace in Mandera County.

Respondents from Mandera South also indicated that an active participation by the governor of Mandera County

and other technocrats can reduce the level of inter-clan conflict in the County. A participant from the corner tribe

clan explained that the governor and the technocrats in Mandera County need to come up with ways to ensure that

there is sustainable development in the region through initiating development projects for Mandera people more

especially the youth who are idle and participate most in inter-clan conflicts, they need to make personal

commitment against violence, form local peace groups, strengthen partnership between residents, police and local

administrators and instituting community by-laws and other policies that foster peace and justice. Moreover, 2

young participants from the Garre clan revealed that the governor and the technocrats in Mandera County need to

continuously evaluate peace-building efforts to ensure that they are effective and sustained, setting clear and

measurable objectives to pave the easy for progress that can easily be transparently monitored. Mworia and Ndiku

(2012) identified that weak leadership and governance structures is a key cause of conflict among communities,

hence leaders need to have effective structures and come together in order to reduce the rate of conflict in

Mandera County.

In conclusion from the three research questions the study established that there are more conflicts in Mandera

County after devolution compared to before devolution. The study also showed that the sensitization programmes

were many but they did not impact positively since they did not reach the targeted population of youths on time. It

was revealed that Mandera County employed various peace efforts to ensure sustainable peace. Among the efforts

were to involve women and youths in matters of conflict resolution in the county.

27
4.8 Diagnostic Tests

4.8.1 Test of Multicollinearity

Multicollinearity is a measurable marvel in which at least two indicator variables in a different relapse model are
profoundly connected, the bothersome circumstance where the relationships among the autonomous factors are
solid. A lot of factors are impeccably 103 multicollinear if there exists at least one accurate direct relationship
among a portion of the factors. Resistance of the variable and the VIF esteem were utilized where esteems more
than 0.2 for resilience and qualities under 10 for VIF implies that there is no multicollinearity. For numerous
relapses to be pertinent there ought not be solid relationship among factors. Insights used to quantify
multicollinearity incorporate resilience and fluctuation swelling factor. From the discoveries, the factors had a
resilience esteems >0.2 and VIF values <10 as appeared in table 4.8.1 show that there is no multicollinearity
among the autonomous factors.

Table 4.8.1: Multicollinearity test for Tolerance and VIF

Study Variable Collinearity Statistics

Tolerance VIF

Devolved Governance System 0.621 1.612

Resource Distribution 0.530 1.887

Grassroots Empowerment 0.568 1.759
Cultural Resistance 0.548 1.826
Conflict Resolution 0.542 1.846

4.8.2 Test of Heteroscedasticity

The error process may be homoscedastic within cross-sectional units, but its variance may differ across units: a
condition known as group wise heteroscedasticity. The best command calculates Breuch Pagan for group wise
heteroscedasticity in the residuals. The null hypothesis specifies that σ2i =σ2 for i =1...Ng, where Ng is the
number of cross-sectional units..

4.8.3 Test of Linearity

Linearity assumes a straight-line relationship between the predictor variables and the criterion variable. This was
assessed by examination of a scatter plot of all the independent variables against the dependent variable to
measure if there is a straight-line relationship. All the independent variables depicted a straight-line relationship
with the dependent variable.

4.8.4 Test of Normality

Test of normality determines if the data is well modeled and normally distributed (linear). It is used to measure
how far data deviates from the Gaussian by looking at the graph and seeing if the distribution deviated grossly
from a bell-shaped normal distribution. It is a determination of the likelihood of a random variable of being
normally distributed. It is an assessment of the normality of data in statistical tests. Avioli (2012) showed that the
descriptive, normality, and verification tests can be assessed with the normal distribution. Singh and Masuku,
2014 states that if these tests are non-normality, then the data either have outliers, multiple modes, incorrect
measuring tools, incorrect distributions, zero/infinite limits, or scanty collections. In order to fit a linear model,
the dependent variable has to be normally distributed.

28
4.9 Inferential Statistics
Inferential statistics was used to make inferences from the data to more general conditions. With inferential

statistics, we try to reach conclusions that extend beyond our immediate data alone. For instance, we use

inferential statistics to try to infer from the sample data what the population might think. Hypothesis testing

(using P-values) and point estimation (using confidence intervals) are two concepts of inferential statistics

that help in making inference about population from samples. The reason for calculating an inferential

statistic is to get a p= value (p = probability). The p value is the probability that the samples are from the

same population with regard to the dependent variable (outcome). (Creswell, 2010)

Hypothesis testing is a method of inferential statistics. There are seven steps in hypothesis testing. First, step

is where the null hypothesis is stated (H 01), second step is where the alternate hypothesis is stated (H a1), third

step is where the level of significant is selected, fourth step is to select statistical test, fifth determine table

value, sixth determine calculated value, seventh make a comparison and finally make a decision where you

reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis. (Kothari, 2012).

The main reason of tests of significance is to calculate the probability that an observed outcome has merely

happened by chance. This probability is known as the P-value. The p value determines whether or not we

reject the null hypothesis. We use it to estimate whether or not we think the null hypothesis is true. The p

value provides an estimate of how often we would get the obtained result by chance, if in fact the null

hypothesis were true. If the P-value is small (P<0.05), then null hypothesis can be rejected and we can assert

that findings are ‘statistically significant’. (Creswell, 2010).

Rejecting the null hypothesis means that the findings are unlikely to have arisen by chance and rejecting the

idea that there is no difference between the two treatments. When P<0.05, the degree of difference or

association being tested would occur by chance only five times out of a hundred. When P<0.01, the

difference or association being observed would occur by chance only once in a hundred.

Confidence interval (CI) is defined as ‘a range of values for a variable of interest constructed so that this

range has a specified probability of including the true value of the variable. The specified probability is

called the confidence level, and the end points of the confidence interval are called the ‘confidence limits. By

convention, the confidence level is usually set at 95%. The 95% CI is defined as “a range of values for a

variable of interest constructed so that this range has a 95% probability of including the true value of the

variable”. In simple words, it means that we can be 95% sure that truth is somewhere between 95%

confidence interval. Because we are only 95% confident, there is a 5% probability that we might be wrong

i.e. 5% probability that the true value might lie either below or above the two confidence limits.

Thus, the 95% CI corresponds to hypothesis testing with P<0.05. Hypothesis testing produces a decision

about any observed difference: either that the difference is ‘statistically significant’ or that it is ‘statistically

insignificant,’ whereas confidence interval gives an idea about the range of the observed effect size.

29
Therefore, Inferential statistics help assess strength of the relationship between your independent (causal)

variables, and you dependent (effect) variables.

4.9.1 Correlation Analysis

The results of correlation analysis are as shown in Table 4.9.1. The findings indicated that there was strong

positive and significant relationship between devolved governance system on conflict resolution in Mandera

County, Kenya. With a Pearson correlation coefficient r=0.684, p-value <0.05 which was significant at 0.05 level

of significance. This implies that improved devolved governance system results in increase of conflict

resolution in Mandera County, Kenya. There was strong positive and significant relationship between Resource

distribution and conflict resolution in Mandera County, Kenya. With a Pearson correlation coefficient r=0.485,

p-value <0.01 which was significant at 0.01 level of significance. This implies that increased Resource

distribution results in increase of conflict resolution in Mandera County, Kenya.

There was strong positive and significant relationship between Grassroots Empowerment and conflict resolution

in Mandera County, Kenya . With a Pearson correlation coefficient r=0.891, p-value <0.05 which was significant at

0.05 level of significance. This indicates that improved Grassroots Empowerment results in improved conflict

resolution in Mandera County, Kenya. There was strong positive and significant relationship between cultural

resistance and conflict resolution in Mandera County, Kenya. With a Pearson correlation coefficient r=0.569, p-

value <0.05 which was significant at 0.05 level of significance. This implies that decrease in cultural resistance results

to improved conflict resolution in Mandera County, Kenya.

Table 4.9.1 : Correlation Matrix

CR DGS RD GE CulR
             

Pearson
1
CR Correlation

Sig. (2-tailed) 0
Pearson *
DGS .684 1
Correlation

Sig. (2-tailed) 0.036

Pearson
.485** 0.023 1
RD Correlation

Sig. (2-tailed) 0 0.805

Pearson **
.891** .516 0.143 1
GE Correlation

Sig. (2-tailed) 0 0 0.123

Pearson ** * *
.569* .297 .197 .189 1
CulR Correlation

Sig. (2-tailed) 0.009 0.001 0.033 0.041

             

**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).

Conflict Resolution is CR; Devolved Governance System is DGS; Resource Distribution is RD; Grassroots Empowerment

is GE and Cultural Resistance is CulR.

30
4.10 Regression Analysis
Regression analysis is a set of statistical processes for estimating the relationships between a dependent

variable (often called the 'outcome variable') and one or more independent variables (often called 'predictors',

'covariates', or 'features'). The most common form of regression analysis is linear regression, in which a researcher

finds the line (or a more complex linear combination) that most closely fits the data according to a specific

mathematical criterion. The study sought to determine devolved government’s role in civil conflict resolution: a

study of the inter-clan fighting in Mandera county in, Kenya being the dependent variable and ; Devolved

Governance System, Resource Distribution, Grassroots Empowerment and Cultural Resistance being the independent

variables

4.10.1 Multiple Linear Regression for all variables

Table 4.10.1: ANOVA Table

Model Sum of df Mean F Sig. R-

Squares Square Squared

Regression 26.481 5 5.296 2.04 .004 0.144

1 Residual 158.217 61 2.593

Total 184.698 66

a. Dependent Variable: CR

b. Predictors: (Constant), DGS,RD, GE and CulR

The ANOVA test is used to determine whether the model is important in predicting the civil conflict resolution: a
study of the inter-clan fighting in Mandera county Kenya. At 0.05 level of significance the ANOVA test indicated
that in this model the independent variables namely; Devolved Governance System, Resource Distribution, Grassroots
Empowerment and Cultural Resistance were predictors of civil conflict resolution: a study of the inter-clan
fighting in Mandera county, Kenya as indicated by significance value=0.005 which is less than 0.05 level of
significance (p=0.001<0.05).

Table 4.10.2: Model coefficients

Model Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized Coefficients t Sig.

B Std. Error Beta

           

(Constant) 3.239 0.886 3.657 0

Devolved Governance
0.279 0.124 0.248 2.258 0.026
System

Resource Distribution 0.911 0.36 0.463 2.534 0.013

Grassroots
0.826 0.365 0.433 2.265 0.025
Empowerment

Cultural Resistance 0.199 0.133 0.14 1.494 0.038

           

31
From the findings in table 4.10.2 above; at 5% level of significance, Devolved Governance System is a significant predictor
of conflict resolution in Mandera county where (p=0.026<0.05). Resource Distribution was a significant predictor of
conflict resolution in Mandera county where (p=0.013<0.05). Grassroots Empowerment was a significant predictor of
conflict resolution in Mandera county where (p=0.025<0.05). Cultural Resistance was a significant predictor of

conflict resolution in Mandera county where (p=0.038<0.05). The regression Table 4.22 the equation (Y = β 0 + β1X1 +

β2X2 + β3X3+ β4X4+ε) becomes:

Y=3.239+0.279X +0.911X +0.826X +0.199X

1 2 3 4

From the equation above when Devolved Governance System is increased by one unit conflict resolution in Mandera
county will increase by 0.279,a unit increase in Resource Distribution will result to 0.911 increase in conflict
resolution in Mandera county, a unit increase in Grassroots Empowerment will result to 0.826 increase in conflict
resolution in Mandera county and a unit increase in Cultural Resistance will result to 0.199 increase in conflict
resolution in Mandera county.

Table 4. 10.3: Model Summary

Model
R R Square Adjusted R Std. Error of the Sig.
Square Estimate
1 .854a .825 .815 . 564 .001

a. Predictors: (Constant), Devolved Governance System, Resource Distribution, Grassroots Empowerment and Cultural

Resistance

b. Conflict Resolution

Result in Table 4.10.3 indicated that a variation of R 2 =0.825 dependent variable can be attributed to changes in
independent variable as a 82.5% change in Devolved Governance System, Resource Distribution, Grassroots
Empowerment and Cultural Resistance.

4.10.2 ANOVA
Result in Table 4.10.2 indicated that the Total variance (80.224) was the difference into the variance which can be
explained by the independent variables (Model) and the variance which was not explained by the independent
variables (Error).

Table 4. 10.2: ANOVA

Model Sum of Df Mean F Sig.

Squares Square

1 Regression 18.826 4 4.707 12.675 .000a

Residual 62.112 96 0.647

32
 Total 80.224 100

a. Predictors: (Constant), Devolved Governance System, Resource Distribution, Grassroots Empowerment and Cultural

Resistance

b. Conflict Resolution

The study established that there existed a significant goodness of fit of the model Y = β0+β1X1 + β2X2 + β3X3 +
β4X4 + ε. Based on the findings, in Table 4.10.2 the results indicate the F Cal =12.675> F Cri = 3.444 at
confidence level 95 % and sig is 0.000<0.05. This implies that there was a goodness of fit of the model fitted for
this study.

33
 CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Introduction

This chapter presents a summary of the study findings that were obtained in relation to the study objectives. The

chapter presented the conclusions that were drawn as well as the recommendations for policy and practice. The

chapter also presented topics for further researcher that could enhance the current study.

5.2 Summary of the Findings

All of the respondents indicated that conflict between clans in the County started a long time ago during the

colonial period. The respondents revealed that conflict in Mandera county occurs amongst the Garre, Degodia,

Murulle and corner tribe clans. It was agreed that the common inter-clan conflicts in Mandera County involved

the Garre and the Murulle clans.

On the relationship between devolution and inter-clan conflict respondents stated that devolution was an effective

tool in ending inter-clan conflict in Mandera County if implemented effectively to suit the needs of the

communities in the County. In addition, young respondents interviewed indicated that elections are a good

avenue for promoting participatory leadership, since the community members are given the chance to select the

leaders they want and hold them accountable. The study showed that devolution resulted in transparency within

the county, hence facilitating trust and unity among local community members. In Banissa sub-county, the study

revealed that the fair distribution of funds from the national government to the County government also plays a

critical role in peace resolution. Respondents revealed that devolution gives the County government leaders the

power to oversee all the activities in the County. Moreover female respondents interviewed explained that they

were happy with devolution since it recognizes the female gender.

On the influence economic empowerment for the youth on inter-clan conflict in Mandera County. The study

indicated that from Mandera North revealed that economic empowerment for the youth is a big step in reducing

the level of inter-clan conflict in Mandera. It was shown that from the Garre clan who was a youth indicated that

the County has helped the youths through the Youth Enterprise Development Fund. Contrary, most of the

respondents from Banissa, Mandera East and Mandera South, explained that majority of the youths do not benefit

from the Youth Enterprise Development Fund. Additionally the study findings showed that education promoted

as a result of devolution went a long way in reducing conflict in Mandera County. In relation to the youth, it was

revealed that including youth in peace negotiations and peace building is an effective measure that can be

implemented in Mandera to attain long-term peace between clans in the County. Moreover, respondents

interviewed explained that through the ministry of youth, gender and social service, the young people together

with the women and persons with disabilities were supported economically in Mandera.

The study was interested in determining the influence of devolved sensitization on inert-clan conflict in Mandera.

Most participants agreed that education promoted as a result of devolution sensitization goes a long way in

reducing conflict in Mandera County. On the other hand a few participants explained that the devolved

sensitization programs had been successful to a small extent. In addition, participants argued that the government

will need to demonstrate more commitment in addressing the underlying causes of the conflict in Mandera

County for the devolved sensitization programs to be fully successful. Further, respondents revealed that the

34
devolution sensitization programs resulted in more inter-clan conflict since the devolved sensitization programs

did not account for the socio-economic, political and governance leading to greater division among the clans.

In addition, respondents from the Murulle clan noted that the devolved sensitization programs did not advocate

for innovative security structures. Respondents from Mandera South, from Mandera East and Banissa revealed

that the devolved sensitization programs resulted in young people feeling left out in contributing to the

community. Gaining the attention of community members is Key, participants from Mandera South and Lafey

sub-counties stated that the devolved sensitization programs failed to grab the full attention of all of the

community members in Mandera County. At the same time it was demonstrated that in Mandera West there was

lack of effective local conflict social reconciliation processes, low trust levels between the stakeholders, local

population and the security agencies, implementation of peace agreements and political dialogue challenges

during the devolved sensitization programs intensified the inter-clan conflicts, since the people of Mandera felt

like their leaders did not understand them.

The researcher asked the respondents to indicate the measures that would prevent the breaking-out and escalation

of inter-clan conflict through devolution in Mandera County. The study findings revealed that from the Garre,

Murulle, Degodia and corner tribe clans agreed that information gathering and monitoring was the first measure

that could be used in preventing conflict and implementing sustainable peace operations. The interviews showed

that from Garre and Corner tribe clans also indicated that engaging in traditional development activities such as

health and education is an effective measure in ensuring sustainable peace operations. The study further indicated

that the involvement of local community members and in particular women and young people in measures of

resolving conflict was crucial in establishing peace between the Garre, Murulle, Degodia and Corner tribe clans in

Mandera. From most of the respondents from Mandera South it was revealed that an active participation by the

governor of Mandera County and other technocrats can reduce the level of inter-clan conflict in the County.

5.3 Conclusions of the study

The study concludes that population increases and the global environmental changes have led to unprecedented

demand for the scare resources with the consequences being competition over access and controls of the meager

resources which in turn trigger inter-clan conflicts. Dominance of some clans, politics, cultural values,

administrative boundaries and human scarcity of resources are the main causes of conflict. Conflict in Mandera

county occurs amongst the Garre, Degodia, Murulle and corner tribe clans. The common inter-clan conflicts in

Mandera County involved the Garre and the Murulle clans. Devolution is an effective tool in ending inter-clan

conflict in Mandera County if implemented effectively to suit the needs of the communities in the County.

Devolution leads to transparency within the county, hence facilitating trust and unity among local community

members. Moreover, devolution recognizes the female gender and involves women in County issues and

problems.

The study concluded that economic empowerment for the youth is a big step in reducing the level of inter-clan

conflict in Mandera. Moreover, the study established mixed results on the use of Youth Enterprise Development

Fund to improve the lives of young people. The study concludes that the Youth enterprise development fund

needs to be implemented effectively to benefit all of the young people in Mandera County. In relation to the

35
youth, including youth in peace negotiations and peace building is an effective measure that can be implemented

in Mandera to attain long-term peace between clans in the County.

The devolved sensitization program is critical to ending inter-clan conflict in Mandera. Education promoted as a

result of devolution sensitization goes a long way in reducing conflict in Mandera County. Government needs to

demonstrate more commitment in addressing the underlying causes of the conflict in Mandera County for the

devolved sensitization programs to be fully successful. The devolved sensitization programs in Mandera did not

advocate for innovative security structures hence were not effective in reducing inter-clan conflict. Moreover,

devolved sensitization programs failed to grab the full attention of all of the community members in Mandera

County since they did not integrate all the aspects of conflict in the County.

5.4 Recommendations for Policy Implications

As a result of the study findings, the following are the recommendations that were highlighted that could help

Mandera County achieve eternal peace among the locals:

The county needs to come up with measures to ensure that everybody is well represented in the county so that

they can feel part of the county government. The county government of Mandera needs to come up with a way

that involves all the communities on matters to do with tenders, job employment, development budgets as well as

appointments to various county positions.

The county government needs to provide opportunities for public participation on matters to do with devolution

and conflict resolution since everybody have a say on the best possible ways to live peacefully. The study further

recommends that members of the public should change their attitude towards participation in governance and

create time within their busy schedules more so on issues to do with conflict resolution. Both the National and

County governments should come up with early warning systems so as to detect conflicts and come up with

suitable conflict resolution mechanisms.

The Government of Kenya should undertake relevant legislative reforms to take care conflicts arising from

historical injustices or post-independence land adjudication. The government can consider coming up with a

taskforce that has been approved by the conflicting parties and implement its findings on the demarcation issues.

This is likely to make inroads in resolving of the boundary disputes and help combat some of the persistent

conflicts within Mandera County.

5.5 Areas for Further Research

Further research can be carried out to explain more on devolved government’s role in civil conflict resolution

focusing on inter-clan conflict in Mandera County. The study was limited to only Mandera County. Since the

research design for the study used an interview guide in collecting data, the findings cannot be concluded to be

similar in other counties. Hence, more studies ought to be conducted focusing on other counties in relation to

inter-clan conflict and devolution.

36
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 APPENDIX A – QUESTIONNAIRE
Introduction

This questionnaire aims at collecting information on the resolving of inter-clan conflict in Mandera County

through devolution. The information you give will be of benefit to the researcher in accomplishing his academic

goal. Please respond to the items honestly. The information you give will be held in total confidence and used

only for the purpose of the study.

PART I – PERSONAL INFORMATION

1. What is your gender?

Female Male

2. What is your age? (Please indicate by putting a tick your age bracket in the table below).

Age in Years

18-25 years

26-30 years

31-35 years

36-40 years

41-45 years

46-50 years

51-55 years

Over 55 years

3. What is your level of education?

Primary Secondary University Other

4. Please state the number of years you have stayed in Mandera County.

1-5 years 5-10 years 11-15 years

16.20ears Over 20 years

5. Who are the people mostly affected by inter-clan conflicts?

.......................................................................................................................................................................................

........................................................................

6.

7. What is the nature of inter-clan conflict in Mandera County? Explain

………………………………………………………………………………………..

39
8. Who are the people that engage in inter-clan conflicts in Mandera County? Explain

………………………………………………………………………………………….

9. What is the perception of the local administration towards conflict resolution? Explain

………………………………………………………………………………………………

10. What do you think are the causes of inter clan conflicts? Explain

………………………………………………………………………………………………

11. Have peace efforts been implemented in the past?

………………………………………………………………………………………..

12. Why did the peace efforts implemented in the past fail? Explain

……………………………………………………………………………………………

13. How can devolution facilitate and peace efforts in Mandera County? Explain

…………………………………………………………………………………………..

14. What are the measures that can be taken in Mandera County to ensure sustainable peace efforts? Explain

…………………………………………………………………………………………..

40
 APPENDIX B - INTERVIEW GUIDE

1. What is the state of inter-clan conflict in Mandera County?

2. What is your opinion on devolution and inter-clan conflict in Mandera County? Explain

3. Do you think there are outside players who get involved and fuel the conflict?

4. How does the economic empowerment for the youths influence onter-clan conflict? Explain

5. Have women ever been included in resolving inter-clan conflict?

6. What is the effect of devolved sensitization programs on inter-clan conflict? Explain

7. What do you think the stakeholders should do in order to meet the challenges faced by Mandera County in

their quest for peace?

8. What measures can be implemented in Mandera County to ensure sustainable peace efforts? Explain

41
 APPENDIX C - WORK PLAN
Activity Apr May Jan- Jun July July August
2016 -Dec May e 2017- 2019- 2019-
2016 2017 2017 May Augus October
2018 t 2019 2019
Problem
identification
Collection of
Literature
Proposal
writing
Proposal
writing
(contd)
Proposal
defence
Correction of
Proposal
Data
collection
Data analysis
and
compilation
Report
writing
Defence of
Thesis
Submission
of thesis

42
 APPENDIX D - BUDGET
I. Proposal Writing

Item Quantity Unit Estimated Cost

Cost (Kshs.)
Stationery (photocopying 4 reams 400 16,000.00
paper)
Secretarial services 8,000.00

Transport 10,000.00

Telephone and Internet 5,000.00 5,000.00

Printing, photocopying and 10 copies 150.00 15,000.00

binding (for approval)

Miscellaneous 3,000.00

SUB TOTAL 0.00

II. Data Collection

Item Quantity Unit Estimated Cost

Cost (Kshs.)
Printing of instruments 6 10.00 60.00
Photocopying of instruments 600 3.00 1,800.00
Transport 30,000.00
SUB TOTAL 0.00
III. Preparation of Thesis

Item Quantity Unit Estimated Cost

Cost (Kshs.)
Typing and Printing 80 40.00 3,200.00
Photocopying 480 pages 3.00 1,440.00
Binding (Hard cover) 6 copies 300.00 1,800.00
Transport and miscellaneous 4 trips 1000.00 4,000.00
SUB TOTAL 0.00

GRAND TOTAL = KSHS.99, 300.00

43
APPENDIX E- MAP OF MANDERA COUNTY

44
APPENDIX E- RESEARCH CLEARANCE PERMIT

45
APPENDIX F- RESEARCH AUTHORIZATION

46