ES13 - Mechanics of Deformable Bodies

DEFLECTION OF BEAMS
Beams

• Is a member that carriers of load

transverse to its axis.

• Bending stress are normal stress (Tensile

of Compressive)
Flexure Formula

• The maximum bending stress in a beam

cross-section that occurs farthest from
neutral axis of the section.
𝑀𝑐
𝛼=
𝐼
Where:
M – Magnitude of Bending Moment at cross-
section
I - Moment of Inertia with respect to neutral axis
c – distance from neutral axis
 The Flexure formula was developed
subjected to the following conditions:
1. The beam must be in pure bending. Shearing stress
must be zero or negligible. No axial loads are present.
2. The beam must not twist or be subjected to a torsional
load.
3. The material of the beam must obey Hooke’s Law.
4. The modulus of elasticity of the material must be the
same in both tension and compression.
5. The beams is initially straight and has a constant cross-
section.
6. Any plane cross section of the beam remains plane during
bending.
7. No part of the beam shape fails because of local buckling
or wrinkling.
For Design,
To analyze the stress concentration factor
𝐼
𝑆= (Section Modulus)
𝑐
Then, Flexure formula becomes:
𝑀
𝜎=
𝑆
since, I and c are geometrical properties of
the cross section of the beam.
𝑀
𝑆=
σd
 Example 1
1. For a beam shown in figure, the load F due to the
pipe is 12000 lb. the distance are a=4ft and b=6ft.
Determine the required section modulus for the beam to
limit the stress due to bending to 30000psi, the
recommended design stress for a typical structural steel
in static bending.
Then a beam section can now be selected from
Table A16-3 and A16-4 with computed section
modulus.
Flexural Center for Beams
• Symmetrical section ( the load apply through the
axis of symmetry in pure bending in the beam
Nonsymmetrical sections
A load applied at F1 would cause twisting; load
applied at F2 through the flexural center Q would
cause pure bending
 Beam Deflection

The bending loads applied to a beam cause it

to deflect in a direction perpendicular to its
axis. A beam is originally straight and will
deform to a slight curved shape.

Note: Maximum deflection or deflection at specific

location is the most critical factor of a beam.
 Example 2
2. For two gears, A and B in figure, compute the relative
deflection. Use E = 30x10^6 psi.
Stress Concentration

The geometry of the member is uniform

throughout the section.

Maximum Stress Concentration (𝜎max)

𝜎max = Kl(𝜎nom)
Where,
Kl – Stress concentration factor (depends on
geometry and type of stress
 Example 3
3. Compute the maximum stress in a round bar
subjected to a axial tensile force of 9800N.
Notch Sensitivity and Strength
Reduction Factor
The amount by which a load-carrying
member is weakened by the presence of the
stress concentration(notch).

Kf= Fatigue strength reduction factor

𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑛𝑜𝑡𝑐ℎ−𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
Kf=
𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑛𝑜𝑡𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛
Notch Sensitivity

𝑞 = (Kf – 1) / (Kt – 1)

When q and Kt is known,

Kf = 1 + 𝑞(Kt– 1)