Electromagnetics

➢The interaction charges which are in motion results electromagnetics.

➢Electric charges moving with constant speeds cause stationary electric currents and
produce a constant magnetic fields.

➢The amount of charge flow per unit time is defined as steady current.
𝑸
𝑰= .
𝒕

𝒅𝑸(𝒕)
➢If the current I is time dependent, 𝑰 𝒕 = .
𝒅𝒕
𝑸 𝒕 = න 𝑰 𝒕 . 𝒅𝒕
𝒅𝑸(𝒕)
➢But 𝑰 = = 𝒏𝒆𝒗𝒔,
𝒅𝒕
𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝒏 − 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒇𝒓𝒆𝒆 𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒓𝒐𝒏 𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆, 𝒆
− 𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒂𝒏 𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒓𝒕𝒓𝒐𝒏,
𝒗 − 𝒗𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒐𝒇 𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒓𝒐𝒏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒔 − 𝒄𝒓𝒐𝒔𝒔 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂.
 Current Density (𝝉)
➢The amount of charge per unit time that flows through a unit area
or the amount of electric current flowing per unit cross-sectional
area of a material.
𝐼
➢ 𝜏Ԧ = , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑠 − 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟.
𝑆

Current density is a vector. Its direction is the direction of the

velocity of positive charge carriers.

➢A current density 𝜏Ԧ flowing through an infinitesimal area 𝑑𝐬 produces an

infinitesimal current dI.
𝒅𝑰 = 𝝉. 𝒅𝒔
𝑰 = ‫𝝉 𝒔ׯ‬. 𝒅𝒔
Cross product of two vectors

𝒂 × 𝒃 = 𝒂 𝒃 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 𝒏
 Magnetic field and Magnetic force
➢In analyses in electromagnetics, it is general to consider a current
element 𝐼𝑑𝑙. A current element 𝐼𝑑𝑙 is an infinitesimal length 𝑑𝑙 of wire
carrying a current I and is a vector quantity.
➢It is found that when a current element 𝐼𝑑𝑙 is placed in an constant
magnetic field of strength 𝐵, then there will be a magnetic force on the
current element, which is perpendicular to both parameters.

 𝑑𝐹

➢The magnetic force 𝑑𝐹 on the element is given by

𝑑𝐹 = 𝐼𝑑𝑙 × 𝐵 = 𝐼𝑑𝑙 𝐵 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
➢The direction of the magnetic force is perpendicular to the plane at which
𝐼𝑑𝑙 and 𝐵 are formed. In this case inside the plane
Fleming’s Left Hand Rule
 𝑑𝐹
➢If =/2, then 𝑑𝐹 = 𝐼𝑑𝑙 𝐵 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 ⇒ 𝐵 = 𝐴𝑛𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐵
𝐼𝑑𝑙

➢B-field is defined as amount of magnetic force per unit current element.

 Magnetic force on moving charges
➢When an electric charge is moved in a magnetic field, there exists a magnetic
force on the charge.
➢The magnetic force on a current element containing moving charges with
constant velocity is given by 𝑑𝐹 = 𝐼𝑑𝑙 × 𝐵

➢But, 𝐼𝑑𝑙 = 𝒏𝒒𝒗𝒔𝒅𝒍 = 𝒏 𝒔𝒅𝒍 𝒒 𝒗 = N𝒒 𝒗 , where N is the total number of

charge in the current element.

⟹ 𝑑𝐹 = 𝐼𝑑𝑙 × 𝐵 = 𝑁𝑞𝑣 × 𝐵 = 𝑁𝑞(𝑣 × 𝐵)

➢The magnetic force on a charge q is given by 𝑞(𝑣 × 𝐵).

➢When q= e, then e(𝑣 × 𝐵)
➢When q= -e, then -e(𝑣 × 𝐵) ( direction is changed)