INTRODUCTION

GENERAL:

Concrete paving blocks has been extensively used in many countries for
quite some time as a specialized problem-solving technique for providing
pavement in areas where conventional types of construction are less durable due
to many operational and environmental constraints. Concrete paver blocks were
first introduced in Holland in the fifties as replacement of paver bricks which
had become scarce due to the post-war building construction boom. These
blocks were rectangular shape and had more or less the same size as the bricks.
During the past five decades the blocks shape has steadily evolved from the
non-interlocking to partially interlocking to fully interlocking to multiply
interlocking shapes. consequently the pavements in which non interlocking
blocks are used or designed as Concrete block pavement (CBP) or non
interlocking CBP, and those in which partially, fully or multiply interlocking
blocks are used or designed as “interlocking concrete block pavement (ICBP).
Since zero slump concrete is used in production of paver blocks produced
will depend upon various parameters like the capacity of compaction and
vibration of machine, grade of cement used, water content, quality of aggregate
used, their gradation and mix design adopted, additives used, handling
equipment employed, curing method adopted, level of supervision,
workmanship and quality control achieved, etc. recommended grades of paver
blocks to be used for construction of pavement having different traffic
categories.
Interlocking pavements are adjustable and flexible pavements. Here,
flexible pavements means thatloads are equally distributed throughout the base
area by point to point contact. When the loads are equally distributed
throughout the base area by point to point contact. When the load is applied
throughout over is removed its gets back to its original position. Such type of
pavements gives advantages over rigid forms of pavements, which bear to crack
more readily should the base move from loads or natural settlement due to
weather. Interlockingpaver blocks are highly resistant to abrasion, freeze- thaw
cycles, chemicals and spills of oil and gasoil, de-icing salts, which can quite
literally melt asphalt. Interlocking concrete paver blocks are ready use after
installation, there is no demand for curing or dry of the surface and they are
quickly and easily repaired without any special equipment or materials.
In interlocking concrete paver pavements, the blocks make up the
wearing surface and they are a major load spreading components of the
pavements. Paving block is intended for us the wearing surface on clay paving
system. As such they subjected to pedestrian and light or heavy vehicular
traffic.Paver blocks is produced from the concrete mixture of cement,
aggregate, sand and water. Sometimes use the additives such as not super
plasticizers.
Solid Waste from our homes and Industries is generally collected by our
local authorities through regular waste collection, or by special collections for
recycling. Glass makes up a large component of household and industrial waste
due to its weight and density. The glass component in municipal waste is
usually made up of bottles, broken glassware, light bulbs and other items.
Adding to this waste is the fact that many manual methods of creating glass
objects have a defect rate of around forty percent. Glass recycling uses less
energy than manufacturing glass from sand, lime and soda. In many cases it is
not only easy to recycle, glass it can be recycled indefinitely with no loss in
quality or purity. In glass products all glass materials are not recyclable some
glass products such as light bulbs, window panes, glassware and mirrors
Ovenware (including Pyrex glass) Opaque white rum, black wine, and green
beer. For avoiding this use of the recycled glass as aggregate in concrete has
become popular in modern times, with large scale research being carried out at
Columbia University in New York as well as The use of waste glass as a
substitute for fine aggregates in mortar mix is one option that can alleviate
waste glass disposal problem and has been studied widely in recent years.
Therefore, the civil engineers have been challenged to convert this waste glass,
in general, to useful building and construction materials. This greatly enhances
the aesthetic appeal of the concrete. Recent research findings have shown that
concrete made with recycled glass aggregates have shown better long term
strength and better thermal insulation due to its better thermal properties of the
glass aggregates.

REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Literature review

Dr .G. Vijayakumar, Ms H. Vishaliny, Dr. D.govindarajulu, “Partial

replacement of fine aggregate by using waste glass”,experimental conducted on
concrete prepared by partial replacement of cement by waste glass powder was
replaced by 10 -40% of the fine aggregate. The use of waste glass as fine
aggregate decrease the unit weight of concrete was released in 2013.

Ritesh Mall, Sharda Sharma, Khalid Raza, and SaurabhDubey, “Use of

glass In Mortars and Concrete, Cement and Concrete Research” Compressive
strength increase with increasing the glass percentage from 15% to 30%
replacement of glass was released in 2014.

SomNathSachdeva, Vanitha Aggarwal, S.M. Gupta,(2014), they said an

investigated experimental study conducted on fly ash concrete with the aim to
report its suitability for concrete paver blocks In this study, the effect of varying
proportion of fly ash, 20% to 40%, on compressive strength and flexural
strength of concrete has been evaluated. The mix design studied are M-25, M-
30, M-35, M-40 and M-50.It is observed that all the fly ash based mixture are
able to achieve the required compressive and flexural strengths. In comparison
to control mixes, the compressive and flexural strength of fly ash based mixes
are found to be in 2014.

METHODOLOGY:
 Selection of materials

Mix proportion

Mixing

Casting

Curing

Comprestion test for 7, 14, 21

and 28 days

Result and discussion

Conclusion

Materials:
Cement

Cement is the binder a substance that sets and hardens and can bind other
materials together. The word of cement traces to the Romans who used the
binder content the volcanic ash.
The most important uses of cement are as a component in the production
of mortar in masonry of concrete. A combination of cement as on aggregate to
form a strong building materials.
The chemical component of ordinary Portland cement (OPC).
1. Calcium
2. Silica
3. Alumina
4. Iron

Table: Chemical composition for cement

Composition Content (%) weight Common proportion

Lime 60-67 63
Silica 17—25 22
Alumina 3-8 6
Iron oxide 0.5 – 6.0 3
Magnesia 0.1 – 4.0 2.5
Soda and potash 0.2-1.0 0.25
Sulphur di-oxide 1 – 2.75 1.75
Loss on ignition 1-2 1.5

OPC Cement
Fifty three grade OPC is highest strength cement to meet the needs of the
consumer for highest strength concrete. As per BIS requirement the minimum
28 days compressive strength of 53 grade OBC should not be less than 53 Mpa.
For certain specialist works such as prestressed concrete and certain items of
precast concrete requiring consistence high strength concrete, the use of 53
grade OBC is found very useful. 53 grade OBC produce higher grade concrete
at very economical cement content. In concrete mix design, for concrete
m/20and above grade of saving of 8-10 % of cement may be achieved with use
of 53 grade OBC.
Aggregate
Aggregate are the important in concrete. It is commonly used inert filter which
accounts for 62-80% of the volume and 70-85% of the weight of the concrete.
In this aggregate consider inert filter, it is necessary component that define the
concrete thermal and elastic properties and dimensional stability the give body
to the concrete, reduce shrinkage and effect economy. Aggregate were consider
as chemically inert materials. But now it has been recognized that sum of the
aggregate are chemically active and certain aggregate chemical bond at the
interface of the aggregate and paste.
Aggregate is classified as two different types, coarse and fine. Coarse
aggregate is usually greater than 4.75 mm (retained on a No. 4 sieve), while fine
aggregate is less than 4.75 mm (passing the no. 4 sieve). The compressive
aggregate strength is an important factors in the selection of aggregate. When
determine the strength of normal concrete, most concrete aggregates are several
times stronger than the other components in concrete and therefore not a factor
in the strength of normal strength concrete. Lightweight aggregate concrete may
be more influenced by the compressive strength of the aggregates.
Other physical and mineralogical properties of aggregate must be knows
before mixing concrete to obtain a desirable mixture. These properties include
shape and texture, size gradation, moisture content, specific gravity, reactivity,
soundness and bulk unit weight. These properties along with the water /
cementations material ratio determine the strength, workability, and durability
of concrete.
The physical properties of aggregates are very important properties of
aggregates. The size, the number, and the continuity of the porous through an
aggregate particle may affect the strength of the aggregate, abrasion resistance,
surface texture, specific gravity, bonding capabilities, and resistance to freezing
and thawing action. Absorption relates to the particles ability to take in a liquid.
Porosity is a ratio of the volume of the pores to the total volume of the article.
Permeability refers to the particles ability to allow liquids to pass through. If the
rock pores are not connected, a rock may have porosity and low permeability.
Surface texture is the pattern and the relative roughness or smoothness of
the aggregate particle. Surface texture plays a big role in developing the bond
between an aggregate partial and a cementing material. A rough surface texture
gives the cementing material something to grip, producing a stronger bond, and
thus creating a stronger hot mix ordinary Portland cement concrete. Surface
texture also affects the workability of hot mix asphalt, the asphalt, the asphalt
requirements of hot mix asphalt, and the water requirements of ordinary
Portland cement concrete. Some aggregate are unacceptable for final wearing
surfaces. Limestone usually falls into this category. Dolomite does not, in
general, when the magnesium content exceeds a minimum quantity of the
material.
Strength is a measure of the ability of an aggregate particle to stand up to
pulling or crushing forces. Elastically measures the “stretch” in a particle high
strength and elasticity are desirable in aggregate base and surface courses.
These qualities minimize the rate of disintegration and maximize the stability of
the compacted material. The best result for ordinary Portland cement concrete
may be obtained by compromising between high and low strength, and
elasticity. This permits volumetric change to take place more uniformly
throughout the concrete.
Density is the weight per unit of volume of a substance. Specific gravity
is the ratio of the density of the substance to the density of water.
 The density and the specific gravity of an aggregate particle is dependent
upon the density and specific gravity of the minerals making up the particle and
upon the porosity of the particle. These may be defined as follows:
1. All of the pore space (bulk density or specific gravity)
2. Some of the pore space (effective density or specific gravity)
3. None of the pore space(apparent density or specific gravity)

Determining the porosity of aggregate is often necessary, however,

measuring the volume of pore space is difficult. Correlations may be
made between porosity and the bulk, apparent and effective specific
gravities of the aggregate.

WASTE GLASS:
For this project the non-recyclable glass is used. Basically waste glass
material that cannot be reused due to the high cost of manufacturing. Therefore
the manufacture will disposedin the waste landfill. Due to environmental
problems, research tries to use in construction field. Research found that, the
main material composition of glass is silica that also contain in cement
production and other compound that also similarity contain in cement
production.
It is crushed by using los angles abrasion testing machine up to 4.75 mm
passing and 90 microns retaining glass taking for project work.
 The following table shows chemical composition of clear glass is as
follows:
Composition Clear Glass
 SiO2 72.42
Al2O3 1.44
Tio2 0.35
Cr2O3 0.002
CaO 11.50
MgO 0.32
Na2O 13.64
K2O 0.35
SO3 0.21
Fe2O3 0.002

Water

Water (H2O) is the most abundant compound on earth surface, covering

70% of the plant. In nature, water existing liquid, solid, and gaseous states. It is
in the dynamic equilibrium between the liquid and gas states at standard
temperature and pressure.At roomtemperature, it is a tasteless and
odorlessliquid, nearlycolorless with a hint of blue. Many substance dissolve in
water and it’s commonly referred to as to as the universal solvent. Because of
this, water in nature and in use is rarely pure and some properties may vary
from those of the pure and some properties may vary from those of the pure
substance. However, there are also many components there are essential, is not
completely, insoluble in water. Water is the common substance found naturally
in all three common states of matter and it is essentially for all life on earth.
Water is the chemical substance, with chemical formula H 2O: one
molecule of water has two hydrogen atoms covalently bonded to a single
oxygen atom. Water is a tasteless, odorless liquid at ambient temperature and
pressure, and appears colorless, and water vapor is essentially invisible as a gas.
 Water is primarily liquid under standard condition, which is not
predicated from its relationship to other analogous hydrides of the oxygen
family in the periodic table, which are gases such as hydrogen sulfide. The
element surrounding oxygen in the periodic table, which are gases such as
hydrogen sulfide. The element surrounding oxygen in the periodic table,
nitrogen, fluorine, phosphorus, sulfur and chloride, all combine with hoyden to
produce gases under standard condition. The reason that water ferrous a liquid
is that oxygen is more electronegative than all of these element with the
exception of fluorine. Oxygen is more electrons much more strongly than
hydrogen, resulting in a net positive charge on the hydrogen atoms, and a net
negative charge on each of these atoms given each water molecule a net dipoles
make hydrogen bonds with the polar regions of the sugar molecule (OH groups)
and allow it to be carried away into solution.

Properties of concrete

Fresh concrete is that stage of concrete in which concrete can be molded

and it is in plastic state. This is also called “green concrete”. Another term used
to describe the state of fresh concrete is consistence which is the ease with
which concrete will flow.

Setting of concrete
 The hardening of concrete before it gains strength. The transition process
of changing of concrete is based or related to the setting of cement paste. Thus
cement properties greatly affect the setting time.

The factors that affect the setting of concrete.

1. Water cement ratio

2. Suitable temperature
3. Cement content
4. Type of cement
5. Fineness of cement
6. Admixtures
7. Relative humidity
8. Type and amount of aggregate.

Workability of concrete
The internal work done required to overcome the frictional forces
between concrete ingredients for full composition. It is obvious that no single
test can evaluate all these factors. In fact, most of these cannot be easily
assessed even though some standard test have been established to evaluate them
under specific conditions.
In case of concrete, consistence is sometimes taken to mean the degree of
wetness, within limits, wet concrete are more workable than dry concrete, but
concrete of same consistence may vary in workability.
Because the strength of concrete is adversely and significant affected by
the presence of voids in the compacted mass, it is vital to achieve a maximum
possible density. This requires sufficient workability for virtually full
compaction to be possible using a reasonable amount of work under the given
conditions. Presence of voids in the concrete reduces the density and greatly
reduces the strength 5% of voids can lower the strength by as much as 30%.
Measurement of workability
There is no unique test which can directly measure the workability.
However, there are numerous method of determining certain physical quantities
which try to concrete workability some extent.
None of method is fully satisfactory although these provide useful
guidance regarding varies in workability with certain limits. Since the
workability of concrete plays important role in controlling of hardened concrete,
it’s measuring workability;
1. Slump test
2. Compaction factor test

Slump test

Slump test is the most commonly used method of measuring consistency

of concrete which can be employed either in laboratory or at site of work. It is
not suitable method for very dry concrete. It done not measure all factory
contributing to workability, nor is it always representative of the concrete.
However, it is used conveniently as a control test and gives an indication
of the uniformity of concrete from batch repeated batches of the same mix,
brought to the same slump, will have the same water content and water ratio,
provide the weights of aggregate, cement and admixture are uniform and
aggregate grading is within acceptable limits.
Additional information on workability and quality of concrete can be obtained
by observing the manner in which concrete slump. Quality of concrete can also
be further assessed by giving a few tamping or blows tamping rod to the base
plate. The deformation shows the characteristics of concrete with respect to
tendency for segregation.

Segregation in concrete
Segregation can be defined as the separation of constituent material of
concrete. A good concrete is one in which all the ingredient are properly
distributed to make a homogenous mixture. There are considerable difference in
the sizes and specific gravities of the constituent ingredient of concrete.
Therefore, it is natural that the material show a tendency to fall part.
 1. Coarse aggregate separating out
2. Paste separating away from coarse aggregate
3. Water separation out from the rest of the material of lowest specific
gravity

A well- made concrete, taking into consideration various parameter such

as grading, size, shape and surface texture of aggregate with optimum
quality of waters makes a cohesive mix. Such concrete will not exhibit
any tendency for segregation. The cohesive and fatty characteristics of
matrix do not allow the aggregate to fall apart, at the same time the
matrix itself is sufficiently contained by the aggregate. Similarly, water
also does not find it easy to move out freely from the rest of the
ingredients.
Durability of concrete
The ability of concrete to withstand the conditions for which it is
designed without deterioration for a long period of years is known as
durability.
Durability is defined as the capability of concrete to resist
weatheringactions, chemical attack, and abrasion while maintaining its
desired engineeringproperties. It normally refer to the duration or life
span of troubles-free performance. Different concrete requires different
degrees of durability depending on the exposure environment and
properties desired.
1. The cement paste structure is dense and low
permeability.
2. Under extreme condition, it has entrained air to resist
freeze-thaw cycle
3. It is made with grade aggregate that are strong and
inert
The ingredient in the mix contain minimum impurities such as alkalis,
chlorides, sulphateand silt.
Mould
The rubber mould are used for casting paving block of type B: paver
blocks with alternating plain and curved/corrugated vertical faces, which key
into each other along the curve/corrugated faces, when paved in any pattern.
They were made in such a manner as to facilitate the removal of the moulded
specimen without damage.
 Following the figure type B rubber mould ;

Metal moulds are used for casting of I shaped paver block, preferably steel of
size 160mm x 204mm were used for practical analysis. They were made in such
a manner as to facilities the removal of the moulded specimen without damage.
The joints between the section of the mould are thinly applies between the
contact surface of the bottom of the mould and base plate in order to ensure
easy removal of specimen from mould. The mould nuts and bolts were
tightened so that no water escapes during the filling.

Weighing
The proportions or the material are taken by weight or by volume. The
procedure we adopted was by weighting of the material this is more accurate
method than volumetric method hence we preferred this method.

Mixing
After taking weights of all the ingredients there was the next procedure of
mixing. First take the coarse aggregate than fine aggregate sand and then
cement with waste glass powder in hump manner. Then first mixing was carried
out in dry mixing for 3 times. Then again the material hump was created. Then
small pond was created and the calculated quantity or specified water was
poured in the pond. Then the material was wet mixed from out to in. the wet
mixing was carried for 3 times.thw mixing was done manually. To get good
result the mixing can be done by small mechanically mixes.
Compacting
Compacting of concrete was done after placing the mixed concrete in the
mould of 160mm x 204mm as well as paving steel mould. The compacting was
carried out manually with tamping steel rods and vibrating concrete externally.
The concrete was filled in 3 layers. Each layer was tamped 25 times for cube
casting and for the paving blocks.10mm thickness of doramite. The filling of
concrete mould was done in such a way that the material were equally
distributed in the mould. The compaction by tamping rod for was done
vertically for cube and table vibrator for paving blocks. The compaction must
be carried very carefully so that no voids are left and concrete becomes denser.
Curing:
Curing is the process in which the concrete is protected from loss of
moisture and kept within a reasonable temperature range. This process result in
concrete with increase strength and decreased permeability. Curing is also a key
player in mitigating cracks. Traditionally, quality of concrete in construction
works is calculated in terms of its 28 days compressive strength. If after 28days,
the quality of concrete is found to be dubious, it would have considerably
hardened by that time and also might have been buried by subsequent
construction.
For paving blocks air curing is used. Because of the necessity for curing
arises from the fact that hydration of cement can take place only in water-filled
capillaries. This is why loss water must be prevented. Furthermore, water lost
internally by self-dedication has to be replaced by water from outside thus, for
complete and proper strength developments, the loss of water in concrete

EXPREMENTAL PROGRAM ON MATERIALS

SIEVE ANALYSIS FOR COARSE AGGREGATE
Procedure
1. The 1kg of aggregate
2. Sieve the aggregate through the sieve of no 40mm, 20mm,
16mm, 12.5mm, 10mm, 4.75mm and 2.36mm.
3. Weight the amount of aggregate retained in each sieve and
check whether the sum of the weight is equal to the original
weight.
4. The percentage passing of each sieve is calculated and
compared with IS code 456:2000 for mix design of 20mm
graded concrete.
5. If the percentage passing in each sieve is not equal to the IS
code practice, the aggregate are taken in low % sieve no and
it is added with the next sieve no
6. The same procedure is equal to IS code.

Table sieve analysis test for coarse aggregate

S.no sieve no weight % of Cumulative % passing
(mm) retain (gm) weight % of (%)
retain weight
retain
1 22.4 _ _ _ _

2 20 1030 51.5 99.8 0.2

3 10 966 48.3 99.8 0.2

4 4.875 3 0.15 99.95 0.05

5 Pan _ _ 99.95 _

Total cumulative percentage retained = 351.25

SIEVE ANALYSIS FOR FINE AGGREGATE
Procedure
1. The 1kg of fine aggregate
2. Sieve the fine aggregate through the sieve of no 40mm,
20mm, 16mm, 12.5mm, 10mm, 4.75mm and 2.36mm.
 3. Weight the amount of aggregate retained in each sieve and
check whether the sum of the weight is equal to the original
weight.
4. The percentage passing of each sieve is calculated and
compared with IS code 456:2000 for mix design of 20mm
graded concrete.
5. If the percentage passing in each sieve is not equal to the IS
code practice, the aggregate are taken in low % sieve no and
it is added with the next sieve no
6. The same procedure is equal to IS code.

Table sieve analysis test for fine aggregate

Sieve Cumulative
Weight Cumulative Cumulative
S opening weight
retained % retained % passing
.No. size retained

(gm) (gm) % %
10mm 0 0 0 100
1.
2. 4.75 mm 9 9 0.9 99.1
3. 2.36mm 30 39 3.9 96.1
4. 1.18 mm 230 269 26.9 73.1
5. 600 µ 315 584 58.4 41.6
6. 300 µ 300 884 88.4 11.6
7. 150 µ 87 971 97.1 2.9
8. <150 µ 23 994 99.4 -
994 Total = 275.6

SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF CEMENT

Procedure
 1. The weight of clean and dry pycnometer with conical
top was measured (W1)
2. The cement was taken about 1/3 of density bottle and
the weight with conical top (W2)
3. The bottle was filled kerosene within air bubbles by
stirring and the weight of conical top(W 3) was
determined.
4. The cement and kerosene was removed.
5. The bottle was fixed with water and the weight with
conical top(W4)
6. The procedure was repeated by taking three
observations.
7. The specific gravity was calculated by dividing the
dry weight of equal volume of kerosene.

Table specific gravity test for cement

s.no empty Weight Weight of Weight of Specific
weight of density density density gravity of
density bottle +1/3 bottle +1/3 bottle waste glass
bottle (W1) cement cement +kerosene
(W2) +kerosene
(W3)
1 41g 114g 172g 122g 3.15

SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF FINE AGGREGATE

Procedure
1. The weight of clean and dry pycnometer with conical
top was measured (W1)
2. The fine aggregate was taken about 1/3 of density
bottle and the weight with conical top (W2)
3. The bottle was filled kerosene within air bubbles by
stirring and the weight of conical top(W 3) was
determined.
4. The cement and kerosene was removed.
5. The bottle was fixed with water and the weight with
conical top(W4)
 6. The procedure was repeated by taking three
observations.
7. The specific gravity was calculated by dividing the
dry weight of equal volume of kerosene.

Table specific gravity test for fine aggregate

s.no empty Weight Weight of Weight of Specific Mean

Value
weight of density bottle density density gravity of
density +fine bottle +fine bottle fine
bottle aggregate(W2 aggregate +water(W4) aggregate
(W1) ) +water(W3)
1 665 865 1670 1544 2.7
2 665 865 1672 1547 2.66 2.68

3 665 865 1672 1547 2.7

WATER ABSORPTION FOR FINE AGGREGATE

Table 3.1.8 Water absorption test on fine aggregate

S. No. Description Trial

1. Weight of saturated surface dry sample (w1) (gm) 883.2

2. Weight of oven dry sample (w2) (gm) 875.17

3. Water absorption 0.917%

 SPECIFIC GRAVITY AND WATER ABSORPTION FOR AGGREGATE

Procedure

1. The weight of clean and dry pycnometer with conical top

was measured (W1)
2. The cement was taken about 1/3 of density bottle and the
weight with conical top (W2)
3. The bottle was filled kerosene within air bubbles by stirring
and the weight of conical top(W3) was determined.
4. The cement and kerosene was removed.
5. The bottle was fixed with water and the weight with conical
top(W4)
6. The procedure was repeated by taking three observations.
7. The specific gravity was calculated by dividing the dry
weight of equal volume of kerosene.

SNO DESCRIPTION TRIAL 1 TRIAL 2 TRIAL 3 MEAN

1. Weight of empty
bottle (W1) 0.681 0.681 0.681

2. Weight of bottle +
C.A (W2) 1.397 1.390 1.395

3. Weight of water +
C.A + water (W3) 1.981 1.978 1.979 2.56

4. Weight of bottle +
water (W4) 1.534 1.534 1.534
5. Specific gravity of
C.A 2.66 2.67 2.65

Water absorption test for coarse aggregate

S.No. Description Trial

1. Weight of saturated sample (w1) (gm) 1000

2. Weight of oven dry sample (w2) (gm) 989

3. Water absorption 1.11%

SPECIFIC GRAVITY AND WATER ABSORPTION OF WASTE GLASS

Procedure

1. The weight of clean and dry pycnometer with conical top

was measured (W1)
2. The fine aggregate was taken about 1/3 of density bottle and
the weight with conical top (W2)
3. The bottle was filled kerosene within air bubbles by stirring
and the weight of conical top(W3) was determined.
4. The cement and kerosene was removed.
5. The bottle was fixed with water and the weight with conical
top(W4)
6. The procedure was repeated by taking three observations.
7. The specific gravity was calculated by dividing the dry
weight of equal volume of kerosene.
8. The specific gravity was calculated by dividing the dry
weight of equal volume of water.
 9. The water absorption was expressed as the percent water
absorbed in terms of oven carried weight of the aggregate.

Normal consistency of cement

Procedure
1. Take about 300 gm of pure dry cement mix with 25% or
29% of water to form a neat cement paste on non-porous
plate
2. Take care that time of mixing is completely within 3 to 5
min from the moment of adding water to the dry cement
until commencing to fill the mould.
3. Place the vicat mould on the non- porous plate and it is
filled with the prepared cement paste with trowel the surface
is smoothened in level with mould.
4. Shake the mould slightly to expel the all.
5. Place the mould under the standard plunger of 10mm
diameter 15mm long to touch the surface of the paste.
6. Adjust the indication to show zero readings.

Consistency test for cement

Trial Weight of Percentage of Volume of Penetration
cement cement water added from bottom of
mould(mm)

1 400 25 100 35
2 400 28 112 17
3 400 30 116 16

Setting Time of cement:

Initial setting time (Is) is the time period between the time water is
added to cement and time at which 1mm square section needle fails to penetrate
the cement paste, placed in the Vicat’s mould 5mm to 7mm from the bottom of
the mould.

Table 3.2.2.3 Test on Initial setting time of cement

Time at which Time at which the needle fails to Initial

S.
water is added to pierce the test block by setting
No.
cement 5.0±0.5mm time

(min) (min) (min)

0 95 95
1.

Table 3.2.2.4 Test on final setting time of cement

Time at which Time at which the needle makes Final

S.
water is added to an impression on surface on setting
No.
cement surface of block time

(min) (min) (min)

1. 0 345 345

Setting Time of cement: The initial and final setting time of cement is found out
based on IS 12269 1987 Specification.

Initial setting time of cement = 95 min

 Final setting time of cement = 345 min

SHAPE TEST FOR AGGREGATE

IMPACT TEST
Procedure
1. The sample is broken into chips passing 12.5mm IS sieve and
retain on 10mm IS sieve.
2. The material is heated in an oven at a temperature of 100 ºC to
110 ºC for 4 hours and then cooled.

3. The sample is placed in cup and the hammer is allowed to fall from
a height of 380mm for a total of 15 blurs.
4. It should be taken be seen that each blow delivered at an interval of
not less than one second.
5. The crushed aggregate is then removed from the cup and it is
sieved only 2.36 mm IS sieve.
6. The material passing through the sieve is collected and weighted.
7. The ratio of the weight of aggregate passing 2.36mm sieve to the
weight of oven dried retained on 10mm sieve expressed as
percentage.

Impact test for aggregate

S.No. Description Trial1 Trial2 Trial3 Mean

1. W1 (gms) 425 423 424

2. W2 (gms) 31 30 32 7.29%

3. Aggregate Impact value 7.3% 7.09% 7.5%

SLUMP TEST
Slump value for conventional concrete
Procedure
 1. The inner surface of the slump cone is cleared and free form
super flows moisture and adherence of may old set concrete.
2. Then the materials cement, fine aggregate were in proper
portion
3. The water is added at a proper water cement ratio.
4. The mould is then field in four layer each approximately ¼
the of the mould
5. Each layer is tamped by 20 times by tamping rod taken cone
to distribution the stokes evenly know over the cross section.
6. After the top layer has been rod the concrete is structure of
level with a trowel and tamping rod.
7. The mould is removed from the vertically direction. This
allows the concrete to subside.
8. The difference in level between the height of mould and that
the highest point of the subsided concrete in terms of ‘mm’
is taken as slump concrete.

Slump value for conventional concrete

S.NO W/C ratio slump value(mm)
TEST CARRIED ON CRUSHED GLASS

SPECIFIC GRAVITY

APPARATUS
1. A balance of capacity not less than 3kg , readable and accurate to
0.5 gm and of such a type as to permit the weighting of the vessel
containing the aggregate and water.
2. A well ventilated oven to maintain a temperature of 100°C to
110°C
3. Pycnometer of about 1 Littre capacity having a mental conical
screw top with a 6mm hole at its apex. The screw top shall be
water tight.
4. A means supplying a current warm air.
5. A tray of area not less than 32cm2
6. An air tight container large enough to take the sample.
7. First paper and funnel.
Procedure
I. Take about 500g of sample and place it in the pycnometer.
II. Pour distilled water into it until it is full.
III. Eliminate the entrapped air by rotating the pycnometer on its
side, the hole in the apex of the cone being covered with a
finger.
IV. Wipe out the outer surface of pycnometer and weight it (W)
V. Transfer the content of the pycnometer into a tray, care being
taken to ensure that all the aggregate is transferred.
VI. Refill the pycnometer with distilled water to the same level.
VII. Find out the weight(W1)
VIII. Drink water from the sample through a filter paper.
IX. Place the sample in oven in a tray at a temperature of 100°C
to 110°C for 24±0.5 hours, during which period, it is stirred
occasionally to facilitate drying.
X. Cool the sample and weight it (W2)
The following table shows specific gravity test:

DISCRIPTION TRIAL 1 TRIAL 2 TRAIL 3

Mass of empty bottle W1gm 0.427 0.427 0.427

Mass of bottle + crushed glass 0.612 0.612 0.612

W2gm

Mass of bottle+ crushed glass+ 1.236 1.236 1.236

water W3 gm
Mass of bottle full of water w4 1.103 1.103 1.103

Mass of soil 0.185 0.185 0.185

(W2-W1) gm
Mass of water in full bottle 0.676 0.676 0.676
(W4-W1) gm
Mass of water used (W3-W2) 0.624 0.624 0.624
gm
Volume of soil particle (W4-W1) 2.32 2.32 2.32
– (W3-W2) gm
Average specific gravity. 2.32

NORMAL:
MIX DESIGN
• Grade design: M30
• Type of cement : OPC 53 grade
• Maximum nominal size of aggregate: 10mm
• Minimum cement content: 320Kg/m3 (Refer IS 10262:2009)
• Maximum water cement ratio: 0.65
• Workability : 60mm (slump)
• Exposure condition: Severe (for reinforced concrete)
• Method of concrete placing: Manual
• Degree of supervision: Good
• Type of aggregate: Crushed angular concrete
• Maximum cement content: 450Kg/m3 (Refer IS 10262:2009)
TEST DATA FOR MATERIAL
Cement used: OPC 53 grade
Specific gravity of cement: 3.15
Specific gravity of:
Coarse aggregate: 2.7
Fine aggregate: 2.6
Free (surface) moisture:
Coarse aggregate: 1.14%
Fine aggregate: 19.56%
Sieve analysis:
Coarse aggregate:
Fine aggregate: Conforming to grading Zone-2
TRAGET STRENGTH FOR MIX PROPORTIONING
f’ck= fck + 1.65S
S = 4 N/mm2
f’ck= 25 + 1.65 x 4 = 31.6 N/mm2
SELECTION OF WATER CEMENT RATIO:
IS 456 maximum w/c ratio = 0.45
Adopt w/c ratio =0.45
0.40 ≥ 0.45 hence ok.
SELECTION OF WATER CONTENT:
From Table 2 maximum water content for
for 10mm aggregate = 208+(3/100x208)
=215 litres.
CALCULATION OF CEMENT CONTENT :
W/C Ratio =0.40
Cement content =215/0.40
=478 kg/m3
From table 5 of IS 456, minimum cement
Content for ‘Mild’ exposure condition =320kg/m3
478 kg/m3> 320kg/m3 hence ok.
PROPORTION OF VOLUME OF AGGREGATE AND FINE
AGGREGATE CONTENT :
From table 3, volume of coarse aggregate corresponding to 10mm size
&
MIX CALCULATION
a) Volume of concrete =1m3
 b) Volume of cement =478/3.15x(1/1000)
=0.151m3
c) Volume of water =215/1000
=0.215m3
d) Volume of all aggregate = (A - (B+C))
=0.215m3
e) Mass of CA =D X volume of CA X SG of CA X 1000
=0.649 X 0.56 X2.7 X 1000
=981.288 kg /m3
f) Mass of FA = DX volume of FA X S.G OF FAX1000
= 0.649X0.44X2.6X1000
= 742.456 kg /m3
Result:
VOLUME OF CEMENT =0.151M3
VOLUME OF WATER = 0.215M3
ALL AGGREGATE = 0.649M3
CA =981.288 Kg/m²
FA =742.456 Kg/m²

MIX DESIGN
• Grade design: M30
• Type of cement : OPC 53 grade
• Maximum nominal size of aggregate: 10mm
• Minimum cement content: 320Kg/m3 (Refer IS 10262:2009)
• Maximum water cement ratio: 0.65
• Workability : 60mm (slump)
• Exposure condition: Severe (for reinforced concrete)
• Method of concrete placing: Manual
• Degree of supervision: Good
• Type of aggregate: Crushed angular concrete
• Maximum cement content: 450Kg/m3 (Refer IS 10262:2009)
TEST DATA FOR MATERIAL
Cement used: OPC 53 grade
Specific gravity of cement: 3.15
Specific gravity of:
Coarse aggregate: 2.7
Fine aggregate: 2.6
Free (surface) moisture:
Coarse aggregate: 1.14%
Fine aggregate: 19.56%
Sieve analysis:
Coarse aggregate:
Fine aggregate: Conforming to grading Zone-2

TRAGET STRENGTH FOR MIX PROPORTIONING

f’ck= fck + 1.65S
S = 4 N/mm2
f’ck= 25 + 1.65 x 4 = 31.6 N/mm2
SELECTION OF WATER CEMENT RATIO:
IS 456 maximum w/c ratio = 0.45
 Adopt w/c ratio =0.45
0.40 ≥ 0.45 hence ok.
SELECTION OF WATER CONTENT:
From Table 2 maximum water content for
for 10mm aggregate = 208+(3/100x208)
=215 litres.
CALCULATION OF CEMENT CONTENT :
W/C Ratio =0.40
Cement content =215/0.40
=478 kg/m3
From table 5 of IS 456, minimum cement
Content for ‘Mild’ exposure condition =320kg/m3
478 kg/m3> 320kg/m3 hence ok.
PROPORTION OF VOLUME OF AGGREGATE AND FINE
AGGREGATE CONTENT :
From table 3, volume of coarse aggregate corresponding to 10mm size
&
MIX CALCULATION
a) Volume of concrete =1m3

b) Volume of cement =478/3.15x(1/1000)

=0.151m3
c) Volume of water =215/1000
=0.215m3
d) Volume of all aggregate = (A - (B+C))
=0.215m3
e) Mass of CA =D X volume of CA X SG of CA X 1000
 =0.649 X 0.56 X2.7 X 1000
=981.288 kg /m3
Partially replacement of sand
20% replacement sand = volume of sand X 20 %waste glass
= 742.456 x 20%
=148.491 kg/m³
30% of replacement of sand = volume of sand X 30% waste glass
=742.456 X 30%
=222.736
40% of replacement of sand =volume of sand X 40% waste glass
=742.456 X 40%
=296.982
f) Mass of FA = DX volume of FA X S.G OF FAX1000
= 0.649X0.44X2.6X1000
= 742.456 kg /m3
Result:
VOLUME OF CEMENT =0.151M3
VOLUME OF WATER = 0.215M3
ALL AGGREGATE = 0.649M3
CA =981.288 Kg/m²
FA =742.456 Kg/m²
 RESULT AND DISCUSSION

AREA CALCULATION
Size of paver block =
Length of paver block L =
Breadth of hollow block B =
Area A =
A =
Load calculation
Compressive strength =
=
=
Compressive strength on 7 days for waste glass

Type & mix Trial (KN) Average load Compressive

SI.No proportion (N) strength on 7
1 2 3 days (N/mm²)

1 Normal 530 54 555 15.63

5 543 x 10³

2 20% of 710 71 700 708x10³ 20.39

replacement 5
of sand

3 30% of 770 76 780 772x10³ 22.23

replacement 5
of sand

4 40% of 650 67 665 662x10³ 19.06

replacement 0
of sand

Compressive strength on 14 days for waste glass

Type & mix Trial (KN) Average load Compressive

SI.No proportion (N) strength on 7
1 2 3 days (N/mm²)

1 Normal 685 69 680 687x10³ 19.78

5

2 20% of 890 90 910 900x10³ 25.92

replacement 0
of sand
3 30% of 960 95 975 962x10³ 27.70
replacement 0
of sand

4 40% of 750 76 745 753X10³ 21.68

replacement 5
of sand

Compressive strength on 28 days for waste glass

SI.No Type & mix Trial (KN) Average Compressive

proportion load (N) strength on 7
1 2 3 days (N/mm²)

1 Normal 1070 1075 1090 1078 x10³ 31.04

2 20% of 1360 1370 1375 1368 x10³ 39.40

replacement
of sand

3 30% of 1410 1430 1415 1418 x10³ 40.61

replacement
of sand
4 40% of 1150 1155 1160 1155 x10³ 33.26
replacement
of sand

REFERENCE
1. IS:456 (2000) – Indian standard “plain and reinforcement concrete”
code of practice, bureau of Indian standard, New Delhi.
2. IS:10262 (2009) – Indian standard “reinforcement guidelines for concrete
mix design” code of practice, bureau of Indian standard, New Delhi.
3. Concrete technology ( theory & practice ) by M.S.Shetty, S.Chand&
company LTD, 2009
4. Lavanya M.R. and Sugumaran B. (2012), ‘An experimental study on
the compressive strength of concrete by partial replacement of cement
with waste glass’.
5. Nikhil T.R. (2014), ‘Review on use of waste material in concrete’, vol.
2pp.
6. Balamurugan G. and PerumalP. (2013), ‘Use of waste glass to replace
sand in concrete’, vol. 3, pp.
7. Ankit J. and Harsh N. (2014), ‘review on use of waste material in
concrete’ vol. 3, pp.
8. MedjoEko R. and Riskowski G.K. (1990), ‘a procedure for processing
mixtures of soil, cement, and sand, waste glass’, vol. 3 pp.
9. Mangesh V. and Ragul V. (2014), ‘use of waste glass material’, vol.
107, pp.
10.Pradeep Kumar and Venkateshwara Rao(2014), ‘Applicable of fal – G
hollow blocks in building construction’, vol. 2, pp.