SOURCE OF SOLID WASTES MANAGEMENT

➤Urbanisation

➤Industrialisation

➤Change in living conditions

WASTE

➤The substances which are discarded

are called waste.
➤Any materials unused and rejected as
worthless or unwanted
SOURCES OF SOLID WASTES
➤ Horticulturewaste and waste from slaughter
houses includes vegetable parts, and remains
of slaughtered animals, respectively.
➤ Sewage waste: Sludge, settled solid
components of sewage wastes.
➤ Power plant waste: Radioactive wastes are
generated by nuclear power plant. Thermal
power plants produce fly ash in large
quantities.
➤ Mining waste: such as waste from coal
mines, mica, metal and stone mines.
TYPES OF SOLID WASTE

➤Biodegradable wastes: The urban solid

waste materials that can be degraded
by microorganisms are called
biodegradable wastes. Vegetable
wastes, food, tea leaves, egg shell etc.
➤Non-biodegradable wastes: Wastes
that can not be degraded by micro-
organisms.
EFFECTS OF SOLID WASTE
➤ Solid waste pile at public places due to improper
disposal system and causes destruction in daily life.
➤ The biodegradable materials decompose under
uncontrolled and unhygienic conditions. This
produces foul smell and breeds various types of
infectious organisms.
➤ Industrial solid wastes consist of variety of chemicals
which are toxic to living beings. The toxics are
transferred to organisms through food chain
➤ undesirable side effects .
➤ .Industrial waste products on subjecting to
incineraticn give toxic vapours
EFFECTS OF SOLID WASTE
➤ Metallic contaminants destroy bacteria
and beneficial soil micro-organisms.
➤ i) Dumping of solid wastes may pollute
ground water and also water sources
present in the vicinity.
➤ Dumping of bio-wastes on empty piots in
mean areas can turn the area into
breeding ground of mosquitoes, flies and
insects. Diseases like diarrhea, dysentery
are caused by water and food infected by
flies.
INDUSTRIAL WASTE
➤ Industrial waste is the waste produced by
industrial activity which includes any material that
is rendered useless during a manufacturing process
such as that of factories, industries, mills, and
mining operations.
➤ It has existed since the start of the Industrial
Revolution.
➤ Some examples of industrial wastes are chemical
solvents, paints, sandpaper, paper products,
industrial by-products, metals, and radioactive
wastes.
AGRICULTURAL WASTES

➤ Agricultural waste is waste produced as

a result of various agricultural
operations. It includes manure and
other wastes from farms, poultry
houses and slaughterhouses; harvest
waste; fertilizer run- off from fields;
pesticides that enter into water, air or
soils; and salt and silt drained from
fields.
CONSTRUCTION AND DEMOLITION WASTES
➤ Construction waste consists of unwanted material
produced directly or incidentally by the construction or
industries.
➤ This includes building materials such as insulation,
nails, electrical wiring, shingle, and roofing as well as
waste originating from site preparation such as
dredging materials, tree stumps, and rubble.
Construction waste may contain lead, asbestos, or other
hazardous substances.
➤ Much building waste is made up of materials such as
bricks, concrete and wood damaged or unused for
various reasons during construction.
COMMERCIAL WASTES
➤ Commercial waste consists ofwaste from
premises used mainly for the purposes
of a trade or business or for the purpose
of sport, recreation, education or
entertainment, but excluding household,
agricultural or industrial waste.
➤ These wastes are similar to domestic
and commercial types but contain
slightly large amount of paper and cloth.
BIOMEDICAL WASTE
➤ Bio-medical waste means “Any waste which
is generated during the diagnosis, treatment
or immunization of human beings or
animals or in research activities pertaining
thereto or in the production or testing of
biological” -Bio-medical waste rules ,1998
➤ It may includes wastes like sharp waste,
pathological waste, pharmaceutical waste,
genotoxic waste, chemical waste, and
radioactive waste etc.
HAZARDOUS WASTE
➤ Any substances or preparation which, by reason of its chemical or
physiochemical properties or handling, is liable to cause harm to
human beings, other living creatures, plants, micro-organisms,
properties or environment.
➤ Characteristic hazardous wastes are materials that are known or tested
to exhibit one or more of the following four hazardous traits:
• ignitability
• reactivity
• corrosivity
• toxicity
➤ In the industrial sector the major generators of hazardous waste are
the metal’ chemical’ paper, pesticide, dye and rubber goods industries.
➤ Direct exposure to chemicals in hazardous waste such as mercury and
cyanide can be fatal
 FINAL DISPOSAL OF HAZARDOUS WASTE
➤ Historically, some hazardous wastes were disposed of in regular landfills. This resulted in
unfavorable amounts of hazardous materials seeping into the ground. These chemicals eventually
entered to natural hydrologic systems. Currently, hazardous wastes must often be stabilized and
solidified in order to enter a landfill and must undergo different treatments in order to stabilize and
dispose them.
➤ Some hazardous wastes can be recycled into new products. Examples may include lead-acid batteries
or electronic circuit boards. Portland cement
➤ Another commonly used treatment is cement based solidification and stabilization. Cement is used
because it can treat a range of hazardous wastes by improving physical characteristics and decreasing
the toxicity and transmission of contaminants.
➤ Incineration, which destroyed wastes by burning at very high temperature in controlled room for a
specific period.
➤ Chemical treatment is also used to completely breakdown of hazardous materials into non-toxic
substances
➤ Hazardous waste may be sequestered in an hazardous waste landfill or permanent disposal facility.
"In terms of hazardous waste, a landfill is defined as a disposal facility or part of a facility where
hazardous waste is placed or on land and which is not a pile, a land treatment facility, a surface
impoundment, an underground injection well, a salt dome formation, a salt bed formation, an
underground mine, a cave, or a corrective action management unit.
➤ Some hazardous waste types may be eliminated using pyrolysis in an ultra high temperature electrical
arc, in inert conditions to avoid combustion.
REDUCE
➤ Reduce or Waste minimisation is a process of elimination that
involves reducing the amount of waste produced in society and
helps to eliminate the generation of harmful and persistent
wastes, supporting the efforts to promote a more sustainable
society.
[

➤ Waste minimisation involves redesigning products and/or

changing societal patterns, concerning consumption and
production, of waste generation, to prevent the creation of waste.
➤ Disposable goods: paper plate, paper bowl, Styrofoam cup,
plastic spoon, roll of paper towels, paper napkin; Durable goods:
ceramic/plastic plate, metal spoon, glass/plastic drinking cup,
dish towel, cloth napkin)
➤ Recovery of one tonne paper can save 17 trees.
REUSE

➤ Reuse is the action or practice of using something

again, whether for its original purpose (conventional
reuse) or to fulfil a different function (creative reuse or
repurposing). It should be distinguished from recycling,
which is the breaking down of used items to make raw
materials for the manufacture of new products.
➤ Instead of buying new containers from the market, use
the ones that are in the house.
➤ Don’t through away the soft drink can or bottle cover
them with home made paper or paint on them and use
them as pencil stands or small vases.
RECYCLE
➤ Recycling is the process of converting waste
materials into new materials and objects.
➤ It is an alternative to "conventional" waste disposal
that can save material and help lower greenhouse
gas emissions (compared to plastic production, for
[1][2]

example).
➤ Recycling can prevent the waste of potentially
useful materials and reduce the consumption of
fresh raw materials, thereby reducing: energy
usage, air pollution (from incineration), and water
pollution (from landfilling).
WASTE MANAGEMENT HIERARCHY
➤ Waste hierarchy - The waste hierarchy refers to the "3 Rs" reduce, reuse
and recycle, which classify waste management strategies according to their
desirability in terms of waste minimization. The waste hierarchy remains
the cornerstone of most waste minimization strategies.
➤ The waste management hierarchy indicates an order of preference for
action to reduce and manage waste, and is usually presented
diagrammatically in the form of a pyramid.The hierarchy captures the
progression of a material or product through successive stages of waste
management, and represents the latter part of the life-cycle for each
product.
➤ The aim of the waste hierarchy is to extract the maximum practical
benefits from products and to generate the minimum amount of waste. The
proper application of the waste hierarchy can have several benefits. It can
help prevent emissions of greenhouse gases, reduces pollutants, save
energy, conserves resources, create jobs and stimulate the development of
green technologies.
WASTE MANAGEMENT HIERARCHY
INCINERATION
➤ Incineration is a waste treatment process that involves the
combustion of organic substances contained in waste
materials.
➤ In this process solid, liquid and gaseous wastes are converted
through controlled combustion to a residue which contains no
combustible matters and which are release into atmosphere.
➤ This method is common method of solid wastes disposal with
concentrated population. In these areas, limited land
transportation costs makes incineration an economical
alternative.
➤ The production of energy from soil wastes management in
India is not economical as methane gas produced has a very
low calorific value.
 COMPOSTING
➤ Conversion/decomposition of organic refuse like kitchen wastes, leaves and grasses,
crop residues by microorganisms to safe, clean materials called compost.
➤ At the simplest level, the process of composting requires making a heap of wet
organic matter known as green waste (leaves, food waste) and waiting for the
materials to break down into humus after a period of weeks or months.
➤ Modern, methodical composting is a multi-step, closely monitored process with
measured inputs of water, air, and carbon- and nitrogen-rich materials.
➤ The decomposition process is aided by shredding the plant matter, adding water and
ensuring proper aeration by regularly turning the mixture. Worms and fungi further
break up the material.
➤ Bacteria requiring oxygen to function (aerobic bacteria) and fungi manage the
chemical process by converting the inputs into heat, carbon dioxide and ammonium.
➤ Useful in recycling of uncontaminated organic wastes.
➤ Soil application of compost improve soil productivity and crop yield.
➤ It improve the fertiliser use efficiency.
➤ Example are compost from FYM, vermicompost, phosphor-compost etc.
COMPOSTING

➤ Method of combined disposal of refuse and

night soil/ sludge
➤ Principal by products are: CO2 , Water and heat
➤ End product- compost
➤ Methods
➤ a. Bangalore method
➤ b. Mechanical composting
➤ c. Vermicomposting