PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH LACK OF ADEQUATE SAFE WATER

ON PROVISION OF RESTAURANT SERVICES AT NGONGONGARE

VILLAGE IN ARUMERU DISTRICT, TANZANIA

COURSE LECTURER - KASTORI, A

By

PHILORIAN M. MPENDAYE
IDENTITY NUMBER 2011101022

A Business Research Concept Paper Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of

Course Assignment for Research Methods and Consultancy

UNIVERSITY OF ARUSHA

30th April, 2014

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1.0 BACKGROUND OF THE PROBLEM

Today, in many places on the Earth, adequate clean and safe water demands begin to exceed its
availability, and this situation is unlikely to improve. 884 million people of the global population
do not have access to clean and safe water and 37% of those people live in Sub-Saharan Africa
(Kohli, A., Frenken, K and Spottorno, C. 2012). 1 in 8 people worldwide do not have access to
safe and clean drinking water (World Health Organization, 2010). In developing countries, as
much as 80% of illnesses are linked to poor water and sanitation conditions (Annan, K 2003).

In Tanzania, 84% of the people who do not have access to improved water and live in rural area
(World Health Organization, 2010). In 2010 only 33.1% of the population had such access
(United Nations Children's Fund, 2012). Urban areas witnessed a sharp deterioration in access to
water from 77.8% to 58.6%. In 2010, more than 70% of the rural households were more than 15
minutes away from their main water source.

Lack of adequate safe water in Arumeru District restricts average per capita daily water
consumption to 8 litres, falling to 3 to 4 during the dry season (Ghiglieri, G et al., 2010). Serious
problems are also associated with the quality of the water, much of which has high fluoride
content, as a result of the alkaline volcanism (Tekle-Haimanot et al., 2006; Jaroslav and
Annukka, 2007). Excessive consumption of fluoride results in dental or skeletal fluorosis (Moller
et al., 1970; Tekle-Haimanot et al., 2006). The consumption of fluoride-contaminated water has
made these conditions common in Arumeru District (Kilham and Hecky, 1973).

In Ngongongare Village there are 18 restaurants of which neither one has clean and safe piped
water supply. Lack of adequate clean and safe water causes waterborne diseases and failure to
take necessary measures leads to severe aftermaths. It affects the procedural and hygienic service
provision for restaurant. Sufficient dishwashing is affected hence triggers the chain of infections
from customer to customer. Toilets are not well cleaned; service towels and utensils are not well
cleaned with clean water. Infections result during washing, drinking, in preparation of food, or
consumption of food thus infected. These diseases include diarrhea, cholera, fluorosis, intestinal
parasitic worms and typhoid fever. In consequence, much time is lost to sickness and for that
reason people cannot get back to the work of lifting themselves out of poverty.

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2.0 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

A study on problems associated with lack of adequate clean and safe water and possible factors
constraining on food and restaurant service provision at Ngongongare village in Arumeru
District has not yet been attempted. Research on prospecting for safe groundwater in Arumeru
District was conducted in 2010 aimed at locating a source of safe groundwater, where water
shortage is common and much of the surface water carries unacceptable levels of dissolved
fluoride (Ghiglieri, G et al., 2010). The study in Engikaret and Kiserian villages in Longido
District in Arusha Region was aimed at examining water status and water related problems in the
area. The results of the study show that the villages have water unfit for human consumption due
fluoride contamination hence causes bone destruction, which leads to physical deformity and
fractures among other effects (Nagol, E. M., 2010).

It has been noted that that at present there is no research study which has been conducted at
Ngongongare Village based on the subject matter in question despite the government efforts on
research aiming at locating a source of safe groundwater for the district through Hydrology and
Earth System Sciences. The study in Longido District indicates that bone deformation being
serious problem and the general health of the community is affected and so many resources are spend
on medical treatment and buying of drinking water for children as an initiative to protect them from
fluoride infection (Nagol, E. M., 2010). Therefore, this study aims to investigate the level of risk
factors and problems associated with lack of adequate clean and safe water at Ngongongare
Village and ultimately help communities who are consumers of restaurants’ food items be better
prepared and warned of potential threats through preventive adversity risk reduction.

3.0 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

3.1 General Objective of the Study

The general objective of this study is to identify the risk factors and operational barriers
contributing to hazardous restaurant service provision and possible ways for preventive adversity
risk reduction.

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3.2 Specific Objectives of the Study

By the end of the study on problems associated with shortage of clean and safe water on
provision of restaurant services at Ngongongare Village, the researchers should be able:

(i) To assess the quality of the operating structures and processes for provision of restaurant
services at Ngongongare Village.

(ii) To identify populations currently recognized as vulnerable to different water-related

infectious diseases.

(iii) To identify physical deformity, intestinal and life impairment related risk factors caused
by unfit water consumption at Ngongongare Village by the end of 2015.

4.0 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

Shortage of clean and safe water at Ngongongare Village restricts average per capita daily water
consumption to eight litres, falling to 3 to 4. The quality of the water is very poor, much of which
has high fluoride content. Taking unfit water for human consumption leads to hazardous health
and life threatening. It is hoped that the findings that will be generated from this study will make
several contributions to the knowledge and understandings of what is one the worst calamities
that hit the area through provision of restaurant services.

The data collected in this study will be made available to health planners and is hoped that this
will lead to better designed, better directed and more culturally sensitive intervention
programmes to deal with socio economical and cultural problems associated with intake of unfit
water. The findings potentially will enable the Ministry of Water to better design and develop
strategies to exploit sources of safe groundwater for human consumption. Also, the findings will
serve as reliable resource for new research on the identified gaps.

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5.0 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

Data that will be generated from the field will be analyzed by the use of statistical and correlation analysis so that to analyze the
relationship between dependent and independent variables, and the relationship among independent variables. The conceptual
framework in the figure below suggests that independent variables are conceptualised into sanitation facilities, utilization of water,
adequacy of water, human practices, safety, poverty, and ownership of water sources. In addition, it points out the intermediate
variables that include availability, functionality and behaviour change through which independent variables affect the dependant
variables, which are illustrated into negative outcomes that are conceptualised into disease endemic, poor education attendance, and
negative impact on learning, work burden, lack of equity of women, environment associated problems, and crimes.

INDEPENDENT VARIABLES DEPENDENT VARIABLES

Sanitation facilities INTERMEDIATE Disease endemic

VARIABLES
Utilization of water Poor education attendance
Availability
Adequacy of water Negative impact on learning
Functionality
Human practices Work burden
Behaviour change
Safety Lack of equity of women

Poverty Environmental problems

Ownership of water sources Crimes

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Ghiglieri, G. et al (2010). Prospecting for Safe (Low Fluoride) Groundwater in the Eastern
Africa Rift Valley: The Arumeru District (Northern Tanzania). Copernicus Publications.
Göttingen, Germany

Kohli, A., Frenken, K., & Spottorno, C. (2012). Disambiguation of Water Statistics.
AQUASTAT Programme, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
(FAO). 23 September 2010, Revision 23 May 2012, download from:
http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/water_use/index.stm 15.07.2013.

Nagol, E. M (2010). CORDS’ Feasibility Study of Water Supply Project for Engikaret and
Kiserian Villages, Longido District. Community Research and Development Sciences.
Arusha, Tanzania

UNICEF (2012). Water, Sanitation and Hygiene. 2012 Annual Report. UNICEF Wash Section.
New York, United States of America

World Health Organisation (2010). Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality. Fourth Edition.
WHO Press. Geneva, Switzerland