1.

a/Silicon
b/Tellurium
c/Polonium
d/Iodine
e/Arsenic
2.
a/Electronegativity will increase from left to right because the atom has more
effective nuclear charge so it will attract the electron more stronger
b/Atom radius will decrease from left to right because the atom has more effective
nucleus charge which will attract the electron more stronger, making the electrons closer
to the nucleus.

3.
a/ Mg Ca Sr Ba
b/ Na+, F-, O2- (isoelectronic configurations, consider Z. The more Z, the less
R)
c/ Al3+ Na+ Na K
d/ S Cl Cl- S2- I-
4.
a/False
b/False
c/True
d/False
 e/True
5.
X is the metal because most metal has smaller effective nucleus charge than nonmetal so it’s
electronegativity and ionisation energy will be smaller.

6.
a/ 2Ru + 2H2O = 2RuOH + H2
b/ 2K + Br2 = 2KBr
c/ Cl2 + 2KBr = 2KCl + Br2
d/ Na2O + H2O = 2NaOH
e/ SO3 + H2O = H2SO4
7.

Properties/Groups Group 1 Group 7 Compare

trend

Electronegativity Decrease Decrease Same

Reactivity Increase Decrease Different

Melting point Decrease Increase Different

Ionisation energy Decrease Decrease Same

8.
a/ SO3 + H2O = H2SO4 (Acidic)
=> It formed acidic solution

b/ MgO + H2O = Mg(OH)2(Alkaline)

=> It formed alkaline solution

c/ 2Na + 2H2O = 2NaOH (Alkaline) + H2

 => It formed alkaline solution

9.
a/1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d8
b/1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d6
c/1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d2
d/1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d3
10.
a/ +2
b/ +2
c/ +2
d/ +3
e/ +3
f/ +3
g/ +6
h/ 0
11. - Electron configuration of ions:
Cu2+ : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d9
Fe2+ : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d6
Sc3+ : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6
Co3+ : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d6
Mg2+ : 1s2 2s2 2p6

=> Cu2+,Fe2+, Co3+ is paramagnetic because Cu2+ has unpaired electron at the outer
shell (orbital p and energy level 3)

12.
Ti+4 : 3s2 3p6
V+5 : 3s2 3p6
Mn+3 : 3d4
Co+2 : 3d7
 Cu+1 : 3d10
Zn+2 : 3d10
=> MnF3 and CoF2 produces color.
13. Longer wavelengths of lights → less (delta energy) (E = hc/(lamda))
a/
Co2+ :1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d7
Co3+ :1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d6
=> Co2+ will absorb the longer wavelengths because Co2+ has a smaller oxidation state
than Co3+, which will affect the delta energy and then affect the wavelength.
b/
Fe2+ :1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d6
Fe3+ :1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d5
=>Fe2+ will absorb the longer wavelengths because Fe2+ has a smaller oxidation state
than Fe3+, which will affect the delta energy and then affect the wavelength.

1.
a/ Ionic bonding
b/ Covalent bonding
c/ Ionic bonding
d/ Covalent bonding
e/ Covalent bonding
f/ Ionic bonding
2.
a/ MgO
b/ BaSO4
c/ Ca(OH)2
d/ Na2O
e/ SrS
f/ Al2O3
g/ Li3N
h/ Mg3(PO4)2
i/ MgF2
j/ K2SO4
k/ (NH4)2CO3 ( Ammonia = NH4+)
l/ Ag2S
 m/ AgNO3
n/ NH4Cl
o/ Cu(NO3)2
p/ Rb2CO3

3.
Cl = 3.16
O = 3.44
H = 2.2
Br = 2.96
Na = 0.93
In order: Na H Br Cl O

4.
a/H-S(4 unbonded electrons)-H

b/Cl-P(2 unbonded electrons)-Cl

Cl

Cl
c/Cl-C(0 unbonded electrons)-Cl
Cl

d/F-C(0 unbonded electrons)=O

F

e/H-C(0 unbonded electrons)- - -N

f/S=C(0 unbonded electrons)=S

g/F-N(2 unbonded electrons)=O

 HH
h/ N-N(1 unbonded electrons)
HH

i/H-O-O(2 unbonded electrons)-H

Cl
j/Cl-P+(0 unbonded electrons)-Cl
Cl

k/+N(2 unbonded electrons)=O → N(triple)O+

l/O=C(0 unbonded electrons)=N- → -O - C (t) N

5.

6.
a/
-lewis structure
-classify: AB2E2 → molecular geometry = bent

b/Bent (AX3E) (trigonal pyramid)

c/Tetrahedral (AX4)
d/Linear (AX2)
e/Trigonal planar (AX3)
f/Linear (AX2)
g/Bent (AX2E)
h/Tetrahedral (AX4)
i/Linear (AX2)
j/Bent (AX2E)
k/Trigonal Planar(AX3)
l/Linear(AX2)

7.
 ● Polar molecules
HBr
HCN
SCl2
OCl2

● Non polar
PH3
CF4
N2

8.

8.
9.

10.
a/
b/
11.
a/K Na Li
b/Na Mg Al

12. Cl
a/Cl-P-O
Cl

O
b/O-Cl-O
O

O
c/ O-Xe-O
O

13.
 a/Trigonal pyramidal, 107 degrees
b/T-Spahe, <90 degrees
c/Tetrahedral, 109 degrees
d/Sawhorse or Seesaw, <90 degrees and <120 degrees
e/Linear, 180 degrees
f/Octahedral, 90 degrees
g/
h/
i/
j/

14.

Polar Non Polar

SOCl2

CIF5
17.
a/B = Boron
b/N = Nitrogen
c/O = Oxygen
d/C = Carbon
e/Be = Beryllium
f/S = Sulfur
g/P = Phosphorus
h/C = Carbon
 i/Se = Selenium
j/N = Nitrogen
18.
19.

11.
a/
i/Because Aluminium has a larger effective nucleus charge
ii/
● Determine electron configuration
Al+:1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2
Al:1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p1

Cl:1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6

Cl-:1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1
● Explain
So Al+ has smaller radius atom because Al+ has a smaller orbit
While Cl- larger because Cl- has a larger energy level
iii/
K+:1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1
K+ has a larger radius atom because K+ has a larger energy level
b/
i/
Cl + e- = Cl-
Mg - e- = Mg+
ii/
● Determine electron config
Cl:1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6
Br:1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p5
● Explain
Cl is more exothermic than Br because Cl’s outer shell is closer to the nuclear than Br
=> Produce more energy
iii/
Cl cost more energy for the first ionization because Cl is closer to the nuclear than Br
=> Cost more energy
12.
a/
i/1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s1
ii/1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d9
b/
Ligand is a molecule that has one atom in the central and atom surround it
c/
Cu2+
d/
Cu+ = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10
Br- = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6
=> Cu+ and Br- is diamagnetic
e/
i/
Oxidation of Cu = Cu2+
Electron configuration of Cu2+ = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d9
=> Cu2+ is coloured because it’s d shell is not full yet
ii/
Oxidation of Cu = Cu+
Electron configuration of Cu2+ = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10
=> Cu+ is colourless because it’s d shell is full
iii/
Oxidation of Cu in [Cu(H2O)6]2+ = Cu2+
Oxidation of Cu in [Cu(H2O)3Br]2+ = Cu3+
Energy = h*c/lambda(wavelength)
=> The longer the wavelength the smaller the energy
=>