THE SKELETAL

SYSTEM
CLASS 9 – P.E
RESHMA DUTT - BCGS
 SKELETON (206 BONES)

AXIAL SKELETON (80) APPENDICULAR SKELETON (126)

SKULL (29) VERTEBRAL COLUMN (126) RIBS & STERNUM (24+1) GIRDLE BONE (6) LIMB BONE (4×30)

FACIAL BONE (14) CRANIUM (8) EAR OSCICLES (6) HYOID BONE (1) PELVIC GIRDLE (2) PECTORAL GIRDLE (4)

RESHMA DUTT - BCGS

 THE SKULL

CRANIUM : 8 FACE : 14
FRONTAL : 1
PARIETAL : 2 NASAL : 2 NASAL CONCHAE : 2
TEMPORAL :2 MAXILLA : 2 VOMER : 1
OCCIPITIAL :1 ZYGOMATIC : 2 MANDIBLE : 1
SPHENOID :1 LACRIMAL : 2
ETHMOID : 1 PALATINE : 2

RESHMA DUTT - BCGS


THE
SKULL
ETHMOID BONE
It is a light, cancellous bone
consisting of a cribriform plate.
This plate forms the roof of the
nasal cavity and closes the
anterior part of the base of the
cranium.
LACRINAL BONE
These two bones are located at the
front of the inner wall of the orbit.
FRONTAL BONE
(FOREHEAD)
It forms part of the eye socket
and the prominent ridges above
the eyes.
NASAL BONES
These are two flat bones MANDIBLE (LOWER JAW)
which form the upper part
of the bridge of nose. Only movable bone of the skull. It is the
largest and strongest bone of the face
RESHMA DUTT - BCGS
ZYGOMATIC BONE TEMPORAL BONE
These bones form the These are two bones situated
prominences of the cheeks SPHENOID BONE at the sides and the base of
and part of the outer wall This bone occupies the middle the skull.
and floor of the orbits. portion of the base of the skull
which binds the other cranial bones
together. PARIETAL BONE
These bones form
the sides and roof
of the skull.

MAXILLA (UPPER JAW)

Each bone helps to form :
• Part of the floor of the orbit OCCIPITAL BONE
• The floor and lateral walls of the nasal cavities.
• The greater part of the roof of the mouth. Forms the back of the head and part
RESHMA DUTT - BCGS of the base of the skull.
 1. The cranium protects the delicate tissues of the
FUNCT IONS OF brain.
2. The bony eye sockets provide the eyes with some
THE SKULL protection against injury.
3. The temporal bone protects the delicate structures
of the ear.
4. The maxilla and mandible ridges in which the
teeth are embedded.
5. The mandible is the only movable bone of the
skull and chewing food is the result of raising and
lowering the mandible by contracting and relaxing
some muscles of the face, the muscles of
RESHMA DUTT - BCGS mastication.
THE RIBCAGE STERNUM

AND THE ▪ It is a flat, narrow,

SHOULDER
6 inches long bone
situated in the
median line in
front of the chest.
▪ Ribs get connected
to it through
cartilages.

RESHMA DUTT - BCGS

 SCAPULA CLAVICLE
1. It is also known as shoulder
blade. 1. It is also known as collar bone.

2. It articulates with the humerus and 2. It is a long bone that serves as a

with the clavicle. strut between the shoulder blade
and the sternum
3. It connects the upper limb to the
trunk. 3. There are two clavicles one on the left
and one on the right.
4. It is a triangular flat bone which
serves as a site for attachment for 4. It is the only long bone in the body
many muscles. that lies horizontally.

5. It stabilizes the arm and the neck.

RESHMA DUTT - BCGS
 THORACIC RIBS
• The ribs are named according to their
attachment.
• The upper 7 pairs are the true ribs because
they are attached directly to the sternum.
• Of the lower 5 pairs of ribs, are attached (1 – 7th ribs )

indirectly to the sternum, are called false

ribs.
• The two lowest pairs of ribs being
unattached in front, are called floating ribs.
• The intercostal muscles lie between the ribs
and are therefore attached to all of them.

( 8th, 9th and 10th ribs) (11th and 12th ribs)

RESHMA DUTT - BCGS
Label the parts 1 to 4.

2 Sternum
1

Ribcage 3 True ribs

Floating ribs RESHMA DUTT - BCGS

 Vertebral column (Bones of the spine)

❖ The backbone begins at the neck and extends up to the anus.

❖ There are 33 bones (vertebrae) piled one above the other, to form a strong , flexible column, for the support of the cranium and
trunk and provide articular surfaces for the attachment of the ribs.

❖ The vertebrae are hollow from inside.

❖ The middle portion of the backbone make mid-nervous system through which passes the spinal cord.

❖ The cervical, thoracic and lumbar vertebrae are different in size and shape, but similar in structure.
❖ The sacral and coccygeal vertebrae get fused into two separate parts in an adult.
RESHMA DUTT - BCGS
 Vertebral column
7

The vertebral column is divided into five parts,

1. Cervical vertebrae: These are situated above the shoulder and 7 in
12
number.
2. Thoracic or dorsal vertebrae: The 12 ribs are connected to the chest in
front and to the vertebrae at the back.
3. Lumbar vertebrae: These form the waist and 5 in number. These are
5
largest and heaviest of all the vertebrae.
4. Sacral vertebrae: These form an important bone of the vertebral column
5
called sacrum and 5 in number. It is located in pelvic region.
4 5. Coccygeal vertebrae: These form the coccyx (vestigial tail bone) and 4 in
RESHMA DUTT - BCGS number.
 UPPER LIMB
(Forelimb)

RESHMA DUTT - BCGS

BONES OF THE FORELIMB
• HUMERUS : The humerus is a long in the arm which runs from the shoulder to the elbow. It connects the scapula and the two
bones of the lower arm, radius and ulna. It supports all lifting and physical movements of the upper limb.
• ULNA : It is a long bone found in the forearm that stretches from the elbow to the smallest finger. It runs parallel to the radius,
another bone in the forearm. It joins with the humerus to form elbow joint and joins with the carpal bones of the hand at its
smaller end.
• RADIUS : It is the shorter than ulna. It is a long bone found between the elbow and the wrist joints. It is parallel to ulna.
• CARPALS : It is a group of short bones which forms the wrist. It is responsible for flexibility and rotation.
• METACARPALS : The metacarpals are bones that are connected to the carpals and the phalanges.
• PHALANGES : They constitute the fingers of the hand. RESHMA DUTT - BCGS
 HINDLIMB:
• The lower extremity refers to the part of the body from the hip to the toes.
• This includes the hip, knee and ankle joints and also the bones of the
thigh, leg and foot.
• The lower limb is attached to the vertebral column by the pelvic girdle.
• We refer to the lower extremity as the leg.

Function of the lower limb:

The thigh, leg and foot constitute the lower limb. The bones of the lower
limbs are considerably larger and stronger than the bones of the upper limbs
as it supports the entire weight of the body while walking, running or
jumping.
RESHMA DUTT - BCGS
 Hindlimb
FEMUR(THIGH BONE)

▪ Each hind limb has 30 bones which form thigh, knee

(Bones of the Lower and foot.
limb)
▪ It is the single, largest and the strongest bones of the
body in the upper leg.
PATELLA

FIBULA ▪ The two bones present in the lower leg is formed of

TIBIA
tibia and fibula.
TARSAL
▪ The head articulates with the cavity in the hip called
METATARSAL acetabulum.

PHALANGES ▪ The lower of the femur articulates with tibia and the
RESHMA DUTT - BCGS
patella.
 THE PATELLA

• The patella , commonly referred to as the

kneecap located in front of the knee joint.
• It is small, flat, triangular shaped seasmoid
bone and it is placed in front of the knee
joint.
• It articulates with the femur bone.
• It protects the knee joint from physical
trauma.
RESHMA DUTT - BCGS
 THE T IBIA
• It is the main bone of the lower leg, forming
what is more commonly known as the shin. It
is two in numbers.
• It lies at the front and medial side of the leg.
• It expands at its proximal and distal ends,
articulating at the knee and ankle joints
respectively.
• The tibia is the second largest bone in the
body and it is a key weight bearing structure.

RESHMA DUTT - BCGS

 THE FIBULA

• These bones are 2 in numbers.

• The fibula is located within the lateral aspect
of the leg (next to the tibia).
• It is the long, thinner, weaker bone of the
lower leg.
• It is also known as the calf bone, as it sits
slightly behind the tibia on the outside of the
leg.
Function:
Its main function is to act as an attachment for
muscles, and not as a weight bearer.
RESHMA DUTT - BCGS
 THE BONES OF THE FOOT
The bones of the foot provide mechanical support for the soft
tissue, helping the foot withstand the weight of the body while
standing and in motion.
They can be divided into three regions:
1. Hindfoot – talus and calcaneus
2. Midfoot
3. Forefoot – metatarsals and phalanges

RESHMA DUTT - BCGS

 BONES OF THE FOOT
Tarsals: (7)
A set of seven irregularly shape bones. They are
situated proximally in the foot in the ankle area.
Metatarsals: (5)
Connect the phalanges to the tarsals. There are
five in number – one for each digit.
Phalanges: (14)
The bones of the toes. Each toe has three
phalanges – proximal, intermediate and distal
(except the big toe, which only has two phalanges).
RESHMA DUTT - BCGS
 TYPES OF BONES
The bones of the skeleton are classified according to their shape and
formation, termed as long, short, flat, irregular.
1. Long bones:
These are found in arms and legs.
These consist of a cylindrical shaft and two extremities/limbs. As the
name suggests the length is much greater than the width.
Example: Femur, tibia, fibula (Thigh and leg bones)
Humerus, ulna, radius (Upper and lower arm)
Fingers and toes

RESHMA DUTT - BCGS

 TYPES OF BONES
2. Short bones:
These bones are light, strong and short bones give strength in
support, as the strength shown in the wrist and ankle.
3. Flat bones:
These bones are found where protection is needed, as in most of
the bones of the skull, sternum, scapulae, ribs and hips.
4. Irregular bones:
These bones have complex shape as compared to the other
three categories. Irregular bones are the vertebrae and some
bones of the face. RESHMA DUTT - BCGS
 PELVIC GIRDLE (HIP)
• The pelvic girdle is a large trough-shaped part formed by two hip
bones that are joined medially to the sacrum.
• Each hip bone is made up of three bones,
1. The ilium
2. Ischium and
3. Pubis
• On each side it bears a large cup-shaped articular cavity called
acetabulum into which fits the large round head of the thigh bone.
• It not only gives support to the skeleton of the hind limbs, but also
protects and supports the abdominal organs RESHMA DUTT - BCGS
RESHMA DUTT - BCGS
 Joints
❖Joints are points where two or more bones are joined together.
❖The movement of our body or its parts is possible because of
joints.
❖At joints, the bones are held together by bands of flexible
connective tissue. These bands are called ligaments. Ligaments
keep the bones in position.
❖The muscles are attached to the ends of bones by the bands of
tough fibrous connective tissue, called tendon. RESHMA DUTT - BCGS
 Cartilage
❖The ends of the bones are covered with soft cartilage.
❖It acts as a cushion between the bones and prevents
them from rubbing.
❖It reduces friction between bones and absorbs the
shock.
❖ The cartilage pads are present between the vertebrae
and at the ends of long bones.
RESHMA DUTT - BCGS
 Types of joints
Based on the degree of freedom of movement, the joints are of three types;

IMMOVABLE OR FIXED PARTIALLY MOVABLE JOINTS FREELY MOVABLE JOINTS

JOINTS

Example: Skull Example: Vertebral column, Example: Shoulder joint, hip

joint of sternum with ribs joint, knee joint, elbow joint
etc
RESHMA DUTT - BCGS
 Immovable joint
• There is no movement possible in this kind of
joint .

• These joints are held together by tough fibrous

tissue.

• The bones of an immovable joint together form a

single protecting covering.
RESHMA DUTT - BCGS
Slightly movable joint
• These joints are also known as
cartilaginous joints.
• These types of joints are formed by
bones that are connected by cartilage.
• There is a small amount of movement
permitted at these joints.
• They cannot rotate or move freely.
RESHMA DUTT - BCGS
 Freely movable joint
• These joints are also called as synovial
joints and allow free movement to take
place.
• These joints contain synovial fluid
inside a synovial membrane which
surrounds the joint.

RESHMA DUTT - BCGS

Types of movable joints
BALL AND SOCKET JOINT
HINGE JOINT
PIVOT JOINT
GLIDING JOINT

SADDLE JOINT

RESHMA DUTT - BCGS

MOVABLE JOINTS

RESHMA DUTT - BCGS

 In flexion, there is a
decrease in the angle
between two body parts.

In extension, there is an
increase in the angle
between two body parts.

RESHMA DUTT - BCGS

RESHMA DUTT - BCGS
Abduction:
It is a movement away from the
midline of the body.

e.g. abduction of the shoulder

raises the arms out to the sides
of the body.

Adduction:
It is the movement of a body part
toward the body’s midline.

e.g. If a person has their arms

straight out at the shoulders
brings them down to their sides, it
is adduction.
RESHMA DUTT - BCGS
It is a conical movement of a limb extending
from the joint at which the movement is
controlled.

e.g. Ball and socket joint, condyloid and saddle

joints such as wrist, ankle, hip, shoulder.
RESHMA DUTT - BCGS
RESHMA DUTT - BCGS
 Benefits of exercise

1. Increases flexibility

2. Makes bone stronger

3. Strengthens joints

4. Good posture

5. Brings about a healthy life style

RESHMA DUTT - BCGS
 Functions of the skeletal system

1. Frame work of the skeletal system

2. Gives support
3. Helps in movement
4. Helps in mineral storage
5. Blood cell production
6. Lever action
RESHMA DUTT - BCGS
RESHMA DUTT - BCGS
RESHMA DUTT - BCGS
RESHMA DUTT - BCGS
RESHMA DUTT - BCGS
RESHMA DUTT - BCGS
RESHMA DUTT - BCGS
RESHMA DUTT - BCGS
RESHMA DUTT - BCGS
RESHMA DUTT - BCGS