Gr4-JOY OF MATH

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Copyright page.indd 1 4/7/2020 9:59:59 AM

Theme 1: Numbers
1 Large
Numbers
Let ’s Revise
Number Facts
d
1. Any
ny number can be formed by using the 10 digits: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9.
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t.
2. All numbers from 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, … are called natural or counting numbers.
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hen 0 is included along with the natural numbers, they form a set of
3. When
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whole numbers.
In
Whole Numbers: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, …
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4. To write a 2-digit number,, we use 2 digits; to write a 3-digit number, we use 3
he
digits; to write a 4-digit number,

number, we use 4 digits.
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hen a number is written using digits, it is called short form or notation.

5. When
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6. The smallest 4-digit number is formed by adding 1 to the largest 3-digit number:
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999 + 1 = 1000.
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7. The largest 4-digit number is 9,999.

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8. The smallest 5-digit number is 9,999 + 1 = 10,000

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©
hen numbers are arranged from smallest to biggest, it is called ascending

9. When
order; and when numbers are arranged from biggest to smallest, it is called
descending order.
10. The value of a digit depends on its place, i.e. units, tens, hundreds, etc. where it
occurs. It is known as place value. The value of the digit itself, which never changes,
is known as face value.
Example: In 4387, the place value of 4 is 4000 and face value of 4 is 4.
Chapter-1 .indd 1 03-Aug-17 5:07:07 PM

Indian System of Numeration
In Indian system of numeration, places are grouped into periods as follows:
Lakhs Thousands Ones Periods

Ten
Ten Lakhs Lakhs Thousands Hundreds Tens Ones
Thousands Places
2 8 9 6 4 5
The ones period has three places — ones, tens and hundreds
The thousands period has two places — housands and ten thousands
thousands
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The lakhs period has also two places — lakhs
akhs and ten lakhs
Lt
t.
The number given in the above place value chart can be written as 2,89,645 and read as
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“Two lakh eighty-nine thousand six hundred forty-five.”
a
di
Place Value and Face Value of 5-digit Numbers In
rs
The value of the place of a digit in a number is called the place value of the digit. In the
he
place value chart given below, the place value of 6 is 6 tens and the place value of 4 is
is
4 hundreds. Face value of the digit remains the same as the digit.
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Consider
onsider the number 12468.
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illa
TTh Th H T O Face Value Place Value

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1 2 4 6 8
ac
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8 8 ones = 8
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6 6 tens = 60
4 4 hundreds = 400
2 2 thousands = 2,000
1 1 ten thousand = 10,000

Exercise 1.1
1. State the face value and place value of the following coloured digits.
Number Face value Place value
a. 1 2, 4 5 6
b. 3 4, 7 8 0
c. 7 2, 9 0 8
d. 2 3, 6 8 9
e. 8 6, 1 4 3
d
Lt
f. 9 4, 0 1 4
t.
g. 6 7, 2 0 1
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h. 4 2, 1 4 0
a
i. 5 8, 1 2 3
di
j. 1 5, 6 8 8 In
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Numeration of 5-digit Numbers

is
bl
Observe the example.

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Number Ten Thousands Hundreds Tens Ones Number Name

n
illa
Thousands
Eleven thousand two
m
11,285 1 1 2 8 5
hundred eighty-five
ac
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Showing 5-digit Numbers on the Abacus

©
Let us show the numbers 11304 and 11285 on the abacus.

TTh Th H T O TTh Th H T O
1 1 3 0 4 1 1 2 8 5

Exercise 1.2
1. Complete the following table.
Number Ten Thou- Hund- Tens Ones Number Name
Thousands sands reds
(a) 11,792
(b) 95,403
(c) 87,621
d
Lt
(d) 70,829
t.
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2. Show the following numbers on the abacus.
a
a. TTh Th H T O b. TTh Th H T O c. TTh Th H T O
di
In
rs
he
is
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1 4 7 8 2 9 5 5 8 3 7 0 8 2 9
Pu
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Counting 5-digit Numbers on the Number Line

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Example:
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ac
10,000 10,001 10,002 10,003 10,004 10,005 10,006

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1. Count
ount on the number line.
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a.
20,000 20,001 20,002
b.
20,205 20,206

c.
98,350 98,351
d.
72,504 72,505
Skip Counting of 5-digit Numbers on the Number Line

A. Skip count in twos.
d
Lt
t.
15,802 15,804
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B. Skip count in threes.
a
di
29,003 29,006 In
rs
C. Skip count in fives.
he
is
bl
95,505 95,510
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Comparing 5-digit Numbers

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illa
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Rules for Comparing Numbers

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1. Thee greater the number of digits, the greater is the number.

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or example,
For 12345 > 9624
5 digits 4 digits
2. If two numbers have the same number of digits, then the number with the bigger
digit in the ten thousands place is greater.
For example, 7 1 2 4 5 > 5 9 6 2 8 [Both the numbers have 5
digits, so we compare the
digits at ten thousands
7 > 5
place.]

3. If the digits in the ten thousands place of the numbers are the same, then we compare
the digits in the thousands place.
For example, 4 6 8 2 5 > 4 5 9 2 7
4 = 4
6 > 5
4. If the digits in the thousands place of the numbers are the same, then we compare
the digits in the hundreds place.
For example,
5 3 7 2 9 > 5 3 4 8 5
d
5 = 5
Lt
3 = 3
t.
7 > 4
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5. ike this, we compare the corresponding digits from left to right till we get different digits.
Like
a
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In
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Exercise 1.3
he
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1. Fill in the blanks using > or <.

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a. 15934 17832 b. 13947 13953

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c. 92401 92789 d. 35869 34869

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illa
e. 72543 72453 f. 29358 2935

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2. Circle
cle the largest number in each option.
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a. 13945, 78492, 35945 b. 28465, 28645, 28546

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c. 83729, 72839, 27983 d. 50105, 55105, 50501

e. 30611, 31601, 30161 f. 67431, 42197, 24562
3. Circle the smallest number in each option.
a. 53917, 59137, 53179 b. 72858, 70858, 75858
c. 49355, 59355, 69355 d. 24861, 25867, 25863
e. 34600, 35600, 34400 f. 14379, 62451, 14400

Ascending and Descending Order
Arranging numbers from smallest to biggest is called ascending order.
Example: 12, 8, 9 and 17 in ascending order can be written as 8 < 9 < 12 < 17.
Arranging numbers from biggest to smallest is called descending order.
Example: 23, 29, 11 and 88 in descending order can be written as 88 > 29 > 23 > 11.
Exercise 1.4
rrange the following numbers in ascending order (smallest to biggest).
1. Arrange
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a. 10,345, 10,356, 10,583, 10,352, 11,256
t.
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_______ < _______ < _______ < _______ < _______
a
di
b. 15,309, 18,597, 22,366, 89,591, 38,450
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_______ < _______ < _______ < _______ < _______
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he
c. 20,340, 17,659, 17,575, 20,430, 13,965

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bl
_______ < _______ < _______ < _______ < _______

Pu
n
2. Arrange
rrange the following numbers in descending order (biggest to smallest).
illa
a. 15,239, 17,354, 18,297, 45,754, 12,987

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ac
_______ > _______ > _______ > _______ > _______

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b. 77,890, 77,980, 87,098, 78,908, 97,777
_______ > _______ > _______ > _______ > _______
c. 21,232, 12,314, 15,789, 27,345, 72,435
_______ > _______ > _______ > _______ > _______

6-Digit Numbers
Indian and International System of Numeration
5-digit numbers are read the same way in both the Indian and international systems
of numeration. The placement of commas and number names change for 6-digit and
greater numbers in the international system.
Lakhs TTh Th H T O Indian System

Hundred thousands TTh Th H T O International System
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Lt
Different Same
t.
To read numerals for large numbers conveniently, we group places into periods.
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We put a comma ( ,) after each period.
a
di
Let us see an example below.
In
rs
TL L TTh Th H T O HTh TTh Th H T O
he
4 6 9 3 5 2 4 6 9 3 5 2
is
bl
Indian System International System

Pu
n
Indian System International System

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Ones period – First 3 digits Ones period – First 3 digits

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Thousands period – Next 2 digits Thousands period – Next 3 digits

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Lakhs period – Next 2 digits
1,00,000 100,000
In Indian system, 469352 is written as 4,69,352.

It is read as four lakh sixty-nine thousand three hundred fifty-two.
In international system, 469352 is written as 469,352 and it is read as
“Four hundred sixty-nine thousand three hundred fifty-two.”

Exercise 1.5
1. Write the following numbers in figures (Indian System). One has been done for you.
Notation L TTh Th H T O
Five lakh seventy-two thousand three 5 7 2 3 5 0
hundred fifty
a. Five lakh eight thousand seventy-four

b. Six lakh ninety thousand seven
d
Lt
hundred forty-five
t.
c. Six lakh seventy thousand six hundred
Pv
a
rite the following numbers in figures (International System). One has been done
2. Write
di
for you. In
rs
Notation HTh TTh Th H T O
he
Seven hundred four thousand sixteen 7 0 4 0 1 6

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bl
a. Six hundred eighty thousand four

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hundred five
n
b. Seven hundred thousand six hundred

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ninety-five
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c. Twenty thousand four hundred fifty-

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nine
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ewrite the numbers placing commas according to the Indian system.

3. Rewrite
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a. 200345 = __________ b. 689245 = __________

c. 193862 = __________ d. 114589 = __________
4. Rewrite the numbers placing commas according to the international system.
a. 34568 = __________ b. 762596 = __________
c. 159836 = __________ d. 45679 = __________

5. Write the following numbers in words (Indian System). One has been done for you.
Numeral L TTh Th H T O Notation

3,39,821 3 3 9 8 2 1 Three lakh thirty-nine
thousand eight hundred
twenty-one
a. 8,34,912
b. 4,53,681
d
Lt
t.
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c. 3,92,168
a
di
In
rs
he
6. Write
rite the following numbers in words (International System). One has been done
is
for you.
bl
Pu
Numeral HTh TTh Th H T O Notation

139,256 1
n
3 9 2 5 6 One hundred thirty-nine

illa
thousand two hundred

fifty-six
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ac
a. 789,295
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b. 928,261
c. 593,815
10

Expanded Notation
Writing a number in the form of the sum of the place values of all its digits is called
expanded notation. For example, 6,25,391 can be written in expanded form as:
600000 + 20000 + 5000 + 300 + 90 + 1

Expanded notation of 4,51,212 is __________________________________________.
Exercise 1.6
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1. Write the following numbers in the expanded notation (Indian system). One has been
done for you.
t.
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L TTh Th H T O Expanded Notation
a
di
9 4 6 8 2 6 9,00,000 + 40,000 + 6,000 + 800 + 20 + 6
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a. 6 9 5 0 0 2
rs
he
b. 1 8 6 9 4 5
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c. 3 6 9 8 4
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d. 3 8 2 6 1
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2. Write the following numbers in the expanded notation (International system).

m
One has been done for you.

ac
M
HTh TTh Th H T O Expanded Notation

©
6 7 3 9 8 1 600,000 + 70,000 + 3,000 + 900 + 80 + 1
a. 6 6 9 2 1 8
b. 5 4 2 1 9 7
c. 1 4 5 6 3 9
d. 2 4 8 3 5 7
11

Forming Greatest and Smallest Numbers
To form a 2-digit number, we use 2 digits, e.g. 12 and to form a 3-digit number, we use
3 digits.
Suppose we are given 4 digits, say, 6, 2, 4 and 5. We can make many numbers with these
given digits.
6245, 6254, 6452, 6425, 6524, 6542, etc.
The greatest and smallest number can be formed by the following method.
d
Greatest Number
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t.
First put the biggest digit in the thousands column, then the next
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Th H T O
biggest digit in the hundreds column and so on. We put the digits
6 5 4 2
a
di
in descending order to get 6542, which is the biggest 4-digit number
formed by the given digits. In
rs
he
Smallest Number
is
Here, digits are put in the ascending order to get the number 2456. Th H T O
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This is the smallest 4-digit number formed by the given digits. 2 4 5 6

n
illa
Example 1: Build the greatest and the smallest 5-digit numbers with
We cannot
the
he digits 9, 4, 7, 3 and 1.
m
start a number
ac
with 0 (zero).
Solution: Biggest number is 97431 (descending order of digits)
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mallest number is 13479 (ascending order of digits)

Smallest
©
Example2: Build the greatest and the smallest 6-digit numbers

with the digits 5, 0, 8, 2, 6 and 7.
Solution: Biggest number is 876520 (descending order of
digits)
Smallest number is 205678 (ascending order of digits
except 0)
12

Exercise 1.7
1. Form the greatest and the smallest 5-digit numbers with the given digits.
Greatest Smallest
a. 3, 6, 5, 4 and 2 _______ _______
b. 5, 1, 0, 3 and 8 _______ _______
c. 8, 9, 3, 5 and 7 _______ _______
d. 6, 7, 9, 1 and 0 _______ _______
d
Lt
e. 3, 6, 9, 4 and 8 _______ _______
t.
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2. Form given digits.
orm the greatest and the smallest 6-digit numbers with the gi
a
Greatest Smallest
di
a. 4, 1, 6, 3, 8 and 2 ________ In ________
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b. 6, 2, 8, 9, 0 and 4 ________ ________
he
c. 9, 4, 5, 1, 7 and 3 ________ ________

is
bl
d. 1, 7, 4, 0, 9 and 6 ________ ________

Pu
e. 2, 6, 3, 8, 4 and 5 ________ ________

n
illa
f. 5, 7, 1, 2, 3 and 9 ________ ________

m
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Roman Numerals
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©
In our Roman empire, we

I V X L C D M used Roman numerals. There
are 7 Symbols: I, V, X, L,
1 5 10 50 100 500 1000 C, D, and M.
Do you know what they stand
The above table shows the relationship for? Let me show you.
between Roman numerals and Hindu-
Arabic numerals.
13

Some special rules for writing Roman numerals:
1. I is repeated only 3 times. 4 is written as IV not IIII.
2. If a smaller number is written to the left of a bigger number, then it is subtracted,
e.g., in IV, I is to the left of V, therefore I is subtracted from V (5–1), so IV means 4.
In IX, I is to the left of X, therefore I is subtracted from X (10–1), so IX means 9.
3. If a smaller number is written to the right of a bigger number, then it is added,
e.g., in VI, I is to the right of V, therefore I is added to V (5 + 1), so VI means 6. In XI,
I is to the right of X, therefore I is added to X(10 + 1), so XI means 11.
d
4. Wee find that V is not written to the left of X, that is, a smaller number is not written
Lt
to the left of a bigger number. In the same way, L and D are not written to the left of
t.
a bigger number, e.g., we can write XV but not VX, we can write LV but not VL.
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5. ou can also note that V, L and D are not repeated, whereas I, X, C and M may
You
a
di
be repeated.
In
Observe the following table carefully which shows the Hindu-Arabic numeral and its
rs
he
corresponding Roman numeral.

is
bl
1 I 11 XI 21 XXI 31 XXXI 41 XLI

Pu
2 II 12 XII 22 XXII 32 XXXII 42 XLII

n
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3 III 13 XIII 23 XXIII 33 XXXIII 43 XLIII

m
4 IV 14 XIV 24 XXIV 34 XXXIV 44 XLIV

ac
M
5 V 15 XV 25 XXV 35 XXXV 45 XLV

©
6 VI 16 XVI 26 XXVI 36 XXXVI 46 XLVI

7 VII 17 XVII 27 XXVII 37 XXXVII 47 XLVII
8 VIII 18 XVIII 28 XXVIII 38 XXXVIII 48 XLVIII
9 IX 19 XIX 29 XXIX 39 XXXIX 49 XLIX
10 X 20 XX 30 XXX 40 XL 50 L
14

Exercise 1.8
1. Fill in the blanks.
a. III + VI = ________ f. X + III = ________
b. VII + V = ________ g. IX – IV = ________
c. IV – II = ________ h. XXX – V = ________
d. XX – IX = ________ i. XX – VII = ________
e. X + IV = ________ j. L–X = ________
2. Write the predecessor. 3. Write
rite the successor.
d
Lt
a. ______ XX a. XI _______
t.
Pv
b. ______ XXIV b. XIX _______
c. ______ XXI c. XXII _______
a
di
d. ______ XXX d. XVI _______
In
rs
e. ______ XXXII e.
e. XXIV _______
he
4. Arrange in ascending order. 5. Arrange in descending order.

A
is
bl
a. IX, IV, VI, VII a. XXII, XIX, XXIII, XX

Pu
_______________________ _______________________
n
b. XX, XIX, XII, XIV b. IX, VII, V, VI

illa
_______________________ _______________________
m
c. XXII,
XII, XX, XVII, XV c. LXI, L, XL, XLII
ac
_______________________ _______________________
M
©
Brain Teaser
Move only one matchstick so that the result will be true.
1. 2.
15

MATHS LAB ACTIVITY
Greatest and Smallest 5-digit Numbers on an Abacus
Objective: To reinforce the understanding of 5-digit numbers on an abacus.
Materials Required: An abacus with 5 rods and beads of five different colours.
Preparation: Students can perform this activity individually.
Steps: Let us have 5 digits, say, 3, 8, 5, 1 and 7.
Let us now form the greatest 5-digit number using these digits.
d
1. Find
d the greatest digit (here, it is 8). Pick up eight beads and put them in the ten
Lt
thousands rod.
t.
Pv
2. Find the second largest digit (here, it is 7). Pick up seven TTh Th H T O
a
beads and put them in the thousands rod.
di
3. Find In
d the third largest digit (here, it is 5). Pick up five
rs
beads and put them in the hundreds rod.
he
4. Find
d the fourth largest digit (here, it is 3). Pick up three
is
beads and put them in the tens rod.

bl
Pu
5. Find the fifth largest digit (here, it is 1). Put one bead in the ones rod.
Thee greatest number formed is 87,531.
n
illa
Let us now form the smallest 5-digit number from the given digits.
m
To get the smallest 5-digit number, put the beads in the reverse direction.
ac
M
1. Putt 8 beads in the ones rod.

©
2. Next,
ext, put 7 beads in the tens rod.
TTh Th H T O
3. Put 5 beads in the hundreds rod.
4. Put 3 beads in the thousands rod.
5. Put 1 bead in the ten thousands rod.
Thus, the smallest 5-digit number formed is 13,578.
16

Revision Time
1. Write the following numbers in the Indian system.
Notation L TTh Th H T O
a. Seven lakh nine thousand one
hundred thirty-three
b. Six lakh ninety-one thousand six
hundred sixty-four
d
Lt
2. Skip count and fill numbers on the number line.
t.
Pv
a.
15,000 20,000 25,000
a
di
b.
1,50,000 3,50,000 In
rs
3. Write
rite the following numbers in the international system.
he
is
Notation HTh TTh Th H T O

bl
Pu
a. 125 Thousand
n
b. 57 Thousand
illa
m
c. 371 Thousand
ac
M
rite the following numbers using Roman numerals.

4. Write
©
a. 500 = .................... b. 24 = ....................

c. 35 = .................... d. 40 = ....................
5. Arrange the following in ascending order.
a. XLIX, XL, XXV, XVI .......................................................................................
b. XLVII, XLIII, XL, XLI .......................................................................................
17

Worksheet
Given below is a number puzzle. Solve it using the clues given below.
1 5
d
Lt
3 4
t.
Pv
6
a
di
In
rs
he
is
Across Down
bl
1. One more than the largest 3-digit number 1. Place value of 1 in 68,519
Pu
n
2. Smallest 4-digit number with the digits 2. First term in the expanded form of 2489
illa
2, 3, 9 and 0
m
ac
3. Maximum number of times Roman 3. Predecessor of 389

M
numeral I can be repeated

©
4. Hindu-Arabic numeral of XXXVIII 4. Largest in the ascending order of

388, 38, 338
5. 2589 = 2000 + 500 + _____ + 9 5. 8000 + 900 + 50 + 3 = _________
6. L – X in Hindu-Arabic numeral 6. Successor of XLVII in Hindu-Arabic
numeral
18

Theme 2: Number Operations
2 Addition and
Subtraction
Let ’s Revise
Addition Facts
d
Lt
1. If zero is added to a number, its value remains the same.
Examples: 1235 + 0 = 1235, 0 + 5855 = 5855
t.
Pv
2. Even
ven if we change the order of the numbers to be added, the answer remains the same.
a
Examples: 45 + 36 = 81 and 36 + 45 = 81
di
3. In
Wee may group numbers in any order while adding, but the answer remains the same.
Examples: 45 + 5 + 50 canan be written as
rs
he
(45 + 5) + 50 or (45 + 50) + 5

is
50 + 50 = 100 95 + 5 = 100
bl
4. Thee numbers being added are called addends.

Pu
H T O
Thee result of addition of the addends is called the Addend 6 3 1
n
sum or total.
illa
Addend + 4 5
m
Subtraction Facts Sum 6 7 6

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1. Thee value of a number does not change, if zero is

subtracted from it.
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Example: 45 – 0 = 45
2. The number from which the other number is subtracted
H T O
is called the minuend.
Minuend → 7 9 3
3. The number which is subtracted is called the subtrahend.
4. The result obtained on subtraction is called the difference.
Subtrahend → 1 6 8
Difference → 6 2 5
19
Chapter-2.indd 19 03-Aug-17 5:09:03 PM

Addition Strategies
Let us understand some strategies which will help us doing addition easily.
Strategy 1: Break Up One Number
Example 1 Example 2
36 + 25 154 + 35
= 36 + (20 + 5) = 154 + (30 + 5)
= 56 + 5 = 61 = 184 + 5 = 189
d
Lt
Strategy 2: Break Up Two Numbers
t.
Pv
Example 1 Example 2
a
di
36 + 25 154 + 35
= (30 + 6) + (20 + 5)
In
= (150 + 4) + (30 + 5)
rs
he
= (30 + 20) + (6 + 5) = (150 + 30) + (4 + 5)

is
= 50 + 11= 61 = 180 + 9 = 189

bl
Pu
Strategy 3: Count in 10s

n
illa
Example 1 Example 2
m
ac
36 + 25 154 + 35
M
= (36 + 10 + 10 + 5) = (154 + 10 + 10 + 10 + 5)
©
= (36 46 56 + 5) = 61 = (154 164 174 184 + 5) = 189
Exercise 2.1
1. Add the following numbers by breaking up one number.
a. 43 + 46 b. 135 + 54 c. 163 + 39
20

2. Add the following numbers by breaking up both the numbers.
a. 39 + 45 = ________________ b. 162 + 58 = ________________
c. 145 + 97 = ________________ d. 356 + 83 = ________________
3. Add the following numbers by counting in 10s.

a. 129 + 46 = ______ b. 245 + 37 = ______ c. 328 + 61 = ______
4. Add by any suitable rearrangement.

a. 65 + 23 = ______ b. 71 + 45 = _____ c. 66 + 20 + 25 = _____
d
Lt
d. 30 + 25 + 45 = _____ e. 37 + 81 + 20 = _____ f. 18 + 32 = _____
t.
Pv
Mental Maths
a
di
Try to solve the following sums mentally.
In
rs
1. + 999 = 1,000
he
is
2. The successor of 461 is .

bl
Pu
3. 125 + 538 = 538 +

n
4. We add to 150 to make 200.

illa
m
5. Iff a school was founded in 1889, it would celebrate its centenary in

ac
.
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©
6. (9 + 12) + 8 = (8 + )+9
7. 369 + (273 + 138) = (369 + 273) +
8. 6 ones + 5 ones =
9. 675 + = 675
10. 272 + 28 + 200 =
21

Adding 3-digit Numbers
Sometimes when we add 3-digit numbers, we get a 4-digit answer.
Th H T O
(a) Let us add 567 and 854 with regrouping.
5 6 7
Step 1: Arrange the numbers in place value columns.
+ 8 5 4
Th H T O
Step 2: Add the ones. 1
5 6 7 7 + 4 = 11 ones
+ 8 5 4
= 1 ten
en + 1 one
1
d
Carry over 1 ten to the tens
Lt
column.
t.
Pv
Th H T O
a
Step 3: Add the tens. 1 1
di
5 6 7 1 + 6 + 5 = 12 tens
+ 8 5 4 In
= 1 hundred + 2 tens
rs
2 1
he
Carry over 1 hundred to the

is
hundreds column.
bl
Step 4: Add the hundreds. Th H T O

Pu
1 1
n
5 6 7 1 + 5 + 8 = 14 hundreds
illa
+ 8 5 4
= 1 thousand + 4 hundreds
m
1 4 2 1
ac
(b) Similarly,
imilarly, add 296, 754 and 832 with regrouping.
M
©
Step 1: Add
dd the ones Step 2: Add the tens Step 3: Add the hundreds
Th H T O Th H T O Th H T O
1 1 1 1 1
2 9 6 2 9 6 2 9 6
7 5 4 7 5 4 7 5 4
+ 8 3 2 + 8 3 2 + 8 3 2
2 8 2 1 8 8 2
22

Exercise 2.2
1. Add the following:
a. Th H T O b. Th H T O c. Th H T O
9 4 5 9 0 8 5 9 4
+ 2 9 8 + 6 2 1 + 7 5 1
d
d. Th H T O e. Th H T O f. Th H T O
Lt
3 6 5 8 2 1 1 9 4
t.
Pv
3 9 2 6 9 9 5 3 1
a
di
+ 6 7 6 + 1 4 5 + 5 4 1
In
rs
he
g. Th H T O
is
Challenge
bl
7 8 1
Pu
+ 9 2 1
Shanu is in trouble. His pet has chewed holes in
n
his maths homework sheet. Can you help Shanu

illa
to write the missing numbers?

m
h. Th H T O
ac
4 7 9 1 3 7
M
©
8 3 5 4 3
+ 1 3 9 + 4 0 3
9 0 6 2
23

Adding 4-digit Numbers
Adding 4-digit numbers is like adding 3-digit numbers.
Without Regrouping
Add 2456 and 7341. Th H T O
Step 1: Arrange the numbers in 2 4 5 6
place value columns. + 7 3 4 1
d
Lt
Th H T O
Step 2: Add the ones.
t.
4 5 6
Pv
2
6+1=7
+ 7 3 4 1
a
Write 7 in ones column.
di
7
In
rs
Th H T O
he
Step 3: Add the tens.

is
2 4 5 6
5+4=9
bl
+ 3 4 1
Pu
7
Write
rite 9 in tens column.
9 7
n
illa
m
Step 4: Add
dd the hundreds. Th H T O
ac
4+3=7 2 4 5 6
M
+ 7 3 4 1
©
Write
rite 7 in hundreds column.
7 9 7
Step 5: Add the thousands. Th H T O

2+7=9 2 4 5 6
Write 9 in thousands column. + 7 3 4 1
9 7 9 7
24

Exercise 2.3
1. Add the following.
4 5 3 1 1 2 0 8 3 4 9 6
+ 2 1 5 6 + 5 6 7 1 + 2 4 0 2
d
Lt
4 6 3 6 3 1 2 4 5
t.
1 5 3
Pv
+ 7 2 1 5 + 3 0 4 8 + 4 6 3 2
a
di
In
rs
he
With Regrouping
is
bl
Add 3649 and 4573.

Pu
Th H T O
Step 1: Arrange
rrange the numbers in 3 6 4 9
n
illa
place
lace value columns. + 4 5 7 3
m
ac
M
©
Step 2: Add the ones.

Th H T O
9 + 3 = 12 ones 1
3 6 4 9
= 1 ten + 2 ones [Regrouping 12 ones]
+ 4 5 7 3
Write 2 ones in the ones column
2
and carry over 1 ten to the tens column.
25

Step 3: Add the tens. Th H T O
1 1
1 + 4 + 7 = 12 tens 3 6 4 9
= 1 hundred + 2 tens [Regrouping 12 tens] + 4 5 7 3
Write 2 tens in the tens column and carry over 1 hundred 2 2
to the hundreds column.
Step 4: Add the hundreds. Th H T O

1 1 1
1 + 6 + 5 = 12 hundreds
3 6 4 9
= 1 thousand + 2 hundreds
+ 4 5 7 3
d
Write 2 hundreds in the hundreds column and carry
Lt
over 1 thousand to the thousands column. 2 2 2
t.
Pv
Step 5: Add the thousands.
Th H T O
a
1 + 3 + 4 = 8 thousands
di
1 1 1
Write In
rite 8 thousands in the thousands column. 3 6 4 9
rs
+ 4 5 7 3
he
8 2 2 2
is
bl
Exercise 2.4
Pu
n
1. Add the following.

illa
m
ac
4 6 7 2 2 8 9 4 6 8 9 6
M
+ 3 9 4 8 + 5 7 5 8 + 2 5 7 4
©
1 6 9 5 3 6 9 2 2 5 4 9
+ 4 7 4 2 + 1 5 4 9 + 3 7 8 7
26

g. Th H T O h. Th H T O i. Th H T O
5 7 4 8 4 9 5 7 1 8 6 9
+ 2 6 9 5 + 3 8 6 3 + 6 5 4 7
Subtraction Strategies
Numbers can be subtracted very quickly and easily. You need to know different
strategies. Try the following 3 strategies.
d
Lt
Strategy 1: Decompose or Breakdown Numbers
t.
Pv
47 – 15 83 – 26 91 – 57
a
= 47 – (10 + 5) = 83 – (20 + 6) = 91 – (50 + 7)
di
= (47 – 10) – 5 = (83 – 20) – 6 In = (91 – 50) – 7
rs
= 37 – 5 = 32 = 63 – 6 = 57 = 41 – 7 = 34
he
is
Strategy 2: Make a 10s Number by Adjusting Both Numbers

bl
Pu
56 – 19 72 – 31 81 – 27
n
= (56 + 1) – (19 + 1) = (72 – 1) – (31 – 1) = (81 + 3) – (27 + 3)

illa
m
= 57 – 20 = 37 = 71 – 30 = 41 = 84 – 30 = 54
ac
M
Strategy 3: Count Up!

©
54 – 36 185 – 93 400 – 187

From 36, count to 54 From 93, count to 185 From 187, count to 400
36 40 (4) 93 100 (7) 187 200 (13)
40 50 (10) 100 185 (85) 200 400 (200)
50 54 (4) 7 + 85 = 92 13 + 200 = 213
4 + 10 + 4 = 18
27

Exercise 2.5
1. Subtract by decomposing numbers.
a. 63 – 38 = ________ b. 46 – 12 = ________ c. 97 – 64 = ________
2. Subtract by making a 10s number by adjusting both numbers.
a. 97 – 19 = ________ b. 87 – 39 = ________ c. 188 – 42 = ________
3. Subtract by counting up.
a. 60 – 28 = ________ b. 125 – 96 =________ c. 845 – 585 = ________
d
Lt
4. Subtract by any suitable adjustment.
t.
a. 97 – 25 = _______ b. 38 – 24 = _______ c. 125 – 35 = _______
Pv
d. 293 – 46 = _______ e. 108 – 96 = _______ f. 84 – 33 = _______
a
di
g. 72 – 42 = _______ h. 286 – 123 = _______ i. 342 – 161 = _______
In
rs
Mental Maths
he
is
Try to solve the following sums mentally.

bl
Pu
1. Tom’s
om’s father was 50 years old in 1990. He was born in .
n
2. Thee difference of the smallest 4-digit number and the largest 3-digit number
nu
illa
is .
m
ac
3. 1,000 – 1 =
M
4. 1 thousand
housand – 10 hundreds =
©
5. 2379 is less than 2500.

6. We subtract from 2100 to get 2000.
7. 8 tens – 3 tens =
8. 8600 – = 8599
9. – 0 = 7200
10. The predecessor of 4512 is .
28

Subtraction of 4-digit Numbers
Without Regrouping
Example: Subtract 2534 from 5986.
Th H T O
Step 1: Arrange the numbers in 5 9 8 6
place value columns. – 2 5 3 4
d
Step 2: Subtract the ones. Th H T O
Lt
6–4=2 5 9 8 6
t.
Pv
Write 2 in the ones column. – 2 5 3 4
a
2
di
In
rs
Step 3: Subtract the tens. Th H T O
he
8–3 =5 5 9 8 6
is
bl
Write
rite 5 in the tens column. – 2 5 3 4
Pu
5 2
n
illa
m
Step 4: Subtract
ubtract the hundreds. Th H T O
ac
9–5 =4 5 9 8 6
M
Write
rite 4 in the hundreds column. – 2 5 3 4
©
4 5 2
Step 5: Subtract the thousands. Th H T O

5 – 2 = 3 5 9 8 6
Write 3 in the thousands column. – 2 5 3 4
3 4 5 2
29

Exercise 2.6
1. Subtract the following.
a. Th H T O b. Th H T O c. Th H T O d. Th H T O
3 2 1 5 2 5 1 3 6 2 1 5 8 6 3 5
– 2 1 0 4 – 1 3 1 2 – 5 2 0 3 – 5 3 2 4
d
e. Th H T O f. Th H T O g. Th H T O h. Th H T O
Lt
9 9 5 8 8 2 9 6 6 8 3 7 9 3 7 9
t.
Pv
– 4 8 3 6 – 5 1 9 5 – 3 8 2 6 – 1 2 3 9
a
di
In
rs
With Regrouping
he
Example: Subtract 3698 from 9542.

is
bl
Th H T O
Pu
Step 1: rrange the numbers in

Arrange
9 5 4 2
n
place
lace value columns.
illa
– 3 6 9 8
m
ac
Step 2: Subtract
ubtract the ones.
M
8 cannot
annot be subtracted from 2 as
©
Th H T O
3 12
2 is less than 8. So, borrow 1 ten from 9 5 4 2
the tens column and regroup the ones column. – 3 6 9 8
1 ten + 2 ones = 10 ones + 2 ones 4
= 12 ones
12 ones – 8 ones = 4 ones
30

Step 3: Subtract the tens.
Th H T O
3 is less than 9, so borrow 1 hundred from the 4 13 12
9 5 4 2
hundreds column and regroup the tens column.
– 3 6 9 8
1 hundred + 3 tens = 10 tens + 3 tens
4 4
= 13 tens
13 tens – 9 tens = 4 tens
Step 4: Subtract the hundreds.

Th H T O
4 is less than 6, so borrow 1 thousand from the 8 14 13 12
d
9 5 4 2
Lt
thousands
housands column and regroup the hundreds column.
– 3 6 9 8
t.
1 thousand
housand + 4 hundreds = 10 hundreds + 4 hundreds
Pv
8 4 4
= 14 hundreds
a
di
14 hundreds – 6 hundreds = 8 hundreds
In
rs
Step 5: Subtract the thousands. Th H T O
he
8 14 13 12
8 thousands – 3 thousands 9 5 4 2
is
bl
= 5 thousands – 3 6 9 8
Pu
Thus,
us, 9542 – 3698 = 5844. 5 8 4 4
n
illa
m
ac
Exercise 2.7
M
©
1. Subtract
ubtract the following.
9 5 4 2 8 1 0 3 6 2 4 1 7 3 2 0
– 4 8 7 5 – 5 6 7 4 – 2 8 6 7 – 3 5 8 6
31

8 4 1 3 5 0 8 6 9 1 3 5 7 0 2 5
– 6 5 9 7 – 2 4 9 7 – 4 8 2 7 – 5 2 6 9
i. Th H T O j. Th H T O k. Th H T O l. Th H T O
8 2 1 4 6 3 2 1 5 1 4 3 9 4 1 2
– 4 3 5 8 – 4 7 9 5 – 1 2 8 9 – 6 7 8 4
d
Lt
t.
Pv
Finding the Missing Addend
a
di
It is easier than you
In think! I will give you
rs
the answer in a wink!
Subtract from
he
the sum?
is
bl
Pu
n
illa
m
ac
To find the missing addend in an If there are more than two addends, the
M
addition sum, the given addend is sum of the given addends is subtracted
©
subtracted from the sum. from the sum.
Example 1: 25 + ? = 35 Example 2: 40 + 25 + ? = 100
35 – 25 = 10 100 – (40 + 25) = ?
100 – 65 = 35
32

Example 3: The sum of two numbers is 2530. If one of the numbers is 1936,
find the other.
Addend (i) 1 9 3 6
Brain Teaser
Addend (ii) – – – –
Arrange the digits from 1 to 9 so that
Sum 2 5 3 0
the sum of the digits on each side of
To find the missing addend: the triangle is 20.
Sum 2 5 3 0
Addend (i) –1 9 3 6
d
Lt
Addend (ii) 5 9 4
t.
Check your answer as follows:
Pv
Addend (i) 1 9 3 6
a
di
Addend (ii) + 5 9 4
In
rs
Sum 2 5 3 0
he
is
bl
Exercise 2.8
Pu
1. Find
d the missing addend in each case and check your answer.
n
illa
a. When
hen 3215 was added to a certain
m
number, the sum was 5361. Find the

ac
number.
M
©
b. Iff the sum of two numbers is 6925 and

one number is 2483, find the other.
c. If the sum of two numbers is 6493 and

d. If the sum of two numbers is 8295 and

33

Challenge
Have Fun! Put a zero for the crossed digits. You
Ms. Stella, the maths teacher, wrote can cross out one to three digits of each
addition exercises on the blackboard. number.
She said to the class, “I know you all can Cross out 8 digits in sum 1.
find the totals, but who can cross out the Cross out 7 digits in sum 2.
digits to get a total of 1111?” Cross out 6 digits in sum 3.
d
Example:
Lt
111 111 111 1. 111 2. 111 3. 111
t.
Pv
333 333 300 333 333 333
a
555 555 000 555 555 555
di
777 777 700 777 777 777
999 999 000
In
999 999 999
rs
he
1111
is
bl
Pu
Finding the Missing Minuend or Subtrahend

n
illa
Finding the Missing Minuend

m
? 8 0 Difference
ac
Example 1: ? – 20 = 80
–20 + 2 0 Subtrahend
M
To find a missing minuend, the difference is added to

80 1 0 0 Minuend
©
the subtrahend, that is,

Difference + Subtrahend = Minuend
To find the missing minuend, the difference is added to the subtrahend.
34

Example 2: Find the number from which 1635 must be subtracted to give 1326.
c k!
Che
Minuend 1 3 2 6 Difference 2 9 6 1 (M)
– 1 6 3 5 Subtrahend + 1 6 3 5 Subtrahend – 1 6 3 5 (S)

1 3 2 6 Difference 2 9 6 1 Minuend 1 3 2 6 (D)
Finding the Missing Subtrahend
d
Lt
9 0 9 0 Minuend
t.
Example 1: 90 – ? = 50 – ? – 5 0 Difference
Pv
50 4 0 Subtrahend
To find the missing subtrahend, the difference
a
di
is subtracted from the minuend.
Minuend – Difference = Subtrahend.
In
rs
he
is
bl
Pu
To find the missing subtrahend, subtract the difference from the minuend.
n
illa
m
ac
Example 2: Findd the number which must be subtracted from 3567 to give a difference
M
of 1234.
©
ck!
C he
3 5 6 7 Minuend 3 5 6 7 Minuend 3 5 6 7 (M)
– Subtrahend – 1 2 3 4 Difference – 2 3 3 3 (S)

1 2 3 4 Difference 2 3 3 3 Subtrahend 1 2 3 4 (D)
35

Exercise 2.9
1. Find the missing minuend or subtrahend in each case and check your answer.
a. Find the number from which

4321 must be subtracted to
get 1321.
d
Lt
b. Find the number from which
when 4369 is subtracted gives
t.
Pv
2946.
a
di
c. Find the number which when
In
rs
he
subtracted from 6384 gives

is
2891.
bl
Pu
n
d. Find
d the minuend which gives
illa
a difference of 4631 when the

m
subtrahend is 1694.
ac
M
©
e. Find the minuend which gives

a difference of 7653 when the
subtrahend is 2576.
36

Word Problems on Addition and Subtraction
Example 1: Rahul had ` 2565 with him. He purchased a furniture for ` 1675 and spent
` 250 on the transportation. How much money is still left with him?
Solution: Amount spent on furniture ` 1675
Amount spent on transportation + 250
Total amount spent ` 1925
Total money with Rahul ` 2565

Total amount spent – 1925
d
Money left with Rahul ` 640
Lt
t.
Example 2: In
n a school, 2500 students travel by school bus, 1200 come by their own
Pv
transport and the rest by public transport. If there are 4200 students in the
a
di
school, find how many students come by public transport.
Solution: By school bus 2500 In
students
tudents School has 4200 students
rs
he
By own transport + 1200 students

students – 3700 students
is
Total 3700 students 500 students

bl
come by
Pu
public
n
transport
illa
Exercise 2.10
m
ac
1. Solve
olve the following addition and subtraction sums.
M
©
a. In
n a school, there were 1,356 students in the junior block, 2,457 in the middle
block and 3,250 in the senior block. How many students were there in all?
b. The cost of a sofa set was ` 6,569. The cost of a table was ` 2,092. How much did
they cost altogether?
c. The cost of three computer parts was ` 4,090, ` 736 and ` 5,048. How much did
they cost altogether?
37

d. A shirt costs ` 1,050 and a jacket costs ` 2,584. What is the difference
between their costs?
e. A lady bought a silver bangle worth ` 3,480, a chain worth ` 4,037 and a ring for
` 2,592. How much did she spend altogether?
f. A chair costs ` 2,532 and a fridge costs ` 5,034. By how much

amount was the fridge more costly?
g. A man bought one painting for ` 1,536 and another for ` 2,360.
How much more did he pay for the second painting?
d
Lt
h. Mr Agrawal had ` 5,700 with him. He spent ` 3,500 on clothes and ` 2,000 on
food. How much money is left with him?
t.
Pv
i. n a town of population of 6,700 people, 1,272 watch Channel A and 2,156 watch
In
a
di
Channel B. The rest watch Channel C. How many people watch Channel C?
j. In
In
n one school of 5,730 children, 4,280 go by school bus
rs
and the rest by their own transport. In another school of
he
2,250 children, all go by their own transport. Find in the

is
bl
two schools, how many children altogether use their own

Pu
transport?
n
illa
m
Brain Teaser
ac
M
Magic Number
©
Complete the following magic squares, so that the three numbers in each row and
each column have the same sum.
a. b. c.
8 1 9 7 5 9
2 4 8 12 8
7 0 5 10 3 6 11
38

Estimation (Rounding Numbers)
Observe the given numbers on the number line.
1. Estimate (round off) the numbers to the nearest 10.

Halfway
20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Numbers
umbers that are halfway or above are rounded off to the higher 10, and numbers
that are less than halfway are rounded off to the nearest 10.
d
Lt
Examples: 25 → 30 (Halfway
alfway or middle number is rounded off to the higher 10.)
t.
Pv
28 → 30 (It is closer to 30.)
a
23 → 20 (It is closer to 20.)
di
2. Estimate
stimate (round off) the numbers to the nearest 100. In
rs
Halfway
he
is
bl
400 410 420 430 440 450 460 470 480 490 500
Pu
Numbers that are halfway or above are rounded off to the higher 100, and numbers
n
illa
that
hat are less than halfway are rounded off to the nearest 100.
m
Examples: 480 → 500 (I

(It is closer to 500.)
ac
(Middle number is rounded off to the higher 100.)

450 → 500 (M
M
©
(It is closer to 400.)

410 → 400 (I
3. Estimate (round off) the numbers to the nearest 1000.
Halfway
7000 7100 7200 7300 7400 7500 7600 7700 7800 7900 8000
39

Numbers that are halfway or above are rounded off to the higher 1000, and numbers
that are less than halfway are rounded off to the nearest 1000.
Examples: 7300 → 7000 (It is closer to 7000.)
7500 → 8000 (Middle number is rounded off to the higher 1000.)
7700 → 8000 (It is closer to 8000.)
Estimation in Addition
Example 1: Estimate 43 + 36. Also find the actual sum.
Actual Sum:
Solution: 43 → 40 (It is closer to 40)
d
4 3
Lt
36 →(+) 40 (It is closer to 40)
t.
+ 3 6
Pv
80 Estimated sum
7 9
a
Example 2: Estimate
stimate 62 + 87. Also find the actual sum.
di
Solution: 62 → 60 (It is closer to 60) In Actual Sum:
rs
87 →(+) 90 (Itt is closer to 90) 6 2
he
150 Estimated
stimated sum
is
+ 8 7
bl
1 4 9
Pu
Estimation in Subtraction
n
Example 1: Estimate
stimate 85 – 35. Also find the actual difference.
illa
Solution: 85 → 90 (to
(to the nearest 10)
m
Actual Difference:
ac
35 → (–) 40 (to the nearest 10) 8 5

M
50 → Estimated difference – 3 5
©
5 0
Example 2: Estimate 855 – 335. Also find the actual difference.
Solution: 855 → 900 (to the nearest 100)
Actual Difference:
335 → (–) 300 (to the nearest 100) 8 5 5
600 → Estimated difference – 3 3 5
5 2 0
40

Exercise 2.11
1. Estimate the sum of the following numbers to the nearest 10.
a. 55 + 31 b. 87 + 71 c. 25 + 31
d. 49 + 41 e. 31 + 49 f. 65 + 61
2. Estimate the sum of the following numbers to the nearest 100.

a. 145 + 198 b. 240 + 360 c. 455 + 321
d
d. 585 + 170 e. 280 + 311 f. 611 + 670
Lt
t.
3. Estimate the sum of the following numbers
Pv
to the nearest 1000.
a
di
a. 3618 + 2708 b. 7230 + 2210
c. 8429 + 1289 d. 5672 + 2689
In
rs
he
e. 2489 + 7346 f. 4682 + 4382

is
bl
4. Estimate
stimate the following difference to the nearest 10.
Pu
a. 94 – 31 b. 31 – 25 c. 56 – 34
n
d. 81 – 43 e.
e. 56 – 22 f. 61 – 44
illa
m
5. Estimate
stimate the following difference to the nearest 100.
ac
a. 931 – 880 b. 151 – 149 c. 265 – 211

M
©
d. 611 – 376 e. 775 – 341 f. 880 – 680
6. Estimate the following difference to the nearest 1000.

a. 9210 – 8760 b. 2641 – 1412 c. 2657 – 2111
d. 6215 – 3765 e. 7752 – 3412 f. 8892 – 6824
41

MATHS LAB ACTIVITY
Addition by Compensating the Number

Objective: To build an understanding of addition by compensating the number.
Materials Required: Bindi of two colours
Preparation: Students work in pairs.
Steps:
1. One student places 7 bindis.
d
Lt
t.
Pv
2. His partner places 11 bindis below the 7 bindis.
7
a
+ 11
di
18
In
rs
he
3. Thee first student counts the total number of bindis. 7 + 11 = 18

is
4. Thee partner now puts 1 bindi into first row from the second row.
bl
7 (+1) = 8
Pu
+ 11 (–1) = 10
18
n
illa
5. Thee student again counts the total number of bindis. It is 18.

m
ac
Record the Activity:

M
Before
efore putting one bindi from 2nd row in 1st row, the total was: 7 + 11 = 18
©
After putting one bindi in the first row, the total is : 8 + 10 = 18
Try this out:

Solve the following questions with the help of bindis.
1. 15 + 7 2. 18 + 12 3. 11 +19
42

Revision Time
1. Solve the following.
2 4 5 9 7 9 8 0 2 1 3 1 2 2 8 1
+ 3 2 1 5 + 1 7 6 5 4 2 6 2 3 4 8 1
+ 2 2 3 3 + 3 2 2 1
d
Lt
t.
Pv
8 7 4 3 7 1 5 7 9 9 0 0 9 7 1 3
– 7 9 8 7 – 4 0 0 8 – 7 8 7 7 – 5 9 9 6
a
di
In
rs
2. Estimate
stimate the following numbers to the nearest 1000 and find the estimated sum.
he
a. 2155 + 1211 b. 3180 + 1770 c. 5550 + 1041

is
bl
d. 6170 + 1180 e. 1280 + 6700 f. 2355 + 5650

Pu
n
3. Estimate
stimate the following numbers to the nearest 100 and find the estimated difference.
illa
a. 926 – 476 b. 875 – 162 c. 749 – 592

m
ac
d. 690 – 284 e. 521 – 251 f. 850 – 450

M
4. Problem
roblem sums.
©
a. The sum of two numbers is 7540. If one of the numbers is 3215, find the other.
b. Mansi had ` 5,500 with her. She spent ` 1,100 in purchasing a T-shirt and
` 1,580 for a shirt. How much money is still left with her?
43

Worksheet
A. Given below are addition and subtraction problems. Solve each problem and
match the result with the correct option that have same digits. One has been done
for you.
1. 4285 + 3187 = 7472 a. 5,5,4,3
2. 8138 – 5735 = b. 1,3,9,5
3. 7133 + 987 = c. 2,3,4,5
d
Lt
4. 7312 – 3857 = d. 5,4,3,4
t.
Pv
5. 3192 + 2199 = e. 7,7,4,2
a
di
6. 9106 – 2189 = f. 2,0,1,8
In
rs
7. 4176 + 1067 = g.
g. 8,6,4,3
he
8. 7216 – 2578 = h. 3,0,4,2

is
bl
9. 2795 + 749 = i. 4,0,6

Pu
10. 1000 – 396 = j. 7,1,9,6

n
illa
Use
se the above results to answer the questions given below.
m
ac
1. What
hat is the greatest sum obtained above?
M
________________________________________________________
©
2. Find the difference between the greatest sum and the smallest difference
obtained above.
________________________________________________________
3. What is the successor of the result obtained after solving 2795 + 749?
________________________________________________________
44

3
Multiplication
Let ’s Revise
Multiplication Facts Example: 25 + 25 + 25 = 75 o
or
d
Lt
25 × 3 = 75
1. Multiplication is a short form of repeated
t.
Pv
addition of the same number. Multiplicand Multiplier Product
a
2. The number being multiplied is called the multiplicand
multiplicand.
di
In
3. Thee number by which the multiplicand is multiplied is called the multiplier.
rs
he
4. The answer is called the product.

is
bl
5. Thee product of any number multiplied by Examples: 5 × 1 = 5; 25 × 1 = 25

Pu
‘one’ is equal to the number itself.

n
Examples: 5 × 0 = 0; 25 × 0 = 0
illa
6. Thee product of any number multiplied by

‘zero’ is always zero.
m
ac
n multiplication, the product of the numbers being multiplied may be equal to or

7. In
M
greater than the numbers but never less except when one of the numbers is zero.
©
8. The product divided by the multiplicand equals the multiplier.
9. The product divided by the multiplier equals the multiplicand.
10. In a multiplication operation, the product Examples: 2 × 3 = 3 × 2 = 6;

(2 × 3) × 4 = 2 × (3 × 4) = 24
remains the same even if the order is
changed.
45

Multiplication by 10, 100 and 1000
Bouldy, how do I
multiply 4 by 10, Multiply by 10—1 Zero
That’s easy Multiply by 100—2 Zeros
100 and 1000? Stonehead! Just Multiply by 1000—3 Zeros
use my boulder
multiplier!
d
Lt
BOULDER
MULTIPLIER
40
t.
Pv
10 400
0
100 400
a
di
1000
In
To multiply by a number which has zeros, use the following steps.
rs
he
a. Count the number of zeros

is
b. Multiply the numbers

bl
Pu
c. Write the correct number

of zeros after the product
n
illa
m
Example 1: Multiply 20 by 30.

ac
M
umber of zeros = 2
a. Number
©
b. 2 × 3 = 6 Th H T O
c. Product = 600
4×1=4 4
4 × 10 = 40 4 0
a. No. of zeros = 3
b. 34 × 2 = 68 4 × 100 = 400 4 0 0
c. Product = 68000 4 × 1000 = 4000 4 0 0 0
46

Exercise 3.1
a. 1 × 10 = _________ b. 6 × 10 = _________
c. 35 × 10 = _________ d. 196 × 10 = _________
e. 1 × 100 = _________ f. 5 × 100 = _________
g. 45 × 100 = _________ h. 950 × 100 = _________
d
i. 1 × 1000 = _________ j. 4 × 1000 = _________
Lt
t.
k. 79 × 1000 = _________ l. 185 × 1000 = _________
Pv
m. 6 × _________ = 600 n. 7 × _________ = 7000
a
di
o. 57 × _________ = 5700 p. _________ × 1000 = 8000
In
rs
q. _________ × 100 = 6300 r.
r. 73 × _________ = 73000
he
s. 28 × _________ = 0 t. 800 = 8 × _________

is
bl
u. 65 × _________ = 65
Pu
I think I am
getting
v. _________ × 125 = 0
n
it right
illa
at last!
w. (4× 35) × 7 = 4 × (35 × _________ )
m
ac
x. 9 × (13 × 8) = ( _________ × 13) × 8

M
©
Maths Fact
Did you know the sign ‘equal to’ (=) was invented by Robert Recorde? He wrote
in his book ‘The Whetstone of Witte’ in 1557 that he used the sign =.
47

Multiplication Tables
We have already studied the construction of multiplication tables in previous classes.
Let us revise construction of a few multiplication tables.
Multiplication Table of 2
1×2 =2
2×2 = 4
3×2 = 6
4×2 = 8
d
Lt
5 × 2 = 10
t.
6 × 2 = 12
Pv
7 × 2 = 14
a
di
8 × 2 = 16
In 9 × 2 = 18
rs
10 × 2 = 20
he
is
bl
Multiplication Table of 3
Pu
1×3 =3
n
illa
2×3 = 6
m
3×3 = 9
ac
M
4 × 3 = 12
©
5 × 3 = 15
6 × 3 = 18
7 × 3 = 21
8 × 3 = 24
9 × 3 = 27
10 × 3 = 30
48

Multiplication Tables (4 to 10)
1×4 = 4
2×4 = 8
3×4 = 12
Now, you can 4×4 = 16
construct these
multiplication tables 5×4 = 20
on your own. 6×4 = 24
7×4 = 28
8×4 = 32
9×4 = 36
d
Lt
10 × 4 = 40
t.
Pv
1×5 =5 1×6 = 6 1×7 = 7
a
2×5 = 10 2×6 = 12 2×7 = 14
di
3×5 = 15 3×6 = 18 3×7 = 21
4×5 = 20 4×6 = 24
In 4×7 = 28
rs
5×5 = 25 5×6 = 30 5×7 = 35
he
6×5 = 30 6×6 = 36 6×7 = 42

is
bl
7×5 = 35 7×6 = 42 7×7 = 49

Pu
8×5 = 40 8×6 = 48 8×7 = 56

9×5 = 45 9×6 = 54 9×7 = 63
n
illa
10 × 5 = 50 10 × 6 = 60 10 × 7 = 70
m
ac
1×8 =8 1×9 =9 1 × 10 = 10
M
2×8 = 16 2×9 = 18 2 × 10 = 20
3×8 = 24 3×9 = 27 3 × 10 = 30
©
4×8 = 32 4×9 = 36 4 × 10 = 40
5×8 = 40 5×9 = 45 5 × 10 = 50
6×8 = 48 6×9 = 54 6 × 10 = 60
7×8 = 56 7×9 = 63 7 × 10 = 70
8×8 = 64 8×9 = 72 8 × 10 = 80
9×8 = 72 9×9 = 81 9 × 10 = 90
10 × 8 = 80 10 × 9 = 90 10 × 10 = 100
49

Multiplication Using Repeated Addition
There are 4 flowers.
Each flower has 5 petals.
Total number of petals = 5 + 5 + 5 + 5 = 4 × 5 = 20
There are 3 triangles.

Each triangle has 6 dots.
d
Lt
Total number of dots = 6 + 6 + 6 = 3 × 6 = 18
t.
Pv
There
ere are 4 bunches of bananas.
a
di
Each
ach bunch has 3 bananas.
In
Total
otal number of bananas = ___ + ___ + ___ + ___
rs
he
= ___ × ___ = ___

is
bl
Pu
There are 6 hands.

n
Each hand has 5 fingers.

illa
Total number of fingers = ___ + ___ + ___ + ___ + ___ + ___

m
ac
= ___ × ___ = ___

M
©
There are 8 bunches of cherries.

Each bunch has 2 cherries.
Total number of cherries
= ___ + ___ + ___ + ___ + ___ + ___ + ___ + ___
= ___ × ___ = ___
50

Exercise 3.2
a. 9 × 3 = ___________ b. 7 × 4 = ___________
c. 6 × 5 = ___________ d. 5 × 7 = ___________
e. 8 × 3 = ___________ f. 4 × 9 = ___________
g. 3 × 7 = ___________ h. 2 × 5 = ___________
d
Lt
2. Fill in the table with addition and multiplication facts.
t.
Pv
Addition fact Multiplication fact
a
di
a. 2 + 2 + 2 + 2
In
rs
b. 5 × 3
he
is
c. 6 + 6 + 6 + 6 + 6
bl
Pu
d. 9 × 4
n
illa
e. 5 + 5 + 5
m
ac
M
ultiply using multiplication tables.

3. Multiply
©
a. 8 × 4 = ______ b. 7 × 5 = ______ c. 9 × 5 = ______

d. 2 × 7 = ______ e. 3 × 6 = ______ f. 4 × 5 = ______
g. 7 × 6 = ______ h. 4 × 9 = ______ i. 5 × 8 = ______
51

Multiplication of 3-digit and 4-digit Numbers by Single-
Digit Number
Th H T O
Example 1: Multiply 356 by 4. 2 2
3 5 6
1. Arrange the numbers as shown.
× 4
2. Multiply the multiplier (4) by ones, tens and
hundreds places, respectively, and write the
1 4 2 4
product in their corresponding places.
Little John,
d
if you want to
Lt
multiply quickly,
Example 2: Multiply 1345 by 7. you must learn your
t.
Pv
1. Arrange the numbers as shown. multiplication tables!
a
2. Multiply the multiplier (7) with each digit of
di
multiplicand
ultiplicand starting from ones digit as
shown below.
In
rs
Th H T O
he
2 3 3
1 3 4 5
is
bl
× 7
Pu
9 4 1 5
n
illa
m
ac
Exercise 3.3
M
©
1. Multiply by a single-digit number.
6 8 1 5 7 9 4 9 5
× 5 × 8 × 9
52

d. TTh Th H T O e. TTh Th H T O f. TTh Th H T O
4 9 0 9 7 2 5 4 3 6 2 1
× 3 × 4 × 6
g. TTh Th H T O h. TTh Th H T O i. TTh Th H T O

5 9 3 7 6 4 1 8 7 1 4 9
× 9 × 4 × 5
d
Lt
t.
Pv
Multiplication by Lattice Algorithm
a
di
Example 1: Multiply 54 by 24 using lattice algorithm.
In 5 4
rs
w two boxes and write multiplicand above the boxes.
Step 1: Draw
he
5 4
is
2
bl
Step 2: Draw another two boxes below the earlier and write multiplier
Pu
4
on the right side.
n
5 4
illa
1 0 2
Step 3: Draww diagonals in each box. First multiply by 2, then by 4. 0 8
m
4 × 2 = 08; 5 × 2 = 10; 4 × 4 = 16; 5 × 4 = 20 2 1 4

0 6
ac
Write
rite 08, 10, 16 and 20 diagonally as shown.
M
5 4
©
Step 4: Add
dd the numbers diagonally. 1 1 0 2
0 8
2 2 1
Adding diagonally, we get 1296. 0 6 4
9 6
∴ 54 × 24 = 1296
Example 2: Multiply 345 by 42 using lattice algorithm.
3 4 5
Step 1: Draw three boxes and write multiplicand above the boxes.
53

3 4 5
Step 2: Draw another 3 boxes below the earlier and write multiplier 4
on the right side. 2
3 4 5
Step 3: Draw diagonals in each box and multiply first by 4 and then 1 1 2 4
2 6 0
by 2. 0 0 1
6 8 0 2
3 4 5
Step 4: Add the numbers diagonally. If there is any carry over, 1 1 11 2 4
write the number to be carried over in the next diagonal 2 6 0
4 0 6 0 8 1 0 2
box. 4 9 0
∴ 345 × 42 = 14490
d
MINUTE
HAND
ND
HA
UR
Lt
HO
t.
Pv
Exercise 3.4
a
di
1. Multiply
ultiply the following by using lattice algorithm.
a. 75 × 36 b. 84 × 35 In
c. 88 × 37
rs
d. 396 × 26 e. 412 × 49 f. 284 × 27
he
is
g. 645 × 45 h. 374 × 37 i. 537 × 53

bl
Pu
Multiplication by Two-digit Numbers

n
illa

m
ac
Solution: Observe the following steps.

M
1. Arrange
rrange the numbers as shown. TTh Th H T O
©
2. Multiplier, 46 = 4 tens and 6 ones 3 9 5

3. Multiply 395 by 6 ones = 2370. × 4 6
4. Multiply 395 by 4 tens = 15800. 2 3 7 0 395 × 6 ones (395 × 6)
5. Add the partial products: + 1 5 8 0 0 395 × 4 tens (395 × 40)
2370 + 15800 = 18170. 1 8 1 7 0
Thus, 395 × 46 = 18170
54

1. Arrange the numbers as shown. TTh Th H T O
2. Multiplier, 23 = 2 tens and 3 ones 1 4 5 6
3. Multiply 1456 by 3 ones = 4368 × 2 3
4. Multiply 1456 by 2 tens = 29120 4 3 6 8 1456 × 3 ones (1456 × 3)
+ 2 9 1 2 0 1456 × 2 tens (1456 × 20)
5. Add the partial products:
4368 + 29120 = 33488
3 3 4 8 8
d
Lt
Thus, 1456 × 23 = 33488
t.
Pv
a
di
Exercise 3.5
In
rs
1. Multiply the following.
he
a. TTh Th H T O b. TTh Th H T O c. TTh Th H T O

is
bl
5 3 2 7 1 4 9 1 8
Pu
× 4 6 × 2 5 × 4 9
n
illa
m
+ + +
ac
M
©
d. TTh Th H T O e. TTh Th H T O f. TTh Th H T O

2 3 9 1 1 2 5 0 3 4 2 8
× 3 1 × 3 6 × 2 9
+ + +
55

Multiplication by Three-digit Numbers
1. Arrange the numbers as shown.
L TTh Th H T O
2. Multiplier, 543 = 5 hundreds, 4 tens and 3 ones.
6 8 7
3. Multiply 687 by 3 ones: 687 × 3 = 2061
× 5 4 3
4. Multiply 687 by 4 tens: 687 × 40 = 27480 2 0 6 1
d
Lt
5. Multiply 687 by 5 hundreds: 687 × 500 = 343500 2 7 4 8 0
t.
3 4 3 5 0 0
Pv
6. Add the partial products: +
3 7 3 0 4 1
a
2061 + 27480 + 343500 = 373041
di
Thus, 687 × 543 = 373041 In
rs
he

is
bl

Pu
1. Arrange
rrange the numbers as shown.
n
illa
2. Multiplier,
ultiplier, 234 = 2 hundreds, 3 tens and 4 ones L TTh Th H T O
m
1 4 5 6
3. Multiply
ultiply 1456 by 4 ones: 1456 × 4 = 5824
ac
× 2 3 4
M
4. Multiply
ultiply 1456 by 3 tens: 1456 × 30 = 43680
5 8 2 4
©
5. Multiply 1456 by 2 hundreds: 1456 × 200 = 291200 4 3 6 8 0

6. Add the partial products: + 2 9 1 2 0 0
5824 + 43680 + 291200 = 340704 3 4 0 7 0 4

Thus, 1456 × 234 = 340704
56

Exercise 3.6
a. L TTh Th H T O b. L TTh Th H T O c. L TTh Th H T O

3 5 9 3 1 8 4 8 3
× 4 3 2 × 2 1 5 × 6 2 4
d
Lt
+ + +
t.
Pv
a
d. L TTh Th H T O e. L TTh Th H T O f. L TTh Th H T O
di
1 2 9 7 4 8 In
2 9 3 4 1 8
rs
× 3 9 6 × 1 7 5 × 2 2 9
he
is
bl
Pu
+ + +
n
illa
m
ac
Word Problems on Multiplication

M
Example 1: Venkat
enkat saves ` 40 every month. How much does he save in 15 months?
©
Solution: Money saved in 1 month by Venkat = ` 40

∴ Money saved in 15 months by Venkat = 40 × 15 = ` 600.
Example 2: If 72 packets of biscuits can be packed in one cardboard box, then how many
packets are there in 35 boxes?
Solution: Number of biscuit packets in 1 box = 72
Number of biscuit packets in 35 boxes = 72 × 35 = 2520 packets.
57

Exercise 3.7
1. Solve the following problems.
a. Aamira saves ` 450 every month. How much does she save in 6 years?
b. A book costs ` 76. How much do 38 books cost?
c. The cost of 1 umbrella is ` 128. How much will 79 umbrellas cost?
d. A box of apples contains 345 apples. How many apples are there in 295 boxes?
e. A sari costs ` 1750. How much would 365 saris cost?
d
Lt
Estimation in Multiplication
t.
Pv
When an exact answer is not required, we can multiply the two numbers by estimation.
a
While estimating we choose a number close to the original number to find out the
di
product mentally.
In
rs
Example 1: Estimate
stimate the product of 255 × 144. Rule
he
Steps: Round
ound off the numbers as per the rule
We can round off the numbers to
is
and then multiply.

bl
255 → 260 (too the nearest 10) the nearest 10, 100, 1000, etc. If
Pu
144 → (×)140 (toto the nearest 10) the number is halfway or above,
n
36400 we round it off to the higher 10,

illa
100, 1000, etc. but if it is below the

m
255 → (to the nearest 100)

300 (t half, we round it off to the nearest
ac
(to the nearest 100)

144 → (×) 100 (t 10, 100, 1000, etc.
M
30,000
©
Exercise 3.8
1. Round off each number to the nearest ten and estimate the product.
a. 48 × 21 b. 42 × 36 c. 22 × 28
2. Round off each number to the nearest hundred and estimate the product.
a. 317 × 523 b. 710 × 670 c. 320 × 135
58

Revision Time
1. Multiply the following mentally.
a. 7 × (8 × 0) = __________ b. 142 × 100 = __________
c. 25 × 40 = __________ d. 250 × 30 = __________
e. 210 × 1000 = __________ f. 3 × 1000 = __________
a. L TTh Th H T O b. L TTh Th H T O c. L TTh Th H T O
d
Lt
2 3 4 5 3 2 2 1 2 6 5 5
t.
× 3 4 × 2 1 6 × 2 7 3
Pv
a
di
In
rs
+ + +
he
is
bl
3. Round
ound off each number to the nearest 10 and estimate the product.
Pu
a. 72 × 73 = ______ b.
b. 43 × 48 = ______ c. 68 × 21 = ______
n
d. 85 × 71 = ______ e.
e 71 × 49 = ______ f. 91 × 22 = ______
illa
LS
m
4. A shoe
hoe factory manufactures 3680 pairs of shoes in one day. If the factory
ac
operates for 6 days in a week, how many pairs of shoes were manufactured
in a week?
M
©
Ass the shoes were dispatched from the factory, a security guard used to keep
1 crate of shoes for himself each day. He planned to sell them in the local
market and make profit. If a crate contained 25 pairs of shoes, then how
many pairs of shoes had he kept in all in 1 week?
What kind of person was the security guard? If you were the factory
owner and you came to know about what he was doing, how had you dealt
with the situation?
Discuss with your teacher and class.
59

Worksheet
Find the product, and then write the corresponding letter at the bottom to decode the
secret message. One has been done for you.
G R E
4 1 2 4 3 3 6 1 6 2 4
× 4 × 1 0 × 3
d
Lt
1 6 4 9 6
t.
Pv
a
O U A Y
di
6 6 0 0 3 2 9 4 In
0 0 0 4 1 2 2
rs
he
× 1 2 × 9 × 2 × 1 2
is
bl
Pu
n
I U N S
illa
m
1 1 1 1 2 3 4 5 5 6 0 5 0 0 0
ac
× 9 × 6 × 1 8 × 8
M
©
Decoded message is:
G
49464 79200 2961 8000 3360 4872 16496 4872 10080 9999 14070 40000
60

Gr4-JOY OF MATH

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Copyright page.indd 1 4/7/2020 9:59:59 AM

digits; to write a 4-digit number,

hen a number is written using digits, it is called short form or notation.

7. The largest 4-digit number is 9,999.

8. The smallest 5-digit number is 9,999 + 1 = 10,000

hen numbers are arranged from smallest to biggest, it is called ascending

Example: In 4387, the place value of 4 is 4000 and face value of 4 is 4.

Chapter-1 .indd 1 03-Aug-17 5:07:07 PM

Lakhs Thousands Ones Periods

TTh Th H T O Face Value Place Value

1 1 ten thousand = 10,000

Chapter-1 .indd 2 03-Aug-17 5:07:07 PM

Numeration of 5-digit Numbers

Observe the example.

Number Ten Thousands Hundreds Tens Ones Number Name

Showing 5-digit Numbers on the Abacus

Let us show the numbers 11304 and 11285 on the abacus.

Chapter-1 .indd 3 03-Aug-17 5:07:09 PM

Counting 5-digit Numbers on the Number Line

10,000 10,001 10,002 10,003 10,004 10,005 10,006

20,000 20,001 20,002

Chapter-1 .indd 4 03-Aug-17 5:07:17 PM

Skip Counting of 5-digit Numbers on the Number Line

Comparing 5-digit Numbers

Rules for Comparing Numbers

1. Thee greater the number of digits, the greater is the number.

Chapter-1 .indd 5 03-Aug-17 5:07:17 PM

1. Fill in the blanks using > or <.

a. 15934 17832 b. 13947 13953

c. 92401 92789 d. 35869 34869

e. 72543 72453 f. 29358 2935

a. 13945, 78492, 35945 b. 28465, 28645, 28546

c. 83729, 72839, 27983 d. 50105, 55105, 50501

Chapter-1 .indd 6 03-Aug-17 5:07:19 PM

c. 20,340, 17,659, 17,575, 20,430, 13,965

_______ < _______ < _______ < _______ < _______

a. 15,239, 17,354, 18,297, 45,754, 12,987

_______ > _______ > _______ > _______ > _______

b. 77,890, 77,980, 87,098, 78,908, 97,777

_______ > _______ > _______ > _______ > _______

c. 21,232, 12,314, 15,789, 27,345, 72,435

_______ > _______ > _______ > _______ > _______

Chapter-1 .indd 7 03-Aug-17 5:07:21 PM

Lakhs TTh Th H T O Indian System

Indian System International System

Indian System International System

Ones period – First 3 digits Ones period – First 3 digits

Thousands period – Next 2 digits Thousands period – Next 3 digits

Lakhs period – Next 2 digits

In Indian system, 469352 is written as 4,69,352.

Chapter-1 .indd 8 14-Aug-17 5:58:18 PM

a. Five lakh eight thousand seventy-four

Seven hundred four thousand sixteen 7 0 4 0 1 6

a. Six hundred eighty thousand four

b. Seven hundred thousand six hundred

c. Twenty thousand four hundred fifty-

ewrite the numbers placing commas according to the Indian system.

a. 200345 = __________ b. 689245 = __________

Chapter-1 .indd 9 03-Aug-17 5:07:23 PM

Numeral L TTh Th H T O Notation

Numeral HTh TTh Th H T O Notation

3 9 2 5 6 One hundred thirty-nine

___ < _ < _ < _ < _____

___ > _ > _ > _ > _____

___ > _ > _ > _ > _____

___ > _ > _ > _ > _____

a. 200345 = b. 689245 =

c. 9, 4, 5, 1, 7 and 3

d. 1, 7, 4, 0, 9 and 6

e. 2, 6, 3, 8, 4 and 5

f. 5, 7, 1, 2, 3 and 9