 IEC

Exponential

Differential

 IEE
 Linear equation method
 A Simplified Top-Oil Temperature Model for Transformers Based on the Pathway of Energy
Transfer Concept and the Thermal-Electrical Analogy
 Other direct methods

Transformer Insulation Classes

Protection against temperature rise
During a normal operation, the transformer has no-load losses and load losses that translate both to
dissipated thermal energy. This energy depends on the transformer construction, power and the
installation conditions. The load increase causes the transformer temperature to increase due to more
losses, consequently the room temperature is also increased. The room temperature is affected by
external conditions as well (sunlight for example), so for the same load losses an increase in the room
temperature will cause an increase in the transformer temperature. These increases favor more rapid
degradation of the insulations thus more rapid loss of transformer life and a greater probability of
failure of the dielectric.

These are the transformer and room limit temperatures defined by the CEI UNEL 21010 and 60076 IEC
standards:
For a given class the average winding temperature rise is the average temperature of the insulation
measured by the constructor in a test at the rated current, the hot spot temperature rise is the hottest
part of the insulation in the same test. The maximum winding temperature or the insulation rating is the
hot spot limit that should not be surpassed while operating at an ambient temperature of 40°C. The
transformer aging rate will double (lifespan gets reduced by half) for every 6°C over the temperature set
point of the hot spot.

Typical alarm and release temperature values:

The heat generated by the transformer must be dissipated from the room properly. The natural
ventilation system in SOTUVER has failed to release the heat properly due to external high temperature
especially in summer and the constant load on the transformers. Thus, a forced ventilation system is
necessary especially when the transformers have reached 20 years of continuous service. The lifespan of
a transformer is from 20 to 30 years old according to the ANSI C57. 96 standards.

The CEI UNEL 21010 and 60076 IEC standards state that the temperature of the installation room air
must not exceed the following values:

 30°C average daily

 40°C maximum
 20°C average annual

The automatic ventilation system must be calibrated based on a maximum room temperature of 40°C,
the maximum temperature rise of the insulation determined by the standards or the maximum top oil
temperature (which is related to the insulation temperature).

https://electrical-engineering-portal.com/mv-lv-transformer-protection