BUỔI 1

TENSES (THÌ)
TENSES FORMATION USE MARKER

Often, usually, frequently, always ,

SIMPLE - Diễn tả sự thật hiển nhiên, 1 chân lý. constantly, seldom, rarely,
PRESENT S+Vo / Vs/es - Diễn tả thói quen, hành động xảy ra sometimes, occasionally,
thường xuyên ở hiện tại. everyday/week/month
- lịch trình, thời gian biểu

- Diễn tả HĐ đang diễn ra và kéo dài 1 Now, right now, at the moment, at
PRESENT S+ am/is/are + V- thời gian ở hiện tại. present.
PROGRESS ing - Xuất hiện sau câu đề nghị, mệnh lệnh. Look!
- IVE - Diễn tả HĐ sắp xảy ra ở tương lai gần Be quiet!
- Diễn tả sự phàn nàn

- Diễn tả HĐ vừa mới xảy ra, Just,ever,

- HĐ được lặp đi lặp lại nhiều lần ở quá never,
PRESENT S+ have/has + khứ. already,
PERFECT V3ed - Diễn tả HĐ bắt đầu từ quá khứ mà còn yet,since,for,
kéo dài đến hiện tại và có khả năng tiếp sofar=until now =
tục ở tương lai. =up to now = up to the present
- Diễn tả HĐ xảy ra trong quá khứ mà Before
không biết rõ thời gian. It’s the first time

PRESENT S+ have/has + - Diễn tả HĐ bắt đầu trong quá khứ và Since , for
PERFECT been + V ing kéo dài liên tục đến hiện tại All day, I am tired/ exhausted…
CONTINUO (người nói chú ý đến sự việc xảy ra hay
US thời gian xảy ra)

SIMPLE S+V2ed - Diễn tả HĐ đã xảy ra trong quá khứ, Last, ago, yesterday , in + year(in
PAST chấm dứt rồi và biết rõ thời gian the past)
- Diễn tả thói quen ở quá khứ When, as (hđ ngắn)

- Diễn tả HĐ đang xảy ra tại 1 thời điểm At this time, time + yesterday,
PAST S + was/ were + quá khứ/ suốt khoảng thời gian ở quá last….when, while
PROGRESS V-ing khứ
- IVE - Diễn tả HĐ đang xảy ra ở quá khứ thì
có 1 HĐ khác xen vào cũng ở quá khứ
- Diễn tả 2 HĐ cùng xảy ra song song ở
quá khứ

PAST - Diễn tả HĐ quá khứ xảy ra trước 1 thời Before , after, when, as, as soon as,
PERFECT S+ had+ V3ed điểm ở quá khứ hoặc trước 1 HĐ quá …
khứ khác. Up to then
By the time QKĐ, QKHT
Tomorrow, tonight, soon, again,
SIMPLE S + shall/ will + - dự định ở tương lai lên ngay khi nói next +….., in + year (in the future)
FUTURE V0 - 1 suy nghĩ , giả thuyết không căn cứ
 - Dự định lên từ trước (90% đúng)
NEAR S + be going to + - 1 suy nghĩ, dự đoán có căn cứ
FUTURE V0

At this time + tomorrow

FUTURE S + shall/will + - Diễn tả HĐ đang xảy ra tại một thời
CONTINUO be + V-ing điểm tương lai/ suốt quảng thời gian ở
US tương lai
- HĐ đang diển ra ở tương lai lúc việc
khác xảy đến
FUTURE S+ shall/will+ - Hành đô ̣ng sẽ hoàn thành đến mô ̣t thời By the time+ HTĐ, TLHT
PERFECT have Vpp điểm trong tương lai

SEQUENCE OF TENSES (Sự hòa hợp giữa các thì)

1. Sự phối hợp của động từ trong mệnh đề chính (main clause) và mệnh đề phụ (subordinate clause)
Main clause Subordinate clause
1. Simple present - Simple present
- Present perfect
- Present continuous
- Simple future/ Near future
- Simple past (có thời gian xác định ở quá khứ)
2. Simple past - Simple past
- Past perfect
- Past continuous
- Would/ was / were+ going to + V bare infi.
- Simple present (diễn tả một chân lý)
3. Present perfect - Simple present
4. Past perfect - Simple past
Eg: 1. People have said that Lon Lon has fog
2. Mary said that she was cooking them
3. He says he was born in 1980
4. Tom says he will visit me again.
2. Sự phối hợp của các động từ trong mệnh đề chính và mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian (adverbial clause of
time):
Main clause Adverbial clause of time
1. Present tenses - Present tenses
2. Past tenses - Past tenses
3. Future tenses - Present tenses
Eg: 1. You will go home as soon as you have finished your exercises.
2. When I came there, it was raining hard.
3. I often drink coffee while I am watching TV.
4. Please wait here until I come back.
5. He never goes home before he has finished his work.
6. It was raining hard when I got there.
7. I had just come when you called.
* Mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian thường bắt đầu với các từ nối sau:
- When / as: Khi - as soon as: Ngay sau khi - as long as: chừng nào - just as: Ngay khi
- Until/ till: Cho đến khi - since: kể từ khi - while: trong khi - whenever: bất cứ khi nào
- before: trước khi - after: sau khi - By the time: vào lúc
……………
* Note:
- Không được dùng thì tương lai (Future tense) trong các mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian (có thể thay bằng thì hiện
tại đơn, quá khứ đơn, HTHT)
Eg: If it rains tomorrow, we’ll stay at home.
- Trong trường hợp dùng từ nối “SINCE” chú ý: S +V ( present perfect/ present perfect cont.) + Since + S + Ved.
Eg: You have been studying English since you came here.

ĐỒNG CHỦ NGỮ

Khi hai mê ̣nh đề cùng chủ ngữ (S V1, S V2) ta có thể rút gọn câu theo các trường hợp:
- V1 trước V2: Having (been) V1pp, S V2
- V1 đồng thời V2 :
+V1: Chủ đô ̣ng: V1ing , S V2.
+V1: Bị đô ̣ng: V1pp , S V2.
Eg: She has worked here for 30 years, she will retire next month.
 Having worked here for 30 years, she will retire next month.

EXERCISES:
Exercise 1: Choose the best answer to complete each of the following sentences.
1. She came into the room while they_________television.
A. watched B. have watched C. are watching D. were watching
2. I_________a headache since yesterday.
A. had B. was having C. have had D. would have
3. The teacher_________into the room.
A. has still come B. has already come C. has yet come D. has recently come
4. When he failed to meet us, we_________without him.
A. left B. would leave C. was leaving D. has left
5. He_______book the tickets, but he had no time to call at the cinema.
A. would B. will C. is going to D. was going to
6. Peter has been trying for an hour, but his car still_________start.
A. won’t B. wouldn’t C. didn’t D. hasn’t
7. It’s an hour since he________, so he must be at the office now.
A. is leaving B. was leaving C. has left D. left
8. Most students _______ hard for the last few weeks.
A. were working B. worked C. are working D.have been working
9. He_______up his mind yet.
A. didn’t make B. hasn’t made C. wasn’t made D. wasn’t making
10. The baby________non-stop for the last two hours.
A. cried B. was crying C. is crying D. has been crying
Exercise 2: Choose the best answer to complete each of the following sentences.
1. The girl weeps whenever she___________________such a story.
A. hears B. has heard C. will hear D. heard
2. As soon as we ________ this new apartment, we ________ .
A. are finding - will move B. found - moved
C. would find - move D. find - would move
3. My teacher arrived after we________for him for ten minutes.
A. was waiting B. have waited C. had waited D. waited
4. This is the first time I ________ to play badminton.
A. have tried B. am trying C. was trying D. would be trying
5. She_________here but she doesn’t worked here now.
A. has worked B. had work C. used to work D.used to working
6. Jack went out, but he ________ anyone where he was going.
 A. doesn’t tell B. not told C. wasn’t telling D. didn’t tell
7. London ________ the capital of the United Kingdom.
A. is B. was C. will be D. is being
8. Someone ________ at the door. Can you hear it?
A. knocks B. is knocking C. will knock D. was knocking
9. What are you cooking in that saucepan? It ________good
A. smells B. is smelling C. smelled D. has smelled
10. I used to swim in this river when I ________ young.
A. am B. was C. will be D. have been
Exercise 3: Choose the best answer to complete each of the following sentences.
1. By the year 2050, many people currently employed________their jobs.
A. have lost B. will be losing C. will have lost D. are losing
2. Susan_______as a nurse for three years before her marriage.
A, has been working B. has worked
C. worked D. is working
3. Since they had that big argument, he crosses the street whenever he_____her.
A. saw B. sees C. will see D. is seeing
4. This time tomorrow I _______in the swimming pool.
A. am relaxing B. relax C. will be relaxing D. relaxed
5. At the end of this month, we ________here for ten years.
A. will have been living B. are living
C. live D. will be living
6. The beach was so crowded the other day that we ________ difficulty finding empty spot.
A. have B. have had C. had D. have been having
7. Robert ________ for the company for very long before he was promoted.
A. hasn’t been working B. didn’t work
C. hadn’t been working D. wasn’t working
8. ________? Your eyes are red.
A. Did you cry C. Were you crying
B. didn’t work D. wasn’t working
9. He looked tired because he_________for six hours.
A. ran B. was running C. has been running D. had been running
10. In 1875 archeologists________the ruins of the Olympic Stadium in Greece.
A. discovered B. were discovering
C. have discovered D. had discovered
Exercise 4: Choose the best answer to complete each of the following sentences.
1. We________very hard at the office lately as we are negotiating an important contract.
A. are working B. were working
C. have been working D. had been working
2. You can’t believe a word he says. He________.
A. always lies B. is always lying
C. has always lied D. will always lie
3. I often find things on the beach. I ________ this very old bottle yesterday.
A. found B. was finding C. had found D.had been finding
4. They______the new bridge by the end of the year.
A. will complete B. will have completed
 C. have completed D. had been completing
5. He said he_____ his homework since 7 o’clock.
A. did B. has done C. had been done D. had been doing
6. A taxi collided with his car ten minutes ago but the police_________yet.
A. has not come B. have not come C. did not come D. had not come
7. At this moment tomorrow night I ________ on a ship.
A. sleep B. shall sleep C. shall be slept D.shall be sleeping
8. Before leaving home in the morning, she__________her mother she_________in the factory that afternoon.
A. had told - would work B. told - would work C. told - works D. had told - worked
9. Before you mentioned him, I_______of that author.
A. never hear B. have never heard C. had never heard D. never heard
10. By the end of this year, Tom________English for three years.
A. will be studying B. has studied C. will have studied D. has been studying
Exercise 5: Choose the best answer to complete each of the following sentences.
1. By the time you finish cooking, they______their homework.
A. will have done B. aredoing C. have been doing D. have done
2. Can you tell me how ________?
A. they escaped B. they were escaped
C. did they escape D. have they escaped
3. “Does Tom own that car?” “No, I think his brother_______________it now.”
A. has owned B. is owning C. owns D. can own
4. Fish________on the earth for ages.
A. exists B. are existing C. exist D. have existed
5. Firemen________to receive an increase in pay next month.
A. will be B. are C. have been D. would be
6. How many times________him since he went to Hanoi?
A. have you seen B. do you see C. did you see D. had you seen
7. He________as a cashier for twenty-five years. Then he_________and went to live the country.
A. worked - retired B. had been working - retired
C. has worked - had retired D. had been working - had retired
8. He wrote to her a month ago, but I’m sure he_________since then.
A. has not written B. didn’t write C. was not writing D. was not written
9. How many lessons________before you passed your tests?
A. did you have B. do you have C. have you had D. were you having
10. How________ to stop in time when that car shot out in front of you?
A. did you manage B. were you managing
C. do you manage D. had you managed
Exercise 6: Choose the best answer to complete each of the following sentences.
1. By Christmas, I_______for Mr. Smith for six years.
A. shall have been working B. shall work C. have been working D. shall be working
1. 2. I’m sorry for keeping you waiting. I____ to make a telephone call to London.
A. have tried B. will try C. tried D.have been trying
2. I cannot begin sewing my dress until my mother________it out for me.
A. will cut B. cut C. has cut D. will be cutting
3. I_______everywhere for the pen I_________yesterday.
A. am searching – had lost B. searched – lost C. have searched - lost D. searched - has lost
4. In a few minutes’ time, when the clock strikes six, I_________here for three hours.
A. waited B. will have been waiting C. have waited D. have been waiting
5. I_______sunglasses today because the sun is very strong.
A. am wearing B. wear C. have been wearing D. have worn
6. The car stopped for the children who ________ to cross the road.
A. were waiting B. had waited C. had been waiting D. waited
7. Their football team________a championship until last season.
A. has never won B. is never winning
C. had never been winning D. had never won
8. After ancient Greek athletes won a race in the Olympics, they____________a simple crown of olive leaves.
A. received B. had received C. were receiving D. have received
9. Even though they_________for a flat for a month, they___________able to find one anywhere.
A. is looking - are not B. have looked – are not
C. have been looking - have not been D. have been looked - have not been
Exercise 7: Choose the best answer to complete each of the following sentences.
1. When I last saw him, he________in London.
A. has lived B. is living C. was living D. has been living
2. We_______Dorothy since last Saturday.
A. don’t see B. haven’t seen C. didn’t see D. hadn’t seen
3. The train ________ half an hour ago.
A. has been leaving B. left C. has left D. had left
4. Be careful! Jack ________ the door.
A. has just painted B. paint C. will have painted D. painting
5. My sister________for you since yesterday.
A. is looking B. was looking C. has been looking D. looked
6. I_______Texas State University now.
A. am attending B. attend C. was attending D. attended
7. He has been selling motorbikes______.
A. ten years ago B. since ten years C. for ten years ago D. for ten years
8. Christopher Columbus______America more than 500 years ago.
A. discovered C. had discovered B. has discovered D. had been discovering
9. He fell down when he_______towards the church.
A. run B. runs C. was running D. had run
10. We______there when our father died.
A. still lived B. lived still C. was still living D. were still living
Exercise 8:
1. Eight years ago we started writing to each other.
A. We have rarely written to each other for eight years. B. Eight years is a long time for us to write to each other.
C. We wrote to each other eight years ago. D. We have been writing to each other for eight years.
4. As soon as he waved his hand, she turned away.
A. He saw her turn away and he waved his hand. B. No sooner had he waved his hand than she turned away.
C. She turned away because he waved his hand too early D. Although she turned away, he waved his hand.
6. My father hasn't smoked cigarettes for a month.
A. It's a month since my father last smoked cigarettes. B. It's a month ago that my father smoked cigarettes.
C. It's a month that my father hasn't smoked cigarettes. D. It's a cigarette that my father smoked a month ago.
7. Having finished their work, the workers expected to be paid.
A. The workers expected to be paid because they had finished their work.
B. Having their work finished, the workers expected to be paid.
C. Having expected to be paid, the workers finished their work.
D. Having been finished their work, the workers expected to be paid.
8. Mr. Brown bought this car five years ago.
A. Mr. Brown started to buy this car five years ago. B. It has been five years when Mr. Brown bought this car
C. Mr. Brown has had this car for five years. D. It is five years ago since Mr. Brown bought this car.
10. I haven't enjoyed myself so much for years.
A. It's years since I enjoyed myself so much. B. It's years since I have enjoyed myself so much.
C. It was years since I had enjoyed myself so much. D. It has been years since I have enjoyed myself so much.
13. John used to write home once a week when he was abroad.
A. John doesn't now write home once a week any longer.
B. John enjoyed writing home every week when he was abroad.
C. John never forgot to write a weekly letter home when he was abroad.
D. When he was abroad he remembered to write home every week.
14. This is my tenth year working in this bank.
A. By the end of this year, I will work in this bank for ten years.
B. I have worked in this bank for ten years by the end of this year.
C. By the end of this year, I will have worked in this bank for ten years.
D. I had been working in this bank for ten years by the end of this year.
15. The famous actor was last seen in 2000.
A. The famous actor has not been able to see since 2000. B. No one has seen the famous actor since 2000.
C. The famous actor didn't see anyone in 2000. D. No one saw the famous actor until 2000.
16. I came to live here three months ago.
A. It was three months since I lived here. B. I've been living here for three months.
C. I lived here for three months. D. I didn't live here for three months.
17. She is sitting in a hotel room. Through the window, she sees a fat man.
A. She looks through the window and sees the fat man. B. She and the fat man are in a hotel room.
C. The fat man wants to open the window and come in. D. The fat man is looking in through the window.
18. She goes to the shops every Friday.
A. She goes every day to the shop but not on Friday. B. It's not Friday, but she's going to the shops.
C. She always goes to the shops on Friday. D. She never goes to the shops on Friday.
19. Michael took a deep breath and dived into the water.
A. After Michael had taken a deep breath, he dived into the water.
B. Having taken a deep breath, he dived into the water.
C. After Michael took a deep breath, he had dived into the water.
D. A & B are correct.
20. We started working here three years ago.
A. We worked here for three years. B. We have no longer worked here for three years.
C. We have worked here for three years. D. We will work here in three years.
21. It's a long time since we last went to the cinema.
A. We have been to the cinema for a long time. B. We haven't been to the cinema for a long time.
C. We don't go to the cinema as we used to. D. We wish we went to the cinema now.
22. I haven't finished this book yet.
A. I'm still reading this book. B. I have read this book before.
C. The book I'm reading hasn't finished. D. I will read this book some day.
23. He used to jog every morning.
A. He enjoys jogging every morning. B. He never fails to jog every morning.
C. He doesn't now jog every morning. D. He intended to jog every morning.
24. When we arrived, the children were playing "Hide and Seek"
A. The children played "Hide and Seek" and then we arrived.
B. While the children were playing "Hide and Seek", we arrived.
C. We arrived at the same time the children played "Hide and Seek".
D. We didn't arrive until the children played "Hide and Seek".
25. He last had his eyes tested ten months ago.
A. He hasn't had his eyes tested for ten months. B. He had not tested his eyes for ten months then.
C. He had tested his eyes ten months before. D. He didn't have any test on his eyes in ten months.
26. Someone knocked on the door during my lunchtime.
A. I had lunch when someone knocked on the door. B. When I had had lunch, someone knocked on the door.
C. I was having lunch when someone was knocking on the door.
D. I was having lunch when someone knocked on the door.
27. Steve left before my arrival.
A. When I arrived, Steve had already left. B. Steve left as soon as I arrived.
C. While Steve was leaving I arrived. D. Steve hadn't left until I arrived.
28. I haven't been here before.
A. Being here is a pleasant experience. B. This is the first time I have been here.
C. I have wished to be here for long. D. Before long I will be here.
29. The last time I saw Rose was three years ago.
A. I hasn't seen Rose for three years. B. I haven't seen Rose three years ago.
C. I haven't seen Rose since three years. D. I haven't seen Rose for three years.
Exercise 9: Choose and correct the mistakes
1. Having deciding on the topic of the presentation, he started finding relevant information for it.
A B C D
2. Having spent all their saving money, they started do some odd jobs to make ends meet.
A B C D
3. Having decided to use public transport instead private transport, we were determined to reduce carbon footprints.
A B C D
4. Having cycling to work every day, I become more responsible for the environmental issues.
A B C D
5. Having watched TV programmes about the farmers' careless use of chemical fertilisers on they crops, many
A B C
citizen dwellers decided to grow their own vegetables.
D
6. Having suffered water shortage in the past, we are all very economic on using water.
A B C D
7. Having change our attitude to nature, we started changing our behaviours as well.
A B C D
8. Having finished the work before the deadline, it was handled to the manager and came back home.
A B C D