Data and Computer Communications: - Protocol Architecture, TCP/IP, and Internet-Based Applications

Data and Computer
Communications
Chapter 2 – Protocol Architecture,
TCP/IP, and Internet-Based
Applications
1
Need For Protocol Architecture
 data exchange can involve complex
procedures
 better if task broken into subtasks
 implemented separately in layers in stack
 each layer provides functions needed to perform
communication for layers above
 using functions provided by layers below
 modularization eases maintenance, updating of
system
 peer layers communicate with a protocol
Dr. Mohammed Arafah 2
OSI
 OSI: Open Systems Interconnection
 Developed by the International
Organization for Standardization (ISO)
 Has seven layers – too many
 Is a theoretical system delivered
 TCP/IP is the de facto standard

OSI Layers

ISO/OSI Reference Model
Host A Host B
Application Application
Presentation Presentation
Session Session
Transport Transport
Network Network
Data Link Data Link
Physical Physical
Physical Medium
Host A Exchanged Unit
Host B
Layer 7 Protocol
Application Application APDU
Layer 6/7 Interface
Layer 6 Protocol
Presentation Presentation PPDU
Layer 5/6 Interface Layer 5 Protocol
Session Session SPDU
Layer 4/5 Interface
Layer 4 Protocol
Transport Transport Segment
Layer 3/4 Interface
Layer 3 Protocol
Network Network Packet (Datagram)
Layer 2/3 Interface
Layer 2 Protocol
Data Link Data Link Frame
Layer 1/2 Interface Layer 1 Protocol
Physical Physical Bit
Physical Medium
 The entities comprising the corresponding layers on
different machines are called peers.
 Protocol: It is an agreement between peers on how
communication is to proceed.
 Peers can communicate by using Protocols.
 Interface: It defines the primitive operations and services
the lower layer makes available to the upper layer.
 A Service Access Point (SAP) has an address that
uniquely identifies where the service can be accessed.
 A set of layers and protocols is called a Network
Architecture.
Dr. Mohammed Arafah

Standardized Protocol
Architectures

Layer Specific Standards

The OSI Environment


1. The Physical Layer:
 It concerns with transmitting raw bits over a communication
channel.
 Voltage Levels for 0 and 1.
 Connectors: Number of bins and purpose of each bin.
 Transmission Media.
 Attenuation and Distortion.
 Analog PSTN Circuits and Digital Leased Circuits.

2. The Data Link Layer:
 FRAME is the basic protocol unit
 Framing:
 create and recognize frame boundaries.
 encapsulate datagram into frame, adding header, trailer
Header Message Trailer
 Addressing:
 MAC (Physical) Addressing.
 Point-to-point Error Detection
 Point-to-point flow control
 Medium Access Control (MAC) Protocols
Ethernet Frame
7 bytes 1 byte 6 bytes 6 bytes 2 bytes  1500 bytes 4 bytes
Destination Source Data = IP

Preamble SFD Length Pad FCS
Address Address Packet
PACKET

Medium Access Control (MAC)
 single shared broadcast channel
 two or more simultaneous transmissions by nodes:
interference
 collision if node receives two or more signals at the
same time
shared wire (e.g., shared RF

cabled Ethernet) (e.g., 802.11 WiFi)

Medium Access Control (MAC) Protocols:
 Channel Partitioning
 divide channel into smaller “pieces” (time slots, frequency,
code)
 allocate piece to node for exclusive use
 Random Access
 channel not divided, allow collisions
 “recover” from collisions
 “Taking turns”
 nodes take turns, but nodes with more to send can take
longer turns

3. The Network Layer:
 PACKET (DATAGRAM) is the basic protocol unit
 Addressing
 IP Addressing
 Routing: It determines how packets are routed from

source to destination.
 Congestion Control: Many packets in the subnet trying to
use the same route.
 Internetworking: It allows heterogeneous networks to be
interconnected.

4. The Transport Layer:
 SEGMENT is the basic protocol unit
 Disassembling and Reassembling: It accepts data from
a session layer, split it up to smaller units if needed, pass
these to the network layer, and ensure that the pieces all
arrive correctly at the other end.
 End-to-end error control.
 End-to-end flow control.
 Addressing
 Ports

5. The Session Layer:
• It allows users on different machines to establish sessions
between them.
• Interaction Management: The data exchange associated with a
dialog may be:
– Duplex: Two-way simultaneous.
– Half-Duplex: Two-way alternate.
– Simplex: One-way.
6. The Presentation Layer:

• Data Compression.
• Data Encryption.
7. The Application Layer:

• The application layer contains a variety of protocols that are
commonly needed.

Use of a Relay

TCP/IP Protocol Architecture
 developed by US Defense Advanced
Research Project Agency (DARPA)
 for ARPANET packet switched network
 used by the global Internet
 protocol suite comprises a large collection
of standardized protocols

OSI v TCP/IP

Internet protocol stack
• application: supporting network
applications
– FTP, SMTP, HTTP application
• transport: process-process data transfer
– TCP, UDP transport
• network: routing of datagrams from
source to destination network
– IP, routing protocols
• link: data transfer between neighboring Data link
network elements
– PPP, Ethernet physical
• physical: bits “on the wire”

Operation of TCP/IP

Encapsulation
Transport
Network Header
Data
Header Header Trailer
Segment
Packet
Frame

Protocol Data Units
Segments
Packets

TCP/IP Reference Model
Host A Host B
Transport Transport
Network Network
Data Link Data Link
Physical Physical
Physical Medium

Sender Repeater
Receiver
Host A Host B
Transport Transport
Network Network
Data Link Data Link
Physical Physical Physical Physical

Repeater
TCP/IP Reference Model Switch
10 83 Receiver
10 83 Frame
Frame
Sender
MAC: 83
MAC: 10
MAC: 45
Host A MAC: 42 MAC: 55 Host B
Transport Transport
Network Network
Data Link Data Link Data Link

Switch
MAC: a MAC: b MAC: c MAC: d
IP = w IP = x IP = y IP = z
Interface 1 Interface 3
Router
Sender Receiver
Host A Host B
Transport Transport
w z z  Interface 3
w z Network Network Network w z

IP Addresses
a b c d
a b Data Link Data Link Data Link Data Link c d
MAC Addresses

Router

MAC: a MAC: b MAC: c MAC: d MAC: e MAC: f
IP = u IP = v IP = w IP = x IP = y IP = z
Interface 1 Interface 3 Interface 1
Interface 4
Interface 2 Interface 4 Interface 3 Interface 2
Router Router
Sender Receiver
Host A Host B
Transport Transport
u z z  Interface 3 u z z  Interface 1
Network Network Network Network u z

u z
a b c d e f
Data Link Data Link Data Link Data Link Data Link Data Linke f
a b
Physical Physical Physical Physical Physical Physical
Router Router

application
transport
network
data link
physical
network network
data link data link
network physical
physical
data link
physical network network
data link data link
physical physical
network network
data link data link
physical physical
network
data link
physical
application
network transport
data link network
network
physical data link
network data link
physical
data link physical
physical
Dr. Mohammed Arafah CT1403 32

source
message M application
Encapsulation
segment Ht M transport
datagram Hn Ht M network
frame Hl Hn Ht M link
physical
link
physical
switch
destination H n Ht M network
M application Hl Hn Ht M link Hn Ht M
Ht M transport physical
Hn Ht M network
Hl Hn Ht M link router
physical

Example of Data Transmission
Router
Sender Receiver
 Send Data
Host A Host B
1
Transport Transport
Network Network Network
Data Link Data Link Data Link Data Link

Router

Router
Sender Receiver
Host A Host B
2
Transport
Transport Transport
 Disassembling:
 Split data into smaller
units
 Reliable Data Transfer:
 Sequence Number
 Retransmission list
 Start timer upon
transmission
 Flow Control:
 Receiver Window
size Physical Physical Physical Physical
 Forming Segments
Router

Router
Sender Receiver
Host A Host B
Transport Transport
3
 IP addressing
 Forming Packets

Router

Router
Sender Receiver
Host A Host B
Transport Transport

4
 Forming Frames
 Encapsulate Packet
into frame, adding
header, trailer
 MAC (Physical)
Addressing for point
to point connection
 Computing
Router
checksum for error
detection

Router
Sender Receiver
Host A Host B
Transport Transport
 Convert bits to a Physical Physical Physical Physical

signal
5
Transmission Media
Router

Router
Sender Receiver
Host A Host B
Transport Transport
Physical Physical
Physical Physical Physical
 Convert the received
signal into bits
Transmission Media
6 Router

Router
Sender Receiver
Host A Host B
 Frame Boundary
Detection
Transport
 Error Detection Transport
 Checking the
correctness of the
frame
Network
 Checking the MAC Network Network
Address
 De-encapsulate the
Data Link frame and extract the
packet
Data
DataLink
Link Data Link Data Link
7
Router

Router
Sender Receiver
Host A Host B
Transport Transport
Routing
8

Router

Router
Sender Receiver
Host A Host B
Transport Transport

9
Data Link Data Link Data Link  Forming Frames Data Link
 Encapsulate Packet
into frame, adding
header, trailer
Physical Physical Physical  MAC (Physical) Physical
Addressing for point
to point connection
Router  Computing the
checksum for error
detection

Router
Sender Receiver
Host A Host B
Transport Transport

 Convert bits to a
signal
Router 10

Router
Sender Receiver
Host A Host B
Transport Transport

 Convert the received
signal into bits
Transmission Media
Router 11

Router
Sender Receiver
Host A Host B
 Frame Boundary
Detection
Transport  Error Detection

 Checking the
Transport
correctness of the
frame
Network Network  Checking the MAC

Address
Network
 De-encapsulate the
frame and extract the
Data Link Data Link Data Link packet Data Link
12
Router

Router
Sender Receiver
Host A Host B
Transport Transport
 Extract the Segment
Network Network 13 Network

Router

Router  Reliable Data Transfer:
Sender  Send to the sender an Receiver
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
for a correct segment, and
Host A a NEGATIVE
Host B
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
for an incorrect segment
 Ordered Delivery:
 Sequence Number
 Re-assembling
Transport Transport
14

Router

Router
Sender Receiver
Host A Host B
 Receive Data
Application
15
Transport Transport

Router

TCP/IP Layers
 Application layer
 Transport layer
 Internet layer
 Network access layer
 Physical layer

Addressing Requirements
 two levels of addressing required
 each host on a subnet needs a unique
global network address
 its IP address
 each application on a (multi-tasking) host
needs a unique address within the host
 known as a port

Operation of TCP and IP

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
 usual transport layer is (TCP)

 provides a reliable connection for transfer of
data between applications
 a TCP segment is the basic protocol unit
 TCP tracks segments between entities for
duration of each connection

TCP Header

User Datagram Protocol
(UDP)
 an alternative to TCP
 no guaranteed delivery
 no preservation of sequence
 no protection against duplication
 minimum overhead

UDP Header

IP Header

IPv6 Header

Ethernet Frame
7 bytes 1 byte 6 bytes 6 bytes 2 bytes  1500 bytes 4 bytes
Destination Source Data = IP

Preamble SFD Length Pad FCS
Address Address Packet
PACKET

TCP/IP Applications
 have a number of standard TCP/IP
applications such as
 Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)
 File Transfer Protocol (FTP) – control and
data connections
 Telnet
 HTTP

Some TCP/IP Protocols

Traditional vs Multimedia
Applications
 traditionally Internet dominated by info
retrieval applications
 typically using text and image transfer
 E.g. email, file transfer, web
 see increasing growth in multimedia
applications
 involving massive amounts of data
 such as streaming audio and video

Elastic and Inelastic Traffic
 elastic traffic
 can adjust to delay & throughput changes
over a wide range
 E.g. traditional “data” style TCP/IP traffic
 some applications more sensitive though
 inelastic traffic
 does not adapt to such changes
 E.g. “real-time” voice & video traffic
 need minimum requirements on net arch
Summary
 introduced need for protocol architecture
 OSI Model & protocol architecture
standardization
 TCP/IP protocol architecture
 traditional vs multimedia application needs

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Data and Computer

Dr. Mohammed Arafah 3

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Data Link Data Link

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7 bytes 1 byte 6 bytes 6 bytes 2 bytes  1500 bytes 4 bytes

Destination Source Data = IP

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shared wire (e.g., shared RF

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 Routing: It determines how packets are routed from

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6. The Presentation Layer:

7. The Application Layer:

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Data Link Data Link

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Data Link Data Link

Physical Physical Physical Physical

Data Link Data Link Data Link

Physical Physical Physical Physical

w z Network Network Network w z

Physical Physical Physical Physical

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Network Network Network Network u z

Physical Physical Physical Physical Physical Physical

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Network Network Network

Data Link Data Link Data Link Data Link

Physical Physical Physical Physical

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Physical Physical Physical Physical

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Network Network Network

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Network Network Network

Data Link Data Link Data Link Data Link

 Convert bits to a Physical Physical Physical Physical

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Network Network Network