1

01 1993

GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS FOR

EARTHWORKS

Table of Contents

0100 - GENERAL.....................................................................................................................2

0101 - PREPARATION AND DISMANTLING WORKS....................................................4

0102 - EXCAVATION WORKS..............................................................................................6

0103 - QUARRYING................................................................................................................9

0104 - COMPACTION AND TAMPING.............................................................................10

0105 - WRAPPING AND BEDDING....................................................................................12

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0100 - General
01000 - General
010001 - Scope
These specifications refer to common earthworks for building constructions. Special
preparation works such as building, demolition or special supports required due to proximity
of buildings or work under the level of the aquifer shall be specified in the particular
specifications.

01002 - Definitions
 Earth and soil - the terms refer to any type of natural material, including rock.
 Layer thickness - is the thickness after the compression and compaction, to be
carried out according to the specifications pertaining to that layer.
 Back-fill (borrowed fill) - soil taken from the building site for filling purposes.
 Brought up fill - fill brought from places out of the building site for filling
purposes.
 Surplus soil - excavated soil not used in the construction.

01003 - Standards
Tthe following is the main standard pertaining to this chapter:
 Sorting of soils according to AASHTO ASTM-D-3282 - Classification of Soils
and Soil-Aggregate Mixtures for Highway Construction Purposes.

01001 - Other Chapters

All the provisions in the chapters of the general construction works specifications, as detailed
below, are also applicable to the present chapter.
 Chapter 02 - In-Situ Cast Concrete Works
 Chapter 57 - Water Lines, Sewage and Trenches.

01002 - Casing and Support

The sides of excavations shall be cased and supported, in case that the soil requires casing,
whether the supervisor has required that this be done or not. The boards and supports shall be
sufficiently strong and rigid to sustain the pressure of the soil and prevent collapse or
horizontal movement of the casing. Alternatively, if soil conditions permit it, the contractor
shall be able to shape the sides of the excavations according to their natural slopes , instead of
casing and supporting the soil.

01003 - Responsibility for Stability

The provisions included in these specifications are guidelines for the best professional
execution. Carrying out these instructions is not enough to absolve the contractor of his legal
responsibility, and he shall be solely responsible for the stability of the excavation and the
safety of the earth works carried out at the site, including safety of the structures and the roads
in the vicinity of the site, and all that this entails.

01004 - Collapse
In the event of a collapse due to insufficient support, or any other reason, the contractor shall
re-excavate the pit and repair the casing and support. Moreover, the contractor shall bear the
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cost of all damages to people or property incurred by the collapse, and he hereby absolves the
manager of any claims, which may arise in this context.

01005 - Drainage
All excavations described above shall be protected against the penetration of rainwater, by the
adoption of appropriate means such as excavation of drainage trenches, or the creation of
temporary earth banks. If rainwater or sewage water have accumulated in the excavated pits,
despite the means adopted by the contractor, the contractor shall remove the water from the
excavations and allow the bottom to dry sufficiently, to the supervisor's satisfaction, before he
resumes work. These instructions also apply to back- fill.
The excavation and fill and excavation in back-fill areas etc. shall be carried out in such a way
as to allow constant drainage of the water during all the stages of work. The means of
drainage shall include works as excavation of temporary trenches, building of banks, pumping
of water, blocking of pits, etc.

01006 - Ground Water

When work is carried out in areas where ground water is expected or where ground water was
detected during work, the contractor shall pump the water by the means and methods
approved by the supervisor. The pumping shall be consecutive and sufficient for ensuring dry
pits, as required for carrying out the work. The contractor shall also take care to dispose of the
pumped water to a site selected at his own responsibility, with the approval of the supervisor
given in advance.

01007 - Coordination and Disturbances

The contractor shall carry out the work in coordination with the operating conditions
prevailing at the site, including the function of electricity, water, irrigation and sewage
systems, etc., subject to the directions of the responsible authority. Moreover, coordination
and cooperation must be ensured with other parties or contractors working at the site - as
instructed by the supervisor from time to time. The contractor shall take all means required to
prevent disturbances and holdups of traffic, including marking with lamps and flags, signposts
and the positioning of permanent employees to direct the traffic, etc.
Special requirements and limitations shall be defined in the particular specifications or the
plans.
In built and populated areas, the contractor must carry out the work in such a way that all in-
situ systems shall continue to work and function without disturbance, including access to
buildings, free pathways and the proper function of electricity, water, sewage and irrigation
systems.

01008 - Returning the Area to its Former State

The contractor shall return to its former state, any area dismantled or damaged following
preparation, dismantlement, or cleaning works, or earthworks of any kind, for any purpose
whatsoever, including in-situ installations such as cells, trenches, drainage installations, etc.
In addition to the above, in paved areas, the contractor shall apply all of the paving layers -
asphalt, concrete tiling of various types, etc.
The area shall be returned to its former state by means of new materials and products, except
where the supervisor has approved the use of materials and products from the dismantlement.
The contractor is responsible to ensure that there are no pits in the area repaired by him.
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0101 - Preparation and Dismantling Works

01010 - General
Before starting the earth works (excavation and fill) the contractor shall carry out all the
works required below (removal or exposure of vegetation, removal of waste and obstacles), as
well as additional works, as required by the plans or the supervisor's instructions, so that the
soil surface obtained shall be free of shrubs, weeds, structures, pipes, concrete wastes, etc.
The execution schedules of each of these activities shall be determined by the supervisor, in
no case shall an area in which the vegetation has been removed, be exposed.

01011 - Removal of Vegetation and Cleaning

Removal of vegetation and cleaning, involves the uprooting of existing vegetation (shrubs and
weeds) including its roots, and removing and dispersing it. The cleaning of the area includes
removal of any garbage or alluvial sedimentation and their disposal as detailed in section
01017 below .
Vegetation not defined as a tree, which has been explicitly described in the particular
specifications as not included in this section of "removal of vegetation", shall be considered as
special vegetation. Such special vegetation shall only be removed according to a plan, or
according to the written instructions of the supervisor.
If it is required to preserve part of the vegetation, the contractor shall do so according to the
requirements in chapter 41 - gardening and watering works, and in the particular
specifications.

01012 9 Exposure
Exposure includes removal of existing vegetation (shrubs and weeds) and the upper soil layer,
up to a thickness of 20 cm., and then disposal and distribution of this layer as described in
section 01017. Exposure shall be carried out according to a plan, or after the CO has approved
the execution and its scope in advance.

01013 - The Cutting Down and Uprooting of Trees

010131 - Cutting Down Trees
Any vegetation, whose bark circumference is at least of 15 cm at a height of 1.0 meter above
ground, shall be considered a tree. Any tree whose circumference is less than 15 cm shall be
considered vegetation (section 01011 above). If a number of tree trunks branch out from the
same root, i.e., originate from the soil, each one of them shall be considered as a separate
bark, if it complies with the above definition.
The contractor must cut the trees close to ground, but not less than 5 cm. from the surface nor
higher than required by the CO. If it has not been specified otherwise, the contractor shall cut
the trunks and branches with a circumference of 15 cm and above, into segments of 1.0 to
2.0 meters, according to the supervisor’s instructions. Trunks and branches, with a
circumference less than 15 cm., shall be removed as detailed in section 01017.
The contractor shall pile all the trunks and branches cut as above in locations indicated by the
CO within the site, in such a way that they shall not constitute a nuisance and shall be
available to the office. Cut trees from which it shall not be necessary to chop branches, shall
be handled separately as detailed in section 010134, or shall be removed as detailed in section
01017.
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010132 - Uprooting Tree Stumps

In the event that the contractor received an area with the stumps of trees cut down by others to
a height of 5 cm at least, and not arched before they were cut, and the circumference of their
section at the cutting level is greater than 15 cm., shall be considered, for the purpose of
uprooting, as if they were trees with a circumference of 15 cm diameter at a height of 1.0
meter.
Tree trunks that have been cut shall be uprooted and removed as described in section 01017.
The pits created by the uprooting shall be filled with the best local back-fill or with brought
up fill, which shall be compacted in 20cm thick layers, up to the planned level of the
excavation (or the natural ground level, if there is no excavation).
If required, the pits shall be sprayed with a weed killer (see section 01014 below).

010133 – Trees Uprooting

If not stated otherwise, the work of uprooting trees shall include all the works included in the
above sections of uprooting and cutting, but the works may be carried out in the order
suitable to the contractor. In the event than the entire job consists of uprooting alone, it shall
be classified as a separate job.

010134 - Special Trees

The following shall be included in the category of special trees: Trees protected by law,
defective trees which are not suitable for sale and trees located in the vicinity of buildings or
installations. The uprooting of special trees or their transfer for replanting in an alternate
location shall be carried out according to the provisions of the particular specifications. This
should be classified as a separate job.

01014 - Weed Killers

Areas covered with weeds, areas from which the vegetation has been removed, exposed area
and the pits from which trees have been uprooted - shall be sprayed with a weed or root killer.
The spraying shall be defined in the contract document. The contractor must locate and define
the weeds at the site and find the appropriate chemical material for killing that specific type of
vegetation. The herbicide shall be sprayed by a contractor authorized to carry out such work
by the Ministry of Agriculture.
The contractor shall make sure that the wind conditions are appropriate for spraying and shall
ensure that no environmental damage is caused.

01015 – Dismantling
010151 – Dismantling of Buildings
Wherever required to do so, at whatever length and depth, the contractor shall dismantle both
surface and underground buildings, such as; existing concrete trenches, drainage lines
containing concrete pipes and stone fill, acquaducts, control-cells, embankments and the like.
Foundations or surface buildings shall only be dismantled down to a depth of 1.0 meter below
the subgrade surface. The work includes removal of concrete and stone pieces, etc. as detailed
in section 01017 below.

010152 – Dismantling Pavements

If required, concrete pavements and asphalt pavements shall be dismantled along their entire
constructional depth down to the subgrade. In asphalt pavements, if dismantling is needed
for laying a new road or for repair - the asphalt layer shall be sawn off within the dismantling
boundaries. Dismantling the pavements shall include removal of the waste from the area
according to section 01017 and compaction of the surface after dismantling , until the
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required density is obtained. When dismantling concrete plates, the plates shall be broken into
parts small enough to be loaded and disposed of.

01016 - Blocking of Pits and Trenches.

The contractor shall use local back-fill of the quality approved by the CO. In order to block
any pits or trenches created following the above dismantling . The contractor shall compact
the fill in layers up to the required level, according to the plan, or the CO’s instructions.

01017 - Removal of Waste

The waste shall be removed.
In those cases where the CO shall allocate an area to which the waste should be removed, the
contractor shall bury the waste in the ground and cover it with a layer of soil, at least 60 cm.
Thick , in such a way as to allow good drainage and to ensure that the additional height shall
not exceed 100 cm. above the final surrounding surface area. As an alternative to burying the
waste, the contractor shall be entitled to remove it from the site. The selection of a place for
removal, the roads leading to it and the right of the contractor to use it, are the sole
responsibility of the contractor.

0102 - Excavation Works

01020 - General
In addition to the provisions of the "Surveying and Marking" section in Chapter 00: If in the
opinion of the CO, the ground preparation works (such as the removal of vegetation, the
uprooting of trees, etc.) have caused such changes in the topographic state as to require
renewed Surveying - the contractor shall be obliged to survey and mark again.

01021 - Types of Soil and Earth

The present specifications classify the soil and earth into two types only: rock or any other
soil. A rock shall be considered any continuous layer of solid rock or large stone slabs, which
can only be quarried by means of penetrometers, compressors, wedges, sledgehammers or the
use of explosives.
Any soil, which may be handled with tractors of all kinds, even when operated in their
strongest gear position, shall not be considered rock.
The decision regarding the classification of the soil to one of the above types is given entirely
to the CO’s discretion and his decision in this regard shall be binding and final.
The term "excavation” in all of the sections of these specifications relates to quarrying in
rock, even if this has not been explicitly noted in each section.
Thus all of the sections referring to excavation works in these specifications also apply to
quarrying, subject to the additional requirements presented in sub-section 0103 below.

01022 - Excavation
010221 - Area Excavations
Excavation in the area shall be carried out according to the details of the plans, or as required
in order to lower the level of the existing soil surface, down to the levels determined by the
CO. In the case of soil surpluses, the best excavated soil, which in the CO's opinion conforms
to the requirements and may serve as an appropriate fill, shall be transferred to the planned fill
areas and distributed there as provided in the section concerning fill.
Excavation of aqueducts and excavation of pits (trenches) shall be discussed below.
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010222 - Excavation Below the Required Level

In the event that the excavation has been performed by the contractor to a depth greater than
required, the contractor shall refill it up to the required levels with an appropriate fill material
as approved by the CO. This fill material shall be free of stones, silt, organic material, etc. and
shall be distributed in layers no thicker than 20 cm.
Mechanical compacting tools shall be used to compact the layers after sprinkling an optimum
amount of water.
The compaction shall proceed until the natural density characteristic of soil at this depth is
achieved. Any voids created following excess excavations below foundations, etc. shall be
filled with lean concrete.
The provisions of this section also apply to excessive excavation, even in a multi- layer rock.

010223 - Digging of Trenches

If not stated otherwise, an excavation no wider than 2.0 meters, whose depth is no less than 50
cm. below the original soil surface shall be defined as a trench. The bottom and sides of the
trench shall be shaped to the desired gradient.

010224 - Excavation of Basements

Excavations for basements and subterranean structures shall be carried out according to the
dimensions specified in the plans and with consideration for the ground conditions, the work
spaces and the need for casing, formworks, supports, sealing and any other goal (see section
01002 above and section 010227 below). The earth from the excavation shall be temporarily
stored in nearby heaps. The bottom of the excavation shall be shaped according to the
required levels and gradients and shall be compacted as detailed in paragraph 0104. The best
the excavated soil, which in the opinion of the CO may serve as an appropriate fill, shall be
used both for back-fill as detailed below and for fill in any other place in the site.
The back-fill around the external walls shall only be carried out when all of the works to be
covered with soil are completed, and after all of these works have been inspected and
approved by the CO. The back-fill shall be comprised of layers, whose thickness after
compaction shall not exceed 20 cm., as detailed in paragraph 0104. If the CO shall so
demand, the layers shall be compacted with a heavy manual compactor and sprinkled with
water in the required amount.
The back-fill restored along structural walls coated on the outside with sealing layers, shall be
free of stones and large clods or any other waste liable to damage the sealing and the entire
work shall be carried out with proper care.

010225 - Excavation for Foundations.

Digging of trenches for strip foundations, foundation beams, connecting beams, etc. and
digging of trenches for foundation stanchions, bases, containers etc. shall be carried out both
at the level of the original or leveled ground surface, and from the bottom of the pit excavated
for basements and subterranean buildings, as detailed in section 010224 above. Should the
sides of the excavation remain uncased - loose stones or earth clods shall be removed from
them, in order to prevent them from sliding.

010226 - Excavation for Pipes

Trenches for pipes shall be dug down to the levels corresponding to the design pipe laying
levels (invert level) and shall be sufficiently wide to accommodate the work, on condition that
in no case shall the width of the bottom be smaller than the external diameter of the pipe plus
20 cm on each side. In those places where bedding or a protective covering is required around
the pipes, the trench shall be deepened accordingly. In places where no bedding is to be
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placed, pockets shall be excavated at the bottom of the trench, so as to accommodate pipe
fixtures or connectors. Each trench in a pipeline shall be excavated in a single session along
its entire length and to its entire depth, between one cell and another - and this shall be done
before the pipes are placed in it. Special care shall be taken to thoroughly compact the
bedding or the back-fill below the pipe and up to half its height.
Moreover, special attention shall be given to compacting the pipelines below the concrete
surfaces or tiled areas. The excavation for cables shall be carried out as required in the
appropriate chapter, i.e., chapter 08 - electrical installation, 43 - external lighting, etc.

010227 - Workspaces
Workspaces for the purpose of casing, formworks, sealing or any other purpose, in all types of
excavation and quarrying works, shall be determined by the contractor according to need, as
stated above.

01023 - Transfering the excavated soil.

The transfer of excavated soil mentioned in all of the previous sections or those below shall
be carried out according to the CO's instructions. The CO shall determine the type of soil, the
part of the soil to be transferred to other places, the part to be used for fill and the part to be
removed. When the soil surplus intended for transfer is placed in a heap, care should be taken
to ensure appropriate drainage arrangements.
The contractor shall remove any soil surplus outside the site, as described in the particular
specifications, if the contractor is given a map, in which the areas for excavation surpluses are
marked, the contractor must transfer the soil to the marked area and spread it there in layers,
according to the particular specifications or the CO's instructions.

01024 - Filling with Soil

010240 - General
The best soil approved as fill shall be brought from the excavation areas and spread in the
layers and levels specified in the plan, or according to the CO's instructions, then compacted
to the required density and moisture.

010241 - Borrowed Fill

Should the best of the excavated soil prove insufficient for filling, the shortage shall be made
up with soil borrowed from the surrounding earth. The selection of a place in which to
excavate borrowed fill and the quality of the soil taken from that place, both require the CO’s
authorization.
The surface of the area intended for borrowed fill excavation, shall be stripped to a depth of
20 cm. at least, and the soil and vegetation etc. from the stripping shall be handled like any
other waste and removed from the site.
Filling with borrowed fill shall be carried out as detailed in regard to filling works above.

010242 - Brought up Fill

In the absence of appropriate local soil suitable for making up the shortage of soil for filling,
clean soil, free of stones, silt, organic materials or any other undesirable material, shall be
brought from outside the site.
The imported soil and its source shall conform to the requirements of the specifications and
require the CO approval.
When required, trenches and pits shall be wetted before casting.
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01025 - Approval of Excavation and Filling

The bottom of the excavation and the fill surface and the various types of bedding, as detailed
below, require all the CO approval Casting, or the works of covering the castings, shall not be
commenced without the CO approval. When required, trenches and pits shall be wetted before
the casting.

01026 - Boring of Piles

Pits for piles shall be bored in the diameters and depths marked in the plans or according to
the CO instructions. Vertical bores which penetrate through stable soil layers, shall be bored
without casing, on condition that they are vertical and that the concrete shall be cast into them
on the day they are bored, immediately following their inspection and approval by the CO.
Inclined bores as well as vertical bores through loose soil lor through types of soil requiring
casing for any reason whatsoever, shall be bored in such a way as to ensure the stability of the
sides at any depths, by means of steel pipes.
Expansion at the bottom of the piles, if required in the plans, may only be carried out in stable
soil layers. The dimensions of the bore and of the expansion shall be inspected by the CO by
means of appropriate measuring instruments and light beams directed into the bore hole (see
section "Piles and special castings” in Chapter 02 - The general specifications for cast in-situ
concrete works).

01027 - The Slurry Method

Stabilization of the excavation's sides by means of the slurry method, for the purpose of
casting supporting walls, includes;
A. Cutting the soil with the special equipment required by the slurry method in order
to shape a trench corresponding to the dimensions of the walls.
B. Preparation of the slurry itself, from a mixture of materials prepared at the plant
and supplied in a closed package, to be mixed at the site with water.
C. Insertion of the slurry into the trench.
Supplying the concrete and casting it into the walls;
D. Removing the slurry pushed out by the pressure of the concrete as it is cast in the
walls.
The contractor shall present for the work plans for the CO approval, at least two weeks before
the beginning of work. The plans shall specify the length of the wall sections, the rate of
casting, etc. The CO shall authorize the work after it is shown that all the equipment is
appropriate to the soil's quality, the plan ensures progress without casting interruptions, and
alternative equipment and means are available if necessary.
Soil cutting works shall be considered excavation rather than quarrying. The concrete
requirements shall be as detailed in Chapter 02 - The general specifications for cast in-situ
concrete works.

0103 - Quarrying
01030 - General
If not noted otherwise, quarrying shall be defined as an excavation that may only be carried
out with the use of penetrometers, compressors, wedges or the use of explosives.
Any work that can be carried out with tractors of any kind, even when operated in their
strongest gear position, shall not be considered quarrying. Such quarrying shall not be
commenced unless the CO has reached the conclusion that the work cannot be carried out
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except through the above detailed means, and after the CO has given his written authorization
to quarry the rock as above. The material approved for usage as fill shall be transferred and
distributed as detailed in section 01032.
The surpluses shall be transferred and distributed as detailed above in section 01023 (the void
created following the quarrying shall hereinafter be termed "excavation", as it is termed when
he soil is excavated). When an excavation has been approved as a quarry, the CO shall
indicate the appropriate quarrying gradients, in contrary to the markings in the plan.
The bottom of trenches and pits below foundations shall be leveled to the required levels and
inclines by means of a layer of lean concrete whose average thickness shall not exceed 5.0
cm. The bottom of the trenches excavated for pipes, etc., shall be leveled with a layer of
course gravel or aggregates (at an average thickness of 5.0 cm.) compacted as specified in
paragraph 0104, unless another requirement has been noted in the plans or in one of the other
contract documents, or if the CO has so required.

01031 - Blasting
The use of explosives requires the written consent of the CO. The contractor shall obtain all
the licenses and permits required for blasting operations.
The blasts shall be confined to the planned volumes, and no extra blasting shall be permitted.
Loose rocks, or those whose stability has been lessened following the blast, shall be removed
from the site.

01032 - Filling with Quarried Material

The earth for filling may contain a quantity of stones from the quarrying, as long as the
maximum stone size shall not exceed 2/3 of the thickness of the fill layers, and in no case
shall be larger than 14 cm. The stones shall beintermixed with fine material , in such as a way
as to prevent the formation of voids in the fill layers. Larger stones than stated above, shall be
crushed before being transferred to the fill.
The ridge of the excavation slope shall be rounded, and all stones rolling down or loosely held
- shall be removed.
The quarried material fill shall be compacted as required.

0104 - Compaction and Tamping

01040 - General
A distinction shall be made between controlled compaction and regular compaction. Regular
compaction shall be carried out on layers of quarried material, which cannot be tested under
controlled compaction. The excavation’s subgrade (the final level after the earthworks have
been completed), the fills and any other area marked in the plans or in any of the other
contractual documents, shall be compacted with appropriate mechanical equipment, at the
level of wetting required in order to attain the required level of density. The moisture content
shall be in the range of 2% from the optimum moisture content.
A. The compaction shall be carried out by means of various types of mechanical
rollers, after the soil has acquired the required moisture content (through the addition of
water or by drying). The rollers shall be pneumatic, vibrational, lamb's feet, etc.
B. In those places where the various types of mechanical equipment cannot be
applied, the compaction shall be carried out with special equipment such as frog clamps
and the like.
C. Unless otherwise specified , the compaction shall be carried out in layers no
thicker than 20 cm. (after compaction).
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Before compaction of each layer, it must be leveled to the supervisor's satisfaction. The
finish of the upper layer compaction shall be within the allowed deviation limits.
D. The compaction work includes preservation of the finished layer surface and its
edges, at the appropriate density and humidity and at the proper height until it is spread
and compacted onto the next and proximate layer. The preservation of the layer surface
also means repeated wetting and compaction if required to this end.

01041 - Tamping of Areas

Tamping of the subgrade surface inside the excavation or tamping of the existing soil surface
or the soil after stripping - shall be carried out by ploughing and raking, wetting and tamping
the soil, until a 20 cm. thick layer is obtained, compacted to the required level of density.
Unless otherwise specified, in those places where the thickness of the fill is less than 20 cm.
(after compaction) the contractor shall plough the natural soil surface to such a depth that after
the distribution of the fill layer, its mingling with the plowed soil surface and its compaction,
the obtained layer shall be 20 cm. thick.

01042 - Density
Unless otherwise specified, the range of density allowed at the site shall be as follows;
Controlled tamping
Type of soil according to the Depth of layer below the Minimum tamping rate
AASHO classification method subgrade surface
A-3 (maximum 5% passing At any depth 98%
mesh 200)
A-1 * , A-2-4, A-3 (More than At any depth 95%
5% passing mesh 200
A-2-5,A-2-6,A-2-7,A-4,A-5 Less than 100 cm 95%
A-2-5,A-2-6,A-2-7,A-4,A-5 More than 100 cm 93%
A-6 to A-7-6(5) At any depth 93%
A-7-6(5)** At any depth 90%

* The compaction rate required for an A-1 type subgrade is at least 98%.
** In swelling clays, the CO is entitled to demand a different compaction rate (for example 89
2%).

Regular compaction
The compaction of each of the layers of fill in quarried material which in the opinion of the
CO, because it contains large stones, the extent of its compaction cannot be measured by
means of a density test - shall be carried out by means of a vibration roller with a minimum
force of 15 tons/blow and the number of vibrations per minute shall be no less than 1000.
The compaction shall be carried out along the entire width of the layer, until the sinking of the
soil or its movement under the rollshall stop, and each point has been covered with a
minimum of 8 roller passes - where the thickness of the layer is up to 30 cm, or double the
number of passes when the layer thickness is more than 30 cm (up to 60 cm).
The contractor is entitled to suggest compaction with a vibration roller with a greater
minimum force (more than 18 tons/blow), the minimum number of passes in this case shall be
decided by the CO following the compaction of a trial patch.
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If in the course of compaction, it becomes evident that in some places the rate of compaction
can be tested to the entire depth of the layer, the CO is entitled to demand the compaction rate
required for the controlled compaction.

01043 - Compaction Overlap

In all types of compaction, the compaction overlap in a mechanical or vibrational roller, at
least half the width of the back wheel, and in a pneumatic roller, half the width of the back
axle.

01044 - Collection and Testing of Samples

In order to determine the quality of compaction, samples shall be taken for determining the
field density. The samples shall be taken as follows:
Six samples for each lot of work 2,000 sqm in size or less.
The lot of work is the area, which the contractor has managed to compact on a given day, the
material and processing properties of which are uniform. The CO is entitled to change the
definition of work lot for the same number of samples, according to the working conditions,
at his sole discretion.
The change instruction shall be given in writing in advance. The samples shall be taken along
random points.
The average of the above tests shall be smaller than the required density. The test results of
1/6 of the tests may reach a lower limit smaller by two than the required level of density. For
example: If the required density rate is 95%, the average of the six- (6) samples must be 95%,
but no more than one shall reach the low limit of 93%.
In weak spots, such as above and aqueduct, or in places where a crater or swamp is to be, etc.,
samples shall not be taken according to the above working lot, but according to the CO
instructions.
In the event that the area has failed to conform to the above requirements, the entire working
lot shall be considered defective, and the entire area shall have to be reworked, after which
repeated tests shall be conducted on the entire working lot.

01045 - Permitted Deviations

The contractor must work the areas as detailed in the appropriate sections dealing with
excavation, and those dealing with fill, within the following limits of precision:
The allowed deviation from the planned height shall not exceed:
-40 mm (minus 40) - in surface excavation and fill.
(-)+50 mm., - in the excavation of trenches and borrowing areas.

0105 - Wrapping and Bedding

01051 - Wrapping
Wrapping around pipes, control cells, foundations, walls etc., submerged in clay soils, shall
be made of sand, gravel-sand, or other granular soil authorized to this end, all according to the
specific case, as required in the plans or in one of the other contractual documents. The
wrapping material shall be clean of clay, silt and damaging materials and free of stones.
Detailed instructions regarding the method of execution shall be given in the particular
specifications.

01052 - Sand Bedding

Sand bedding below concrete surfaces, floor tiles or foundations shall be applied at the
thickness marked in the plans or according to the CO instructions. The sand shall be taken
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from an authorized source and shall be course sand, free of all stones, clay, silt, organic
materials or any other damaging materials.
The sand must be spread in layers whose thickness does not exceed 20 cm., and compacted as
detailed in paragraph 0104. The layers shall be spread in parallel with the final surface of the
cast or tiled area, and the bedding surface shall be shaped according to the required levels and
gradients. Bedding made of another material shall be carried out according to the particular
specifications.

01053 - Buffering and Blasting Layer

Should one of the contractual documents require buffering, layers or blasting layers, these
shall be carried out according to the instructions of the Rear Command Headquarters.