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Science Grade 8: Quarter 2 - Module 4 Understanding Typhoons
Science Grade 8: Quarter 2 - Module 4 Understanding Typhoons
Department of Education
Regional Office IX, Zamboanga Peninsula
Science Grade 8
Quarter 2 - Module 4
Understanding Typhoons
Our country is located near the equator surrounded by the bodies of water which favor
the formation of a tropical cyclone it is one of the most destructive disasters known to man.
It is one of the Earth's strongest forces, a combination of strong, howling winds and
heavy precipitation. Typhoons that enter the Philippine Area of Responsibility become more
frequent and violent, causing great damage and loss to many lives and properties.
But how does this force of nature form? How do typhoons develop? What are some
factors that affect a typhoon? These are some of the important questions that you will seek
to answer in this module.
What’s In ______
10
Let’s Recall!
Activity 1
Directions: Label and draw a line to match the parts of the layers of the atmosphere to its
description.
A B
1. the region of the Earth's atmosphere
between the troposphere and
mesosphere. It has no clouds and is
marked by gradual temperature
increase.
2. layer of the earth's atmosphere
where site of all weather on the earth
3. the outermost region of the
atmosphere of Earth or another
planet
4. the layer of the Earth's atmosphere in
which temperature decreases rapidly,
located between the stratosphere
and thermosphere
5. the region of the atmosphere above
the mesosphere in which
temperature steadily increases with
height, beginning at about 85 km/53
mi above the Earth's surface
https://pin.it/C2NPKQt
15
What’s New
Activity 2- What Kind of Air Causes the Formation of Typhoon?
Objective: After performing this activity, you will be able to describe what will happen when
cold air and warm air meet.
Materials: Work with utmost care.
2 Jars
¾ glass of hot water Safety is a must!
½ glass of cold water
Red and blue food coloring
1 Index card
Procedure:
1. Fill one jar with 1/2 glass of hot and another with 1/2 glass of cold water.
2. Drop red food coloring to the hot water and blue to the cold water.
3. Add more water ( ¼ glass ) up to the rim of the jar with hot water.
4. Cover the jar (cold water) with an index card by tapping it gently with your finger to flat the card
to the rim of the jar.
5. Turn this jar( cold water) carefully up-side-down quickly put it on top of the other jar with blue
food coloring.
6. Hold both jars and ask someone (you may ask your parents to assist you) to slowly and
carefully pull the card out. Observe what will happen to the colors.
Guide Questions
1. Which color will be on top and at the bottom?
2. Will the two colors separate or mix?
3. What do you think will happen when the cold air and warm air meet?
______
Let’s Explore!
Activity 3-How tropical cyclones form into a storm? 10
Condensation
Water vapor rises releases heat into
into the the atmosphere
atmosphere. making the air
lighter.
Q2. Location E is within the eye of a tropical cyclone. Location F is within the clouds surrounding the
eye. The clouds at F make up the eyewall. The wind speeds at the two locations are:
Location E F
Windspeed ( km/hour) 10 200
Compare the wind speed within the eye at the eyewall. What can you
say?_______________________________________________________________
Let’s do activity 5 in order to understand more on how do tropical cyclones develops into
typhoon.
______
Activity 5- When tropical cyclone becomes stronger!
20
Directions: Identify the name of the cyclone as it pass through the stages of progression
using the descriptions below. Write your answer in the box.
Tropical Disturbance
commonly exist in the tropical trade winds at any one time and are often accompanied by clouds and
precipitation
Typhoon, Hurricane, or Cyclone.
A pronounced rotation develops around the central core as spiral rain bands rotate around the eye of
the storm. The heaviest precipitation and strongest winds are associated with the eye wall.
Tropical Depression
The winds blow stronger due to the greater convergence that causes quicker decrease in the
pressure. It increases in speed sustaining one-minute winds up to 38 mph at an elevation of 10
meters.
Tropical Storm
The tropical storm receives an official name once sustained winds reach 39mph in the closed
circulation. The winds increase greatly and can take as little as a half day to as much as couple days
How does a typhoon can cease to intensify its tropical characteristics? Let’s answer activity number
6 to know more about these factors affecting typhoon.
______
Activity 6- Factors Affecting Typhoon 15
Directions: Fill in the blank with the factors affecting typhoon found in a word
bank. Write your answer on the space provided before each
number.
Word Bank
No water
Wind shear
Cold water
_____________1. A typhoon will drastically deteriorate once its eye moves over land
with_______ The air over land cools quickly due to specific heat
causing the typhoon to quickly lose intensity.
_____________2. When the storm moves over __________, it loses its energy
source, which is the evaporating water from ocean surface, it
weakens due to the deprivation of warm water by moving over
bodies of water with a temperature below 26.5 OC.
_____________3. High ____________at several thousand feet from the surface can
remove the heat and moisture needed from the area near the
center of the typhoon, causing it to tear apart the storm in
different direction and disrupting it.
What is it
What Kind of Air Causes the Formation of Typhoon?
In the warm, open seas just off the equator, the water is
considerably warmer; so is the air. The warm air helps the also-
warm water evaporate faster; and this hot, moist mass of air would
go up, following the basic tenet that "warm air goes up, cool air goes
down." (Figure 5)
Figure 5: Movement of Warm Air
Up in the air, the water vapor cools down and condenses,
https://www.weather.gov/jetstream/tc
and the heat is released back to the air; this heat makes the air
lighter, making it move further up.
It then triggers air from outside the system to go inward,
then upward, towards the system. This air flow helps more water
to evaporate, joining the clouds and precipitation already
massing up in the air.( Figure 6)
If the process continues, energy and precipitation accumulate
further, and the winds speed up. Once the winds reach a certain speed,
Figure 6: Wind moves in a spiral pattern
it then becomes a tropical cyclone. https://www.weather.gov/jetstream/tc
The movement of the Earth also affects this process: the wind,
instead of moving in straight lines, moves in a spiral pattern due to the
so-called Coriolis Effect. This causes the easily-identifiable, spiraling
cloud systems we see in satellite photos.( Figure 7)
The word tropical cyclone is composed of two distinct words
that completely describe its characteristic. The term “tropical” refers to
its geographical starting point, which is usually hot and humid; whereas
“cyclone” is a meteorological term which refers to its cyclonic circulation Figure 7: Spiralling cloud system
where the strong winds in the Northern Hemisphere circulate counter –
https://blogs.nasa.gov/hurricanes/tag/vayu-
clockwise and clockwise in Southern Hemisphere. 2019/
How a tropical cyclone is called differs based on where it formed.
In the northwest Pacific it is called a typhoon; in the southwest Pacific
and in the Indian Ocean, it is a cyclone; and in the eastern Pacific and
in the Atlantic, it is a hurricane.
Though a tropical cyclone is known in different names, it has
a uniform procedure of how it is formed or developed. Among other
tropical cyclones, we often heard the word typhoon and hurricane in the Figure 8: Tropical cyclone formation
weather reports. Here, in the Philippines, we use typhoon or “ bagyo”. https://courses.lumenleraning.com
As you have learned from activity number 4, the lowest pressure is at Adapted from Science Links 8- Revised
the eye of a tropical cyclone. In fact, all tropical cyclones have low air Edition
pressure at the center. Different parts of a tropical cyclone are:
• Eye –is the area of lowest atmospheric pressure, with diameter
which may span 20-65 km wide, winds are weak, the
temperature is warm, and the sky is clear-everything is calm.
• Eye wall –the region immediately surrounding the eye, brings Figure 10: Parts of a Typhoon
the strongest winds, heavy rains and turbulence
https://worldlywise.pbworks.com/f/127158471
• Rain bands - spiraling strips of clouds associated with rainfall. 8/crosssection.gif
Table 1: Tropical Cyclone Categories
Category Maximum Wind Speed kilometer per
hour (kph)
Tropical Depression 64
Tropical Storm 118
Typhoon 200
Super Typhoon Greater than 200
In simple terms, a tropical cyclone is a system of thunderstorms that are moving around
a center. As the winds intensify or weaken, the category is upgraded or downgraded accordingly. You
will learn more about this in the next module.
Development of Typhoon
In order for the tropical cyclone to develop into typhoon, it must pass through the following
stages of progression:
Stage 1: Tropical Disturbance
A tropical disturbance is a discrete weather system of cloud,
showers, and thunderstorms, with an apparent circulation that originates
in the ocean in the tropical region, and remain intact for 24 hours or
more.
It has one type called tropical wave that develops about every 4
to 5 days then becomes a tropical storm or hurricane when
strengthened. It is sometimes called easterly winds or low pressure that Figure 10:Tropical Cyclone
normally moves from east to west. Disturbance
Adapted from Science Links 8- Revised Edition
Stage 2: Tropical Depression
The tropical wave or tropical disturbance then evolves into
tropical depression when the thunderstorms are slightly more
organized. As a result, a closed circulation of air in the low levels is
developed. The winds blow stronger due to the greater convergence
that causes quicker decrease in the pressure. It increases in speed
sustaining one-minute winds up to 38 mph at an elevation of 10 meters. Figure 11: Tropical Depression
Stage 3: Tropical Storm Adapted from Science Links 8- Revised Edition
A typhoon can become stronger and be upgraded into a super typhoon as long as the
conditions continue to become favorable for the cyclone. However, despite of its destructive power, a
typhoon can cease to intensify its tropical characteristics due to several factors:
1. Cold waters
The absence of moisture from warm ocean waters means the absence of a
typhoon’s “fuel” source once it lacks its access to this kind of environment. typhoons
depend on warm water to maintain themselves but when the storm moves over cold
water, it loses its energy source, which is the evaporating water from ocean surface. it
weakens due to the deprivation of warm water by moving over bodies of water with a
temperature below 26.5 OC.
2. No Water
A typhoon will drastically deteriorate once its eye moves over land. The air over
land cools quickly due to specific heat causing the typhoon to quickly lose intensity.
3. Wind shear
Refers to the difference between the speed shear (wind speed) and its directional
shear over relatively a short distance within the atmosphere. The shear must be 20 knots
or less for intensification to happen. In most instances, the tropical cyclone intensifies
when the wind shear is 10 knots or less. High wind shear at several thousand feet from
the surface can remove the heat and moisture needed from the area near the center of
the typhoon, causing it to tear apart the storm in different direction and disrupting it.
What’s more ______
10
Activity 7- Vocabulary Match Up!
Directions: Match Column A with its definition in Column B. Write the letter of the correct answer on
the space before each number.
COLUMN A COLUMN B
_____1. tropical cyclone A. is a fundamental atmospheric quantity
_____2. super typhoon caused by air moving from high to low
_____3. Eye pressure, usually due to changes in
_____4. Wind speed temperature
_____5. tropical depression B. nearly constant easterly winds that
_____6. wind shear dominate most of the tropics and
_____7. cumulonimbus subtropics throughout the world, blowing
_____8. trade winds mainly from the northeast in the Northern
_____9. cyclogenesis Hemisphere, and from the southeast in the
_____10. ITCZ Southern Hemisphere.
C. means it exceeds the maximum sustained
winds of 115 mph.
D. a general term for warm weather storm
systems that occur over tropical waters
E. he area of lowest atmospheric pressure,
with diameter which may span 20-65 km
wide, winds are weak, the temperature is
warm, and the sky is clear-everything is
calm.
F. is a tropical cyclone with maximum
sustained wind speed of less than 39 mph
G. wind velocity changes from point to point in
a given direction.
H. a region known for its lowest surface
pressure, where the converging air
ascends, condenses, and strengthens into
sufficiently strong tropical disturbances
I. the process of development of a tropical
cyclone
J. a cloud of a class indicative of
thunderstorm conditions, characterized by
large, dense towers that often reach
altitudes
Let us check what you have learned about tropical cyclone through completing the statements
below.
______
What I have learned 10
You really tried your best. This would help you understand typhoon and how to be fully
prepared for tropical cyclones. There’s more that you can do.
What I can do
After the series of activities and discussion of contents, you can now apply your
learned concept to real life situations by doing the activity below. ______
Activity 9- Situation Analysis 15
Directions: Read carefully the situations given below. Then answer the questions that
follow.
Situation:
Weather Advisory for Low Pressure Area issued by the Nation National Disaster Risk
Reduction and Management Council (NDRRMC) on August 8, 2013:
At 10;00 AM today, the Low Pressure Area ( LPA ) was 110 km East of Hinatuan, Surigao del
Sur ( 8.20N, 127.40E) and it is embedded along the intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ).
These weather systems are expected to bring moderate to occasionally heavy rains and
thunderstorms over Palawan, Visayas, and Mindanao which may trigger flashfloods and
landslides. Residents are advised to take all precautionary measures.
Source: http://www.ndrrmc.gov.ph/attachments/article/1064/04081202.PDF
______
Assessment 15
Directions: Read and answer the questions in the best way you can. Write the letter of your
answer on the space provided before each number.
_____1. What causes the formation of low-pressure area that can lead to the development
of a typhoon?
A. cold and dry air
B. cold waters surrounded by warm conditions
C. warm waters surrounded by cold conditions
D. very low moisture or humidity
_____2. A thunderstorm cloud is a __________.
A. cumulus C. cumulonimbus
B. nimbostratus D. stratus
_____3. Which of the following best describes a typhoon?
A. A low-pressure area C. Heavy rains and flood
B. Hurricane D. Mature tropical cyclone
_____4. Which of the following is NOT involved in the formation of typhoons?
A. Intertropical Convergence Zone C. Low Pressure Areas
B. Strong Vertical Wind Shear D. Warm water
_____5. A lot of factors are needed for a tropical cyclone to form, develop and maintain its
strength. Although typhoons can develop throughout the year, which of the following
seasons provides best condition for these weather disturbances to form?
A. during the cold, dry season from December to February
B. during the hot, dry season or summer from March to May
C. during the rainy season from June to November
D. during the rainy season and cold dry season from June to February
_____6. Which of the following is not a name for a tropical cyclone?
A. Hurricane
B. Cyclone
C. Typhoon
D. Depression
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Activity 10: Real Life Typhoon Stories
Books:
Madriaga, E. A., Valdoz, M. P.,Aquino, M. D.,& Castillo M. B. ( 2015).Science links:
worktext for scientific and technology literacy.Rex Book Store.
Grade 8 Science Learner’s Material Department of Education Republic of the Phil.
Grade 8 Science Teacher’s Guide. Department of Education. Republic of the Phil.
Electronic Resources:
Layers of the atmosphere. https://pin.it/C2NPKQt
The troposphere is the layer of atmosphere where weather happens .Microsoft ®
Encarta ® 2009. © 1993-2008 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
Parts of a Typhoon. https://worldlywise.pbworks.com/f/1271584718/crosssection.gif
https:// courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-world geography/ chapter 5 – 5- tropical-
cyclones-hurricanes/
Stages of Development:from disturbance to hurricane http:ww2010.atmos.uiuc.edu
/(GH)guides/mtr/hurr/stages.rxm