HUMSS 112  Prosumer- derived from the word

producer and consumer. Allows users to

Media: Journalistic Arm
create their own media & post it.
-from the word medium, which defined as a  Cyberspace- space or environment that
channel, “means,’’ or “method” exist virtually

-Method use for communication Forms of Media:

- “Media do not offer transparent window to Print Media- Media consisting of paper and
the world, instead it provides channel through ink.—reproduced in a printing process that is
which representations and images traditionally mechanical
communicated indirectly.” (David Buckingham,
- refers to paper publications
2013)
-News papers and books magazines and
-“Media provides selective version of the world
newsletters and journal are only a few of the
rather than direct access to it.” (David
examples of media.
Buckingham, 2013)
-Considered to be the oldest form of media
Media: Filter Bubble
NATIONALISTIC PAPER- during the 19th century.
Filter Bubble-algorithm of activities you do in
social media. La Solidaridad was an organization created in
Spain on December 13, 1888.
“Media acted as a Distorted Mirror to reality” ---
-Graaf(2013) According to Tuazon, all of these served as
official organ(s) of the revolutionaries.
-“Powerful force that shape society”-
Danessi,2009 Broadcast media-It includes television and radio-
media (and now Satelite Broadcasting) that
Mass Media- are diverse media technology that
initially use airwaves to reach their audience.
are intended to reach audience through mass
communication. Aims to reach a very large the most expedient means to transmit
market. information immediately to the widest possible
audience.
Types:
ABS-CBN: First and oldest television station in
Broadcast media- Radio, film, music records, film
the Philippines
& television transmit information electronically.
New Media- Is composed of media that use
Print Media- use physical objects (newspaper,
digital technologies like the internet to distribute
books, comics) to transmit information
or exhibit content. (Manovich,2006).
Outdoor Media-form of media comprises
billboard, signs, placards.
Function of Media
Digital media- comprises internet and mobile
1. MEDIA ACT AS A CHANNEL OF INFORMATION
mass communication
AND KNOWLEDGE
Media as social institution- televised
programming + movies+ radio+ internet - Media shape our perception and our opinions.
–Weather Report-helps the audience decide
Dominate Institution-catering the needs of
own their own.
society and education
This is why media must not only provide
Social media allows users gather, share, and
information, but also give information that is
participate in social networking, healthy and
comprehensive, multi-faceted, and diverse.
intellectual discussion concerning society. Is the
website and apps that enable users to create COMPREHENSIVE-exhibiting wide mental grasp
and share content or participate in social
networking. Becomes part of human’s social life. MULTI-FACETED-having many facets, approach
Use as medium to interact with others w/o and the like.
limitation. Thus, it had created tons of DIVERSE-composed of distinct elements or
possibilities of impacts on how social media qualities.
affect society.
2. FACILITATE INFORMED DEBATES BETWEEN
Impacts of Social Media on Society DIVERSE SOCIAL ACTORS.
3. MEDIA PROVIDE US WITH MUCH OF WHAT
WE LEARN ABOUT THE WORLD BEYOND OUR present.
EXPERIENCE.- Media must teach provide us with 2. To look at what is yet to come in the future.
information so that we can be more conscious of
A BRIEF HISTORY
our actions and aware of how the world around
COMMUNICATION
us is evolving.
4. Media must teach provide us with information
so that we can be more conscious of our actions
and aware of how the world around us is
evolving.- Sense of Belongingness
5. MEDIA FUNCTION AS A WATCHDOG OF
GOVERNMENT IN ALL ITS FORMS- Media men
are responsible of becoming vigilant towards the
government and informing the people about the
national concern. INVESTIGATIVE JOURNALISM:
Often tackles issues that expose the wrong A BRIEF HISTORY
doings of government officials. COMMUNICATION
6. MEDIA FACILITATES DEMOCRATIC PROCESSES.
7. MEDIA ARE A VEHICLE FOR CULTURAL
EXPRESSION AND CULTURAL COHESION WITHIN
AND BETWEEN NATIONS.
- Help promote identity and culture formation.
Narratives, books and posters are a few of the
examples that promote culture. Esp. History
book.
It provides us a sense of commonality. However
it also teaches us to be understanding of our
difference.
8. MEDIA FUNCTION AS AN ADVOCATE AND
SOCIAL ACTOR IN ITS OWN RIGHT WHILE
RESPECTING PLURALISTIC VALUES.
- Objective is a myth. Some people or other
organizations have its advocacy.
Pluralistic values. One must not fail to show
multiple perspectives.
Media upholds certain values or beliefs.
Respect all sides and not filter or distort
information in order to reinforce their own
ideas.
MEDIA information literacy- is a set of
competencies that empowers citizens to access,
retrieve, understand, evaluate and use, as well
as share information and media content in all
formats, using various tools, in a critical, ethical
and effective way, in order to participate and
engage in personal, professional and societal
activities”(UNESCO)
LESSON 2: MEDIA THEN AND NOW
“Every new thing has a beginning.” (Cantor,
2016)
1. To understand how things work in the
OF MEDIA &
❖ Writing -3200 BCE (Mesopotamia) and
600 BCE (Mesoamerica).
❖ It arose from the need to indicate
quantity and numbers for record
keeping.
❖ Humans first counted and
communicated quantity with their
fingers.
OF MEDIA &
❖ Cutting notches on tree barks or stones
to represent numbers.
❖ Drawing on caves and animal skin.
❖ Egyptian hieroglyphs –Earliest form of
writing
❖ Pictographic writing – Chinese style of
writing
❖ Persian Messengers on horses were
also used to reach more people over a
great distances.
❖ Persian Messengers on horses were
also used to reach more people over a
great distances.
❖ Pony express maybe the predecessor of
the postal service.
❖ Messengers were also used to
physically disseminate information
more precisely.
❖ Pre-Industrial Age – information was
mostly passed on orally.
❖ Laws and edicts are tediously copied
and posted in public places.
❖ 17th century – invention of printing
technology
❖ Modern newspaper – was invented in
Europe
❖ Printed News Sheet - Ming Dynasty
Court in 1582.
❖ 17th century- Black Printed Handbills
❖ 18th century – Modern Magazines
Lesson 3: HOW IS INFORMATION
CATEGORIZED?
 Types of Information:
1. Scholarly-Drawn from the research of
field experts
• Must be peer-reviewed before
published
• References and citations are indicated
2. Professional/Trade-Current news and
trends about a specific industry presented by
someone with knowledge in the field
• Does not have to be peer-reviewed to
be published
3. Entertainment/Popular-For the general
population. Derived from or a discussion of
other people’s work.
4. Opinion-A viewpoint, judgment, or
statement that is not conclusive. A specific
matter from person to person and will not be
thoroughly resolved.
 Intelligent opinion - An argument
for a conclusion based on an analysis
of verifiable facts and reliable
information.
 Providers of Information
1. Academic Institutions- Schools, colleges,
and universities. Are dedicated to education
and research. The wealth of information they
hold can be harnessed from their classrooms,
libraries, research and training centers,
museums and performance halls,
publications, and websites
 Private academic institutions -
Funded through tuition fees and
private donations
 State Universities - Public academic
institutions largely supported by the
government
2. Government Agencies-Organization
under the government which is responsible
for the administration of a specific function.
(e.g. DOH, DepEd, PAGASA, DFA, etc.)
3. Private Sectors- Businesses,
organizations, and other players in the
economy that are not owned or operated by
the government
• Provide goods and services for profit.
(PLDT, Globe Telecom, Mega
World)
4. Private Individuals- Those who do not
represent another person, corporation, or
group. Must be motivated to tell the truth, to
help, and to do right when giving
information.
Sources of Information
1. Primary Sources- Firsthand accounts.
Bring us as close as possible to the event,
subject, original idea, or the findings of
scientific idea. (Example/s: Theses and
dissertations, diaries, interviews, letters,
speeches, photographs, and original works of art
and literature)
2. Secondary Sources- Comments on,
analyzes, or tackles a primary source
• The information from the primary
source is reviewed, organized, or
interpreted (Example/s: Textbooks,
biographies, critical reviews)
3. Tertiary Sources- Sources that refer to a
primary or secondary source
• Gives an overview of the topic, but
rarely contains the original material.
(Example/s: Dictionaries, handbooks,
tables, and encyclopedia)
Attribution and Data Triangulation
Attribution and Data Triangulation are ways
of evaluating information. These are
practices that we can adopt from scientific
researchers and journalists.
Attribution- is the identification of the
source of information. In this method,
questions are asked.
Data Triangulation- is the process of
finding two or more sources for the same
information
Common codes in journalism that you
might encounter when gathering
information:
1. On the Record- Strongest form of
attribution. Because the identity of the
source of information is fully known.
- Allows journalists and researchers to verify
the information directly from the attributed
sources.
- According to the Associated Press
Standards & Practices, information on the
record is pursued whenever possible. They
have strict guidelines when dealing with
information that is not on the record.
 • Includes anything relevant about how
the source obtained the information
(Example/s: Position in an
organization, relation to the subject)
2. On Background- From an “anonymous
source”
• Strengthened when verified through
other sources, preferably one or more
on record.
• “Non-attributable” information -
Clues about the “source who refuses
to be identified,” like position in an
organization or relation to the story.
• Philippine press freedom laws protect
journalists from being compelled by
the state to reveal the identity of their
sources.(R.A.No.53 as amended by
R.A. No. 1447). This upholds the
importance of the freedom of the
press and news media as the
watchdog of the people.
3. Deep Background- The source cannot be
identified in any way at all
• Whistleblowers who want to reveal
wrongdoings often share deep
background information for their
safety.
4. Off the Record- Information may not be
used at all.
-• However, Guy Bergstrom warns that
this common term has become confusing and
even if off the record information is not
published, it may still be passed off as gossip
to friends, family, or co-workers. To avoid
confusion, journalists, researchers and their
sources are advised to set ground rules before
information that is off the record, non-
attributable, on background, or on deep
background is sent and received
Lesson 4: Do media and Information speak
in codes? How can I understand them?
 Roles of Information Providers
 Information serves different
purposes.
 Proper use of information can
improve your ability to:
o Locate
o Understand
o Evaluate
1. What is the information for?
2. What sources will provide quality
information for your chosen topic?
Difference of ‘To Inform’ and ‘To
Educate’
• To inform is to provide relevant data
on a specific subject.
• Sometimes, this data is limited to a
specific group of people.
• To inform potential buyers of a new
smartphone is to release commercials
and sales brochures.
• To educate is to go beyond providing
relevant information by helping
people gain a deeper knowledge
through additional data, context, and
analysis of information.
• The role of a consumer website that
compares different phones based on
price and features is to educate
consumers about their choices.
• According to the UNESCO Media
and Information Literacy Manual
best sources of information:
• Fair
• Objective
• Lack hidden motives
• Show quality control
Other roles of media providers
• To facilitate teaching, learning
process.
• To provide access to all information.
• To serve a gateway to information.
• To preserve cultural heritage.
• To serve as society’s collective
memory.
• To gather more information.
• To entertain
• To promote universal values and civil
rights such as freedom of expression,
speech, and the press
• The word information is not limited to
“serious news”. All forms of content
in media are considered information
and all information is a message.
• Codes and Convention in Media
• “The medium is the message”-
Marshall McLuhan
• Mcluhan was studying how culture
and society are affected by the means
with which information is conveyed.
• According to him, media affect us not
only through the information that they
deliver but also through their
language, codes, and conventions.
• This means being able to understand
the “Language” or “grammar” of each
medium or information provider.
• Learning the “codes” and
“conventions” used by media
practitioners to communicate an idea
or a message is like learning a new
language.
• Types of Codes in Media
• Technical Codes- This include
techniques and method like camera
angles, shot type, and lighting.
• Written Codes- Examples are
headlines, captions, titles, and writing
styles.
• Audio Codes- These include codes
related to sound. Background music,
sound effects, and voice overs are
under this category.
• Symbolic Codes- These are codes
that are used to convey a symbolic-
rather than literal meaning
• Understanding how a media material
utilizes codes in order to
communicate a message equips us
with the capacity to evaluate
information more critically.
• Media conventions are referred as the
generally accepted ways of doing
something.
• Genre in television in television, film,
and literature follow certain
convention that distinguish them
from the other genres.
• However, these categories are not
mutually exclusive. In order to
convey power, for example, film
makers use of technical, written,
audio, and symbolic codes.
• We can differentiate a TV series from
a news program because both follow
different sets of media conventions.
All of these, along with media codes,
make effective communication
between media and the audience a lot
easier.
• Media Conventions- are referred to
as the generally accepted ways of
doing something. Each genre in
television. Film, and literature follow
certain conventions that distinguish
them from other genres.
Media Representation
• The University of Minnesota defines
media representation as “the ways
media portrays particular groups,
communities, experiences, ideas, or
topics from a particular ideological or
value perspective”
• Tells us that media reflect ideology,
not reality.
• Makes us aware of how media
“construct” or “re-present” reality and
affect our perception of ourselves and
affect our perception of ourselves and
of our surroundings.
• According to BBC, these key terms
help us grasp media representation in
a more critical manner.
Media Representation
1. Construction- refers to the way a media
material is “put together.”
2. Mediation- refers to the process that a
media material undergoes before reaching an
audience.
3. Selection- refers to the process of selecting
content for a media material.
4. Anchorage- refers to the words used to
give images a certain meaning.
5. Stereotypes- refers to the oversimplified
representation of a person or thing
6. Ideology- refers to the set of opinions or
beliefs expressed through a media material.
Media representation is an interesting, multi-
layered topic in media and information
literacy. It examines the influence and
responsibility of media, as well as the
responsibility of those who receive and
provide information. It also encourages us to
examine how our own values and beliefs, our
sense of right and wrong, and our definition
of truth affect and shape these media
representations.