Ph a rm a c o lo g y

In t roduc t io n t o
pha rm ac o logy
 Pharmacology
Te r m s a n d d e f i n i t i o n s
 I s t h e sci en c e o f d ru gs an d th ei r effe ct s
o n b i o l o g i ca l s y s t e m s . B e si d e t h e i r t o x i c
an d u n w an ted effe ct s on th is syst em .
‫ﻫﻮ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻻﺩﻭﻳﺔ ﻭﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮﺍﺗﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﺁﺛﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻣﺔ ﻭﻏﻴﺮ‬
.‫ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻏﻮﺏ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‬
 D r u g i s a ch em i ca l th at c an ca u se a
ch a n g e i n b io lo g i ca l s y st e m ( h u m a n
bod y )
 A d r ug i s t h e a ct i v e i n g r e d i e n t i n a
m e d i ci ne .
) ‫ﺍﻻﺩﻭﻳﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺴﺒﺐ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻱ‬
( ‫ﺟﺴﻢ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‬
.‫ﺍﻻﺩﻭﻳﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﻂ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍء‬
 A drug could be one of
1 - N at u r al ly occu r r in g ) ‫ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‬- 1
subst a nce s (‫ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕ‬
(h orm o nes) ‫ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻳﻮﻣﻴﺔ‬2-
2 - Ev e r y d a y (‫)ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻓﻴﻴﻦ‬
su b s ta n ces ‫ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬- 3
‫ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬
 ( ca ffe in e) (‫)ﺍﻷﺳﺒﺮﻳﻦ‬
3 -Syn t he t ic ch e m i cal s
 (A s p ir in )
 Medicine and poison

 Th e d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n a m e d i c i n e
an d po ison i s oft en m ere ly a m a tt er
of c on ce n tr at i on .
.‫ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎً ﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍء ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻢ ﻣﺠﺮﺩ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ‬
 I n th era p eu t i cs, th e t re at m e n t of
di sea se i s in ten de d t o h a v e a
be n efi ci a l eff ect w i th a d ver se effec ts
k e pt t o an a ccep t ab l e m i n i m u m .
‫ ﻳﻘﺼﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻼﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺽ ﺫﻭ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ‬، ‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺟﺎﺕ‬
.‫ﻣﻔﻴﺪ ﻣﻊ ﺇﺑﻘﺎء ﺍﻵﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺪ ﺍﻷﺩﻧﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺒﻮﻝ‬
 S o u r ce s o f m e di c in es
Prior to the 1930s There were very few medicines available,
Those came from n a t u r a l s o u r c e s .( Q u i n i n e f r o m t h e
b a r k o f t he c i nc ho na t r ee a n d u sed t o t r ea t m a l a r ia .
d i g i t a l i s f r o m t h e f o x g l o v e a n d u s ed f o r h e a r t f a i l u re .
As p ir i n e x t r a c t e d fro m t h e b a r k of w i ll ow t r e e a n d
o r i g i n a l l y u s ed t o t r e a t f e v e r ) .
‫ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬، ‫ﻗﺒﻞ ﺛﻼﺛﻴﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻗﻠﻴﻞ ﺟﺪﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺎﺣﺔ‬
‫ ﻭﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻟﻌﻼﺝ‬، ‫ﺟﺎءﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ )ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻟﺤﺎء ﺷﺠﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻨﺸﻮﻧﺎ‬
.‫ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﺠﻴﺘﺎﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺜﻌﻠﺐ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﻠﺖ ﻟﻘﺼﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﺐ‬.‫ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺭﻳﺎ‬
.‫ﺍﻷﺳﺒﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺮﺝ ﻣﻦ ﻟﺤﺎء ﺷﺠﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺼﺎﻑ ﻭ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺻﻞ ﻟﻌﻼﺝ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻰ‬
 S o u r ce s o f m e di c in es
S in ce th e si t e of a ct ion of m an y d r u g s
i s a cellular receptors
As a knowledge of receptor structures has
developed, this has allowed drugs to be
designed to fit with receptors.
‫ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﻳﺔ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻼﺕ‬
.‫ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻮﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺗﻄﻮﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﺔ ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﺎ ﺳﻤﺢ ﻟﻬﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﻳﺔ‬
.‫ﻟﺘﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻼﺕ‬
 Dru g N am es
 All d ru gs h av e at leas t th re e na m es :
 1 - T h e c h e m i c a l n a m e (c a n b e c o m p l i c a t e d a n d
d i f f i c u l t t o r e m e m b e r .)
 2 - T h e g e n e r i c n a m e ( t h e d r u g ’s o f f i c i a l n a m e )
 3 - Th e p r e p a r a t o r y n a m e ( t h e n a m e g i v e n b y t h e
m a n u fa c t u ri n g c om p a n y )
:‫ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﻳﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﺳﻤﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻗﻞ‬
.(‫ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ )ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻌﻘﺪﺍ ﻭﻳﺼﻌﺐ ﺗﺬﻛﺮﻩ‬- 1 
(‫ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ )ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻤﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺨﺪﺭ‬2- 
(‫ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻀﻴﺮﻱ )ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺪﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻧﻌﺔ‬3- 
 A s t h e sa m e d r u g i s m a n u fa c t u r ed b y
d i ffe re nt com p a n i e s, a d r ug ca n h a v e
m u l t i p l e p r e p a r a t o r y n a m es t h i s c a n b e
con fus ing.
 Eu r o p ea n l a w r e q u i r e s t h e u s e o f t h e
r e c om m e n d ed I n t e r n a t i on a l N o n -
prepa ra t or y n a m e.
 Th i s e n s u r e s t h a t a l l c o u n t r i e s i n E u r o p e
at l e as t r ec o g n i z e t h e sa m e d r u g .
‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬، ‫ﺑﻤﺎ ﺍﻥ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍء ﻳﺘﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺷﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬
.‫ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﺍء ﻋﺪﺓ ﺃﺳﻤﺎء ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻀﻴﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺮﺑﻜﺎ‬
‫ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺑﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻀﻴﺮﻱ‬
.‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺻﻰ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻀﻤﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻗﻞ ﺗﻌﺘﺮﻑ ﺑﻨﻔﺲ‬
.‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍء‬
 Th e c o m m o n c i r c l e o f d r u g i n
t h e b od y
 To h a v e t h e r a p e u t i c e f f e c t s a d r u g :
 1- H as to b e ad m in ist ered in som e w a y.
 2- H as to b e ab so rbed . (B y dif fus io n)
 3-Then distributed to different parts of the body.
:‫ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﻋﻼﺟﻴﺔ ﺩﻭﺍء‬
.‫ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻌﻄﻰ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﺎ‬1- 
(‫ )ﺑﺎﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ‬.‫ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺍﻣﺘﺼﺎﺻﻪ‬2- 
.‫ﺛﻢ ﻳﺘﻮﺯﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺟﺰﺍء ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬3- 
  4 - si n ce m ost d ru g s ar e t re at ed a s
p ot ent i al l y tox i c th ey ar e
m et ab ol i z ed b y th e l i ve r. (d et ox i fie s)
 5 - D ru gs w il l b e ex cr et ed (k i d n ey s,
fae ces or ex h al ed ai r )
‫ ﺑﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﻳﺔ ﺗﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺳﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﺤﺘﻤﻠﺔ‬4-
(‫ )ﺍﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻴﺔ‬.‫ ﻓﺈﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺴﺘﻘﻠﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺪ‬،
(‫ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻃﺮﺡ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﻳﺔ )ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻰ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﺍﺯ ﺃﻭ ﻫﻮﺍء ﺍﻟﺰﻓﻴﺮ‬5-
 Administration of drug
Ther are two major routs of drug administration.
 1 - En t er a l GI t r a ct O r a l a n d R e ct a l .
 2 - P a r e n t e r a l : includes all other means of
drug administration. ( a l l r o u t s o f
ad m in ist ra ti on t h at ar e n ot en t er al ).
‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻧﻮﻋﺎﻥ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻴﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻋﻄﺎء ﺍﻻﺩﻭﻳﺔ‬
.‫ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺪﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻮﻳﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻔﻤﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺮﺟﻴﺔ‬- 1 
) .‫ ﻳﺸﻤﻞ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻻﻋﻄﺎء ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍء‬:‫ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻟﻲ‬2 - 
.( ‫ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻮﻳﺔ‬
 Or al ad m i ni st r at i on
 Th e v a s t m a j o r i t y o f d r u g s a r e
a d m i ni st ere d b y m ou th.
 ( P i l l s ,c a p s u l s .t a b l e t s o r l i q u i d s )
.‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﻋﻄﺎء ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻟﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻤﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﻳﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﻔﻢ‬
(‫ ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻆ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺍﺋﻞ‬،‫)ﺣﺒﻮﺏ‬
 To b e a b s o r b e d f r o m t h e s t o m a c h o r
in test i n e to t h e li v er b efor e rea ch i n g
th e g en e ra l ci r cu l at i on .
 The liver is the main site of drug
metabolism and inactivation.
‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻣﺘﺼﺎﺻﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺪﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﻣﻌﺎء ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺪ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ‬
.‫ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻣﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬
.‫ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺪ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﻻﺳﺘﻘﻼﺏ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍء ﻭﺗﻌﻄﻴﻠﻪ‬
 Ad v antages of Or al
adm in ist rat ion

 1 - S a fe an d con v en ie n t ro u t.
 2 - G en e ra ll y a cce pt a bl e t o t h e p at ie n t .
 3-Requires no particular skills.

.‫ ﺁﻣﻦ ﻭﻣﺮﻳﺢ‬- 1
.‫ ﻣﻘﺒﻮﻝ ﺑﻮﺟﻪ ﻋﺎﻡ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﻳﺾ‬2-
.‫ﻻ ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﻣﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬3-
 D is a dv a n t a g es o f Ora l
adm in ist rat ion
 1 - M a n y d r ug s d o n o t t a st e p a r t i c u l a r l y n i ce .
 2- S om e can u pset th e st om ach
 ( n a u se a , v o m i t i n g o r u l c e r a t e t h e st o m a ch
l i n i n g ).
.‫ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺎﻗﻴﺮ ﻃﻌﻤﻬﺎ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﺴﺎﻍ‬1 - 
‫ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺰﻋﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺪﺓ‬- 2 
.( ‫ )ﺍﻟﻐﺜﻴﺎﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﻲء ﺃﻭ ﻗﺮﺣﺔ ﺑﻄﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺪﺓ‬
 ‫ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺘﺨﺮﺏ ﺍﻻﺩﻭﻳﺔ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺣﻤﺾ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺪﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻹﻧﺰﻳﻤﺎﺕ‬3 -
‫ﺍﻟﻬﻀﻤﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﻼﺑﻪ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻭﺍﺳﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺪ‬
 .‫ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﻔﻤﻮﻱ ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻳﺾ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻧﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺍﻋﻲ‬4 -
 3- Others may be destroyed b y s t o m a c h
aci d or di g est i ve en z ym es or be
ex ten siv el y m et ab ol i z ed i n t h e l i v er
 4 - Ora l r ou t e r eq u i re s a co -op er at i ve
an d con sci ou s p at i en t .
 R e ct a l a dm i n i s t r a t i o n
 Using this way w i l l a v o i d d r u g i n a c t i v a t i o n b y
st o m a ch a ci d a n d d i g e st i v e e n z y m e s.
 5 0 % o f t h a t a b s o r b e d bypasses the liver and
goes directly into the systemic circulation.
‫ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺳﻮﻑ ﺗﺠﻨﺐ ﺗﻌﻄﻴﻞ ﺍﻻﺩﻭﻳﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺣﻤﺾ‬
.‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺪﺓ ﻭﺍﻷﻧﺰﻳﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﺿﻤﺔ‬
.‫ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺘﺼﺔ ﺗﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺪ ﻭﺗﺬﻫﺐ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻣﻮﻳﺔ‬٪ 50 
 This w i l l b e a d v a n t a g e o u s if pt. is
unconscious.or vomiting, or uncooperative
in some way.
 Generally it is considered unpleasant
method.
‫ ﺃﻭ ﻏﻴﺮ‬،‫ﺳﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﻔﻴﺪًﺍ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻳﺾ ﻣﻐﻤﻰ ﺃﻭ ﻳﺘﻘﻲء‬
.‫ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺤﻮ ﻣﺎ‬
.‫ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺳﺎﺭﺓ‬
 S u b li n g u a l a n d bu cca l
adm in ist rat ion
 Usin g th is w a y w ill allow t he dru g t o go
directl y in to t he syst em i c circula tion
w ith ou t p assin g th rou gh th e li ver.
 This rout is commonly used for example, to treat
attacks of angina with g l y c e r y l t r i n i t r a t e .
‫ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺳﻮﻑ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﺍء ﺑﺎﻟﺬﻫﺎﺏ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ‬
.‫ﺍﻟﺪﻣﻮﻳﺔ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻭﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺒﺪ‬
‫ ﻟﻌﻼﺝ ﻫﺠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺬﺑﺤﺔ‬، ‫ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ‬
.‫ﺍﻟﺼﺪﺭﻳﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻏﻠﻴﺴﻴﺮﻳﻞ ﺗﺮﻳﻨﻴﺘﺮﺍﺗﻲ‬
 S o m e d ru g s h av e a l oca l effe ct , to
tr eat ora l or t h ro at i n fe ct io n s.
 Th e m a i n d i s a d v a n t a g e i s t h a t m o s t
dr u g s d o n ot t ast e n i ce.
‫ ﻟﻌﻼﺝ ﺍﻟﺘﻬﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻢ‬،‫ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﻳﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻣﻮﺿﻌﻲ‬
.‫ﻭ ﺍ ﻟ ﺤ ﻠﻖ‬
.‫ﺍﻟﻌﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﻫﻮ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﻳﺔ ﻃﻌﻤﻬﺎ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﺴﺎﻍ‬
 N asal adm inistra tion .
 It is often intended to have a local effects
as i n t h e u se o f n a sal de con g est an ts
 So m e d rug s ar e g i v en thi s w a y t o
h av e syst em i c ef fect .
‫ﻏﺎﻟ ًﺒﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺽ ﻣﻨﻪ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺿﻌﻴﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﻀﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻘﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﻧﻔﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﻋﻄﺎء ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﻳﺔ ﺑﻬﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻟﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ‬
.‫ﻧﻈﺎﻣﻲ‬
  (some hormones can be given by this way).
 It is an other way to avoid destruction of a
drug by liver enzymes or stomach acid and
digestive enzymes
.(‫ )ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺭﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻌﻄﻰ ﺑﻬﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬
‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻟﺘﺠﻨﺐ ﺇﺗﻼﻑ ﺩﻭﺍء ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺇﻧﺰﻳﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺪ ﺃﻭ‬
.‫ﺣﻤﺾ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺪﺓ ﻭﺍﻷﻧﺰﻳﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﺿﻤﺔ‬
 To p i c a l a d m i n i s t r a t i o n
 This is used for drugs intended to have a
local effects.
 It can be used to treat a l o c a l i n f e c t i o n o r
oth er sk i n con di t io n s.
 (A m orol fi n e cr ea m i n t h e t rea t m en t of
f u n g al sk i n in fect i on s).
.‫ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻟﻸﺩﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺪﺓ ﻟﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﻮﺿﻌﻴﺔ‬
.‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻪ ﻟﻌﻼﺝ ﺍﻧﺘﺎﻥ ﻣﻮﺿﻌﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺟﻠﺪﻳﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻋﻼﺝ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﻬﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻠﺪﻳﺔ‬Amorolfine cream ) 
.(‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺔ‬
 To p i c a l a d m i n i s t r a t i o n
 M o st dr u g s a r e n o t e a s i l y a b s o r be d
thr ough th e sk in. but som e a re
form u l at ed in to p at ch e s for sy stem i c
a b s o r p t i o n .( P a t c h e s c a n b e u s e d t o
ad m in ist er n i cot i n e re pl a cem en t th e ra py ).
‫ ﻟﻜﻦ‬.‫ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﻳﺔ ﻻ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻣﺘﺼﺎﺻﻬﺎ ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺠﻠﺪ‬
‫ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺍﻻﻣﺘﺼﺎﺹ‬
.(‫ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯﻱ )ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻊ ﻻﻋﻄﺎء ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺝ ﺑﺒﺪﺍﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﻜﻮﺗﻴﻦ‬
 To p i c a l a d m i n i s t r a t i o n
 Ot he r d r u g s m a y p e n e t r a t e d a m a g e d s k i n .
 ( L as u sed as a c rea m fo r t he t rea tm e nt o f
pa in of su n b u rn ).
 A p p l i ca t i o n o f d r u g s t o t h e c o nj u n ct i v a s,
ex ter na l ear, v agi na , u re th ra t o trea t local
i n fe c t i on s.
.‫ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺨﺘﺮﻕ ﺃﺩﻭﻳﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﺠﻠﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻒ‬
.‫ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺑﻤﺜﺎﺑﺔ ﻛﺮﻳﻢ ﻟﻌﻼﺝ ﺃﻟﻢ ﺣﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺲ‬Las ) 
‫ ﻣﺠﺮﻯ‬، ‫ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺒﻞ‬، ‫ ﺍﻷﺫﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ‬، ‫ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﻻﺩﻭﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﺘﺤﻤﺔ‬
.‫ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻝ ﻟﻌﻼﺝ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﻬﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺿﻌﻴﺔ‬
 I nh alation adm in is trat ion
 Drugs given this way m a y b e i n t e n d e d t o
ha v e a l o ca l o r sy st e m i c e f fe ct s.
 L u ng s h a v e a l a r g e su r fa ce a r e a f or
diffu sio n an d hi gh ly b lo o d su pp ly
‫ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺽ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﻄﻰ ﺑﻬﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻬﺎ‬
.‫ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﻮﺿﻌﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺟﻬﺎﺯﻳﺔ‬
‫ ﺗﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﺘﻴﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺓ ﻟﻼﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﻭﺗﺮﻭﻳﺔ ﺩﻡ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬
 I nh alation adm in is trat ion
 Small particle size favors systemic
absorption. L a r g e p a r t i c l e s i z e
discou r age s absor pt i on in to t he
sy st e m i c cir cu la t io n.
‫ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﻳﻔﻴﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻣﺘﺼﺎﺹ‬
‫ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮ ﻳﺜﺒﻂ ﺍﻻﻣﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﻓﻲ‬.‫ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯﻱ‬
.‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻣﻮﻳﺔ‬
 I nh alation adm in is trat ion
 Drugs are used for a local effect
(sal b ut am ol t o tr eat ast hm a . G A . a re
gi v e n b y in h a l a t i o n i n g a se o u s f o r m
cl e a r l y in t e n d e d t o h a v e sy s t e m i c
effec t) .
 ‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻣﻮﺿﻌﻲ)ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﻣﻮﻝ ﻟﻌﻼﺝ‬
‫ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﻋﻄﺎء‬.‫ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻮ‬GA ‫ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺸﺎﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺷﻜﻞ‬
.(‫ﻏﺎﺯﻱ ﻳﻬﺪﻑ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻭﺍﺿﺢ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻪ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻧﻈﺎﻣﻲ‬
 Administration by injection
‫ﺍﻻﻋﻄﺎء ﺑﺎﻟﺤﻘﻦ‬
 This method includes: :‫ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬
 1 - S u b c u t a n o u s .S C . .‫ﺗﺤﺖ ﺍﻟﺠﻠﺪ‬1-
 2 - I nt ra m uscular I M . .‫ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻠﻲ‬2-
 3 - I n t r a v e n o u s .I V . .‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻳﺪ‬3-
 4 - I n t ra rt er ia l . I A . ‫ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﻳﻴﻦ‬4-
 5 - I n t ra -ar t ic u l ar . .‫ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﺻﻞ‬5-
 6 - I n tr asp inal. .‫ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﺎﻉ‬6-
 7 - Ep i d u r a l . .‫ﻓﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻓﻴﺔ‬7-
A dm in is t rat ion b y in ject io n co n .
 D r u g s i n j e ct e d su b cu t a n e o us l y o r I M . h a v e
t o d i f fus e b e t w e e n l o o se c on n e c t i v e t i ssu e
or M . fi b e r s.
 Rate of absorption depends on the usual
parameters for passage across cell membrane
and also on the blood or lymphatic supply of the
region.
‫ ﺍﻻﺩﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﻘﻦ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺍﻟﺠﻠﺪ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻀﻠﻲ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ‬
.‫ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺧﻮﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻻﻣﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺘﺎﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﻭﺭ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﻐﺸﺎء‬
.‫ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻮﻱ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻻﻣﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻠﻤﻔﺎﻭﻱ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ‬
  ( i n c r e a s e d by h e a t a n d m a s sa g e
d ec rea sed b y v asoc on st ri ct ors )
 ( d ep ot p rep a ra ti on s ar e d esig n e d t o
gi v e a sl o w s u s t a i n e d r e l e a s e o f
dr u g ).
‫)ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺪﻟﻴﻚ ﻭﺍﻧﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻣﻀﻴﻘﺎﺕ‬
(‫ﺍﻷﻭﻋﻴﺔ‬
‫)ﺗﻢ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻣﺴﺘﺤﻀﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﺩﻋﺎﺕ ﻹﻋﻄﺎء ﺇﻓﺮﺍﺯﺍﺕ‬
.( ‫ﺑﻄﻴﺌﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺩﻭﻳﺔ‬
 Administration by injection con.
 IV. The drug goes d i r e c t l y i n t o t h e B . a n d
rapi dly dist rib ut ed a roun d th e bod y.
 The advantage is g e t t i n g h i g h c o n c e n t r a t i o n
v e r y q u i c k l y t o t h e s i t e o f a ct i o n.
 ( Th i s m a y l e a d t o t o x i c e f f e c t s i n o t h e r
tissu e).
.‫ﻳﺬﻫﺐ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍء ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﻡ ﻭﻳﻮﺯﻉ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬. ‫ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻳﺪﻱ‬
.‫ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺰﺓ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﻋﺎﻟﻲ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬
.( ‫ )ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺳﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‬
  D r u g s ca n be g i ve n b y c on t in u es I V .
I n f u s i o n . ( e g .C a n c e r c h e m o t h e r a p y .
 D isa d va n t ag e:
 t ra in ed p er son al , st eri l e te ch n i q u e,
an y m i sta k e can n ot b e rec ti fi ed .
..‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺇﻋﻄﺎء ﺍﻷﺩﻭﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺮﻳﺐ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻳﺪﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
.‫ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺝ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﺴﺮﻃﺎﻥ‬.‫(ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ‬
:‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺌﺔ‬
‫ ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺃﻱ ﺧﻄﺄ‬، ‫ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﻘﻤﺔ‬، ‫ ﺗﺪﺭﻳﺐ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ‬
A dm in is t rat ion b y in ject io n co n .

 I n t a- ar te ri al in j . a re ra re ly u se d.
 ( R a di o- opa q u e S u b sta n t s)
 A nd
 (c y t o t o x i c d r u g s f o r d i a g n o s i s a n d
t r eat m en t of ca n ce r) .
.‫ ﻧﺎﺩﺭﺍ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‬.‫ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻦ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﻳﻴﻦ‬
( ‫ )ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻌﺔ‬
.( ‫ﻭ )ﺍﻷﺩﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﻟﺘﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﻭﻋﻼﺝ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻃﺎﻥ‬
 Administration by injection con.

 Intra- articuler inj. are used to administer

drug directly into joints.
 (c ort i cost eroi d tr eat m en t fo r ar th r i ti s,
or a con tr ast a g en t for i m ag i n g ).
.‫ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﻳﺔ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﺻﻞ‬.‫ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺧﻠﻊ‬
‫ ﺃﻭ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ‬، ‫)ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺝ ﻛﻮﺭﺗﻴﻜﻮﺳﺘﻴﺮﻭﻳﺪ ﻻﻟﺘﻬﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﺻﻞ‬
.(‫ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﻳﻦ ﻟﻠﺘﺼﻮﻳﺮ‬
 A d m i n i st r a t i o n by in j e ct i on
 Intraspinal and epidural inj. A r e g i v e n t o h a v e
l o c a l e f f e c t s , e i t h e r a s a n e s .( R e s i o n a l a n e s )
Or t o t r e a t i n f. O f t h e ce nt r a l ne r v o u s
syst em .
 This technique is u s e d i n o b s t e t r i c s a n d
gen to-u rin ar y su rg ery, it is also k now n as
i n t r a t h e ca l b l o c k .
‫ ﺇﻣﺎ‬، ‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﻋﻄﺎﺋﻬﺎ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺤﻠﻴﺔ‬epidural inj. ‫ ﻭ‬intraspinal 
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ‬inf. ‫ﺃﻭ ﻟﻌﻼﺝ‬anes. (Resional anes) ‫ﻛﺄﻧﻬﺎ‬
.‫ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻱ‬
‫ ﻭﻫﻲ‬، ‫ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺟﺮﺍﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺮﺍﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﺔ‬
.‫ﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﺃﻳﻀًﺎ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺏ‬
 A d m in ist ra t i o n by i n j ect i o n
 The anes. is i n j . i n t o t h e s u b a r a c h n o i d s p a c e v i a a
l u m b a r p u n c t u r e b e t w e en L 1 -2 -3 - 4 - Th i s w i l l
p la c e t he a nes. in t h e CN SF
 Ef f e r e n t N s m o t o r a n d s y m p a t h e t i c a n d a f f e r e n t
fib e r s (s e n s or y) a r e a ffe c t e d b y a n e s.
 This method carries a risk of damage to the spinal cord.

‫ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎء ﺗﺤﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻜﺒﻮﺗﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺛﻘﺐ ﺃﺳﻔﻞ ﺍﻟﻈﻬﺮ‬.‫ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺿﺎﺭ‬.‫ ﺍﻷﻧﻴﺲ‬
CNSF ‫ﻓﻲ‬anes. ‫ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺳﻴﻀﻊ‬L1-2-3-4- ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺎﻃﻔﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺓ )ﺍﻟﺤﺴﻴﺔ( ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ‬Ns ‫ ﻳﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺮﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻔﻌﻞ‬
anes.
.‫ ﺗﺤﻤﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺧﻄﺮ ﺗﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﺤﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻮﻛﻲ‬
 Absorption of dru g
 A ft e r a d m in is t r a t i o n d r u g m u s t cr o ss
se v e r a l ce ll m e m b r a n e s t o r e a c h i t s
si t e o f a ct i o n t h r o u g h t h e c ir cu l a t i o n .
 Drugs cross cell membrane by one of
three ways.
 1 - S i m pl e d i ffu si on .
 2 - Fc i l i t a t e d d i f f u s i o n .
 3 - A ctiv e tr ansp or t.
 ‫‪‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﺗﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍء ﻳﺠﺐ ﻋﺒﻮﺭ ﻋﺪﺓ ﺃﻏﺸﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﻟﻠﻮﺻﻮﻝ‬
‫ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﻋﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻣﻮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪‬ﺍﻷﺩﻭﻳﺔ ﻋﺒﺮ ﻏﺸﺎء ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺛﻼﺙ ﻃﺮﻕ‬
‫‪ 1-‬ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻂ‪.‬‬
‫‪‬ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ‪Fcilitated.2-‬‬
‫‪3 - ‬ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻝ‪.‬‬
 Absorption of drug
Dif fu sio n
 Th e v a s t m a j o r i t y o f d r u g s p a s s c r o s s t h e
cel l m em b ra n e by t h e w ay of d i ffu si on .
 Several factors are known to influence this.
 1 - Th e m e m b r a n e m u s t b e p e r m e a b l e t o t h e s u b s t a n c e .
 2 -Th e r e m u s t b e a c o n c e n t r a t io n g r a d ie n t .
 3 -Th e m o le c u l a r s iz e / w e ig h t m u s t b e sm a ll e n ou g h .
 4 -A L a r g e s u r f a c e a r e a is n e c e s sa r y f or e f f ic i e n t a c t .
 5 -A sh o r t d is t a n c e is n e c e ss a r y f or e f f ic i e n t d if f u si on .
 P r a c t i c a l l y Th e e f f e c t i v e d r u g s w o u l d h a v e a l l t h e a b o v e .
fa c t or s
 ‫‪‬ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻟﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻤﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﻳﺔ ﺗﻤﺮ ﻋﺒﺮ ﻏﺸﺎء ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ‬
‫ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ‪.‬‬
‫‪‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻭﻑ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ‪.‬‬
‫‪ 1-‬ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺸﺎء ﻗﺎﺑﻼً ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - 2‬ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺗﺪﺭﺝ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - 3‬ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌﻲ ‪ /‬ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻥ ﺻﻐﻴ ًﺮﺍ ﺑﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻳﻜﻔﻲ‪.‬‬
‫‪A 4-‬ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺓ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻝ‪.‬‬
‫‪5-‬ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﻗﺼﻴﺮﺓ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻳﺔ ﻟﻼﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻝ‪.‬‬
 Ab sorption of d ru g
S im p le d iffu s ion
 Simple diffusion of drug molecules d e p e n d s
m ost l y on l i p i d sol u b il i t y.
 The cell membrane can be a barrier to
diffusion of drug b e c a u s e i t i s a l i p i d
bi l ay er w i th p ro tei n em b ed de d i n t h e
in n er a n d ou t er su r fac es,
 Lipid-soluble substances diffuse easily through
the membrane
 (O2 CO2 fatty acid steroids fat-soluble
vitamins)o
 ‫‪‬ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻂ ﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍء ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻟﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺫﻭﺑﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻫﻮﻥ‪.‬‬
‫‪‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻏﺸﺎء ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺣﺎﺟ ًﺰﺍ ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍء ﻷﻧﻪ‬
‫ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻫﻮﻥ ﺗﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻴﻦ ﻣﻀﻤﻦ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ‪،‬‬
‫‪‬ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺬﻭﺑﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻫﻮﻥ ﺗﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻐﺸﺎء‬
‫‪O2 CO2 )‬ﺍﻷﺣﻤﺎﺽ ﺍﻟﺪﻫﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺘﻴﺮﻭﻳﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻫﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺬﻭﺑﺎﻥ( ﺱ‬
 Absorption of drug
S im ple diff u sio n co n .
 The lipid solubility depends on its state of
ionization
 Small ions Na. K Ca. Cl. can pass-through
ion channels in the cell membrane's
ch a n n el s d o n ot a l lo w t h e p a ssag e of
rel a ti v el y la rg e i on i z e d m o le cu l es.
 D ru g s i n th e u n i on i zed form ar e
ge n er al l y li p i d sol u b l e w h e rea s
ion iz ed d r u g s a re n ot .
 ‫‪‬ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﺍﻟﺬﻭﺑﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻫﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻳﻦ‬
‫‪‬ﺃﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺻﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﻧﺎ‪ .‬ﻙ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻤﺮ‬
‫ﻋﺒﺮ ﺍﻷﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﻏﺸﺎء ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻻ ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﻤﺮﻭﺭ‬
‫ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﻣﺆﻳﻨﺔ ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺓ ﻧﺴﺒﻴﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪‬ﻋﺎﺩﺓً ﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺑﻲ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺬﻭﺑﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻡ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﻳﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﻳﻨﺔ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ‪.‬‬
 Absorption of drug
Facilitated diffusion
 M a n y n u t r i e n t a n d fe w d r u g s c a n p a ss c r os s t h e
ce l l m e m b r a n e b y f a ci l i t a t e d d i f f u s i o n .
 Th e c o n c e n t r a t i o n g r a d i e n t a n d a m e m b r a n e
p r o t e i n a c t s a s a c a r r i e r to transport a substance
from one side of the membrane to the other.
 Carrier protein only transport molecules that they
recognize.
 (Glucose enters many body cells by facilitated diffusion).
 Carrier systems exist for the transport of some amino
acids and vitamins and the same carrier transport drugs
that are structurally similar to them.
 ‫‪‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺬﻳﺎﺕ ﻭﻋﺪﺩ ﻗﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﻳﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻤﺮ‬
‫ﻋﺒﺮ ﻏﺸﺎء ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺴﺮ‪.‬‬
‫‪‬ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﺗﺪﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﻭﺑﺮﻭﺗﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﺸﺎء ﻛﺤﺎﻣﻞ ﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﺸﺎء ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ‪.‬‬
‫‪‬ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻗﻞ ﺑﻨﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻘﻂ‪.‬‬
‫‪) ‬ﻳﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺠﻠﻮﻛﻮﺯ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺴﺮ(‪.‬‬
‫‪‬ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻗﻞ ﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﺣﻤﺎﺽ ﺍﻷﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﻧﻔﺲ ﻋﻘﺎﻗﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺸﺒﻪ ﻫﻴﻜﻠ ًﻴﺎ‪.‬‬
 Absorption of drug
A ctive transport
 I t in vo lv e s a c a r r ie r p r o t e i n b u t d iffe r s fr o m d i ffu si on
in t w o im p or t a n t w a ys .
 Cellular energy in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
is required to drive the process and t r a n s p o r t g o e s
a g a i n s t t h e c o n ce n t r a t i o n g r a d i e n t .
 By s uc h a m ec h ani sm , su b st anc e c an b e
co n c e n t r a t e d i n ce r t a i n p a r t s o f t h e b o d y
.A c t i v e t r a n s p o r t i s i m p o r t a n t i n t h e t r a n s p o r t o f i o n s ,
( L A s ) ,n u t r i e n t a n d n e u r o t r a n s m i t t e r s a n d m a y b e
i n v o lv e d i n t h e t ra n sp o r t of so m e d ru g s) .
M a n y d r u g s h a v e b e e n d e v e l o p ed t h a t i n t e rf e r e w i t h
t h e a ct i v e t r a n s p o r t o f n e u r o t r a n s m i t t e r s .
‫‪‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻳﻨﻄﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﻣﻞ ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﻳﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺘﻴﻦ ﻣﻬﻤﺘﻴﻦ‪.‬‬
‫‪‬ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻮﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺷﻜﻞ ( ‪ATP‬ﺍﻷﺩﻳﻨﻮﺯﻳﻦ ﺛﻼﺛﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺳﻔﺎﺕ(‬
‫ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﻟﺪﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﻳﺘﻌﺎﺭﺽ ﻣﻊ ﺗﺪﺭﺝ‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﺍ ﻟ ﺘﺮ ﻛ ﻴﺰ‪.‬‬
‫‪‬ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻵﻟﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺟﺰﺍء ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬
‫ﻣ ﻦ ﺍﻟ ﺠ ﺴ ﻢ‬
‫‪‬ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﻣﻬﻢ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻘﻞ ﺍﻷﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ ‪،‬‬
‫‪) ‬ﻟﻮﺱ ﺍﻧﺠﻠﻴﺲ( ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻐﺬﻳﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﻗﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﺗﺸﺎﺭﻙ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻘﻞ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﻳﺔ(‪.‬‬
‫‪‬ﺗﻢ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﻂ‬
 Absorption
fro m t h e g a st ro in t e st in a l t ra ct
 Since the vast majority of drugs are administered
by mouth, it is important to consider factors that
affect absorption of drugs from the GI tract.
 The function of the digestive system is to provide
nutrient for the body through the processes of
mechanical degradation and liquefaction and the
action of enzymes on the food we eat.
 Drugs taken orally are also subjected to these
processes.
‫‪‬ﺑﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻟﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻤﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﻳﺔ ﺗﻌُﻄﻰ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﻔﻢ ‪،‬‬
‫ﻓﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻣﺘﺼﺎﺹ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺩﻭﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻬﻀﻤﻲ‪.‬‬
‫‪‬ﻭﻇﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻬﻀﻤﻲ ﻫﻮ ﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺬﻳﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﺠﺴﻢ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺧﻼﻝ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻫﻮﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺴﻴﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﻭﻋﻤﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻧﺰﻳﻤﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻄﻌﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻧﺄﻛﻠﻪ‪.‬‬
‫‪‬ﺍﻷﺩﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻨﺎﻭﻟﻬﺎ ﺷﻔﻮﻳﺎ ﺗﺨﻀﻊ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻟﻬﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
 Absorption
from the gastrointestinal tract con.
 This system consists of t h e m o u t h , e s o p h a g u s ,
stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum and
anus together with the liver and pancreas.
 In the mouth food is chewed and mixed with saliva.
 The esophagus conveys food to the stomach.
 Where is stored while further digestion take place.
 (Acid and enzymes begin protein digestion (2-4 hours)
then to the SI.
 These can destroy some drugs (protected by coat to
pass un changed into the SI )
‫‪‬ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺮﻱء ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺪﺓ ﻭﺍﻷﻣﻌﺎء ﺍﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻷﻣﻌﺎء ﺍﻟﻐﻠﻴﻈﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺮﺝ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻨﻜﺮﻳﺎﺱ‪.‬‬
‫‪‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻢ ﻳﻤﻀﻎ ﺍﻟﻄﻌﺎﻡ ﻭﻳﺨﻠﻂ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻠﻌﺎﺏ‪.‬‬
‫‪‬ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻱء ﻳﻨﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﻌﺎﻡ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺪﺓ‪.‬‬
‫‪‬ﺃﻳﻦ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺨﺰﻳﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻳﺤﺪﺙ ﺍﻟﻤﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻬﻀﻢ‪.‬‬
‫‪)‬ﻳﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﺾ ﻭﺍﻹﻧﺰﻳﻤﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻫﻀﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ )‪2-4‬‬
‫ﺳﺎﻋﺎﺕ( ﺛﻢ ﺇﻟﻰ ‪SI.‬‬
‫‪‬ﻫﺬﻩ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺪﻣﺮ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﻳﺔ )ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺤﻤﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻌﻄﻒ‬
‫ﻟﺘﻤﺮﻳﺮ ﻏﻴﺮﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ )‪SI‬‬
 Absorption
from the gastrointestinal tract con.
 S I p ro d u ce m a n y e n z y m e s a n d h i g h l y a d a p t e d f o r
a b s o r p t i o n o f n u t r i e n t s . (large surface)
 In SI. s e c r e t i o n s a r e a d d e d f r o m P a n c r e a s (many
enzymes and Sodium bicarbonate t o n e u t r a l i z e t h e
a c i d ) and from gall bladder( t h e b i l e c o n t a i n a c i d
t ha t a r e es sent ia l fo r t he em ul si fic a t i o n o f fa t
p ri o r t o t h e ir d ig e s t io n ) .
 Th e P H o f S I i s a l k a l i n e ( f a v o r s t h e a b s o r p t i o n o f
b asi c d r ug s )
 M o st d r u g s a b s or p t i o n t a k e p l a c e i n S I (l a r g e
sur fac e ar ea).
 N u t r ie n t s a n d d ru g s a b so r b e d p a ss d i re c t l y t o t h e
li ve r b e fo r e g o i n g t o t h e ot h e r p a r t s o f t h e b o d y.
‫‪‬ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ‪SI‬ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﻧﺰﻳﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﻣﺘﻜﻴﻔﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻣﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺋﻴﺔ‪) .‬ﺳﻄﺢ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ(‬
‫‪‬ﻓﻲ ‪SI.‬ﺗﻀﺎﻑ ﺍﻹﻓﺮﺍﺯﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻜﺮﻳﺎﺱ )ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻧﺰﻳﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﺑﻴﻜﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ﻟﺘﺤﻴﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﺾ( ﻭﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺭﺓ )ﺗﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺮﺍء ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺎﻣﺾ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻱ‬
‫ﻻﺳﺘﺤﻼﺏ ﺍﻟﺪﻫﻮﻥ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻀﻢ(‪.‬‬
‫‪‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻮﺿﺔ ﻓﻲ ‪SI‬ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻮﻳﺔ )ﺗﻔﻀﻞ ﺍﻣﺘﺼﺎﺹ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺩﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ(‬
‫‪‬ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻣﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﻳﺔ ﻳﺤﺪﺙ ﻓﻲ ( ‪SI‬ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺓ(‪.‬‬
‫‪‬ﺗﻤﺘﺺ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺬﻳﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﺩﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺘﺼﺔ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺪ ﻗﺒﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺬﻫﺎﺏ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻷﺟﺰﺍء ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ‪.‬‬
 Absorption
from the gastrointestinal tract con.
 The liver excretes some drugs into the intestine via bile.
where it is reabsorbed.
 The large intestine is where water is reabsorbed
 H e r e so m e d r u g m e t a b ol it e s t h a t h a v e b e e n
e x c re t e d i n b i l e c a n b e r e g e n e - r a t e d b y t h e a c t i o n o f
b a c t er ia .
.‫ﻳﺨﺮﺝ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺪ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﻳﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻷﻣﻌﺎء ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺮﺍء‬
.‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﻴﻌﺎﺑﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻣﻌﺎء ﺍﻟﻐﻠﻴﻈﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻌﺎﺩ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻣﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء‬
‫ﻫﻨﺎ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻧﻮﺍﺗﺞ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍء ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻔﺮﺯ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺮﺍء‬
.‫ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳﺎ‬
 Absorption
from the gastrointestinal tract con.
 Once absorbed from GI a drug passes directly
to the liver in portal circulation and may be
subjected to metabolism before further distribu-
tion round the body.
 This is known first pass metabolism
 (loss of activity for some drugs.)
 In intestine bacteria or enzymes convert the
drug back to its original form, to be reabsorbed
 When this is repeated many times prolongs the
duration of action of the drug until it is
eventually excreted by the kidneys.
‫‪‬ﻣﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻳﻤﺘﺺ ﻣﻦ ‪GI‬ﺍﻷﺩﻭﻳﺔ ﻳﻤﺮ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺪ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻣﻮﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺧﻞ ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺋﻲ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻣﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻉ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ‪.‬‬
‫‪‬ﻫﺬﺍ ﻫﻮ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﻼﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺮﻳﺮﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ‬
‫‪) ‬ﻓﻘﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﻳﺔ‪(.‬‬
‫‪‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳﺎ ﺍﻷﻣﻌﺎء ﺃﻭ ﺍﻻﻧﺰﻳﻤﺎﺕ ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﻳﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ‬
‫ﺷﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻲ ‪ ،‬ﻟﻴﺘﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﻴﻌﺎﺑﻬﺎ‬
‫‪‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻜﺮﺭ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻣﺮﺍﺕ ﻳﻄﻴﻞ ﻣﺪﺓ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍء ﺣﺘﻰ‬
‫ﺗﻔﺮﺯ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﺎﻑ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻰ‪.‬‬
 Drug distribution and excretion
 Once absorbed into the blood stream a drug is
distributed around the body.
 From GI tract a drug goes to the liver in the
hepatic portal system where it is likely to be
metabolized.
 M eta boliz e u su all y m a k es a dru g m ore
w ate r solu ble a n d less ph arm acological
a ct i v e .
 D i st r i b u t i on t o t h e r e st o f t h e b o d y
dep end s on how w ell a d ru g can pa ss
a cr os s ce l l m e m b r a n e .
 So m e d r u g s ca n b e se q u e s t e r e d i n ce r t a i n
t i ssu e , p a r t i cu l a r l y fa t a n d m u sc l e s
 ‫‪‬ﺑﻤﺠﺮﺩ ﺍﻣﺘﺼﺎﺻﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﺪﻡ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍء ﺣﻮﻝ‬
‫ﺍ ﻟ ﺠ ﺴ ﻢ‪.‬‬
‫‪‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻬﻀﻤﻲ ﻳﺬﻫﺐ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍء ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺪ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺍﺑﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺪﻳﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻤﻞ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﻼﺑﻪ‪.‬‬
‫‪‬ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﻼﺏ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻳﺠﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍء ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺬﻭﺑﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء‬
‫ﻭﺃﻗﻞ ﻓﺎﻋﻠﻴﺔ ﺩﻭﺍﺋﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪‬ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍء ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬
‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻤﺮ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﻐﺸﺎء ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻮﻱ‪.‬‬
‫‪‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻋﺰﻝ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺧﺎﺻﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻫﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻀﻼﺕ‬
Drug distribution and excretion con.
 Many drugs are bound to plasma proteins and
this can limit their distribution and action
 (o n l y fr e e d r u g c a n ha v e a n e ffe c t .
 Eventually whether metabolized or not a drug is
eliminated from the body.
 Th e u s u a l r o u t o f e x c r e t i o n i s v i a t h e
k i d ne y s a n d r a t e o f e l i m i n a t i on d e p e n d s o n
r a t e of ur i ne p r o d u c t i o n , P H of u r i ne a n d
t r a n sp o r t m e ch a ni sm s.
 Although drugs do appear in f a c e s , e x o i r e d air,
sweat and b r e a s t m i l k . Th e s e a r e n o r m a l l y
m in er rou t s of ex cret ion. `
 ‫‪‬ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﻳﺔ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺑﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺯﻣﺎ ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬
‫ﺃ ﻥ ﻳ ﺤ ﺪ ﻣ ﻦ ﺗ ﻮﺯ ﻳ ﻌ ﻬ ﺎ ﻭ ﻋ ﻤ ﻠ ﻬ ﺎ‬
‫‪)‬ﻓﻘﻂ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍء ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻧﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻪ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ‪.‬‬
‫‪‬ﻓﻲ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﺎﻑ ﺳﻮﺍء ﺗﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﻼﺏ ﺃﻡ ﻻ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺩﻭﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ‪.‬‬
‫‪‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺘﺎﺩ ﻟﻺﻓﺮﺍﺯ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻰ ﻭﻣﻌﺪﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻝ ‪PH ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻝ‬
‫ﻭﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻞ‪.‬‬
‫‪‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﻳﺔ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻮﻩ ﻭﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍء‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻔﻮﺥ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺮﻕ ﻭﺣﻠﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺜﺪﻱ‪ .‬ﻫﺬﻩ ﻫﻲ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻨﺎﺟﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺪﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﻓﺮﺍﺯ‪.‬‬
A dv e rse rea ct io n of d ru g s con .
 Adverse reactions` can occur by a variety of
mechanisms.
 Som e of th em a re w el l k n ow n .
 They come in two types.
 A- Dose-related and can be predicted to occur
through accidental overdose, individual
differences due to age, disease or genetics or
drug-drug interaction.
 B-Adverse reactions are rarer but potentially
more serious (mostly due to allergy).
 ‫‪‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺤﺪﺙ ﺭﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻵﻟﻴﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫‪‬ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻑ ﺟﻴﺪﺍ‪.‬‬
‫‪‬ﻳﺄﺗﻮﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﻦ‪.‬‬
‫‪A- ‬ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺎﻟﺠﺮﻋﺔ ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻮﻗﻊ ﺣﺪﻭﺛﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺟﺮﻋﺔ‬
‫ﺯﺍﺋﺪﺓ ﻋﺮﺿﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻓﺮﻭﻕ ﻓﺮﺩﻳﺔ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺮ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺽ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺭﺍﺛﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﺋﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪‬ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻧﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻧﺪﺭﺓ ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ‬
‫ﺧﻄﻮﺭﺓ )ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎً ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺳﻴﺔ(‪.‬‬
 Adverse reaction of drugs con
 Adverse reaction of drugs in response to drug
therapy can occur due to many factors.
 At extremes of life absorption, distribution,
metabolism and excretion can all be different to
normal so that drug action becomes unpredictable.
 In particular, plasma protein binding, liver and
kidney function and the number of drugs being
taken concurrently become important in older
patients.
 ‫‪‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺤﺪﺙ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﻋﻜﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻘﺎﻗﻴﺮ ﻛﺎﺭﺗﻜﺎﺱ ﻟﻠﻌﻼﺝ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻘﺎﻗﻴﺮ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ‪.‬‬
‫‪‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﻯ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﻣﺘﺼﺎﺹ‪ ،‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺋﻲ ﻭﺍﻹﻓﺮﺍﺯ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺎً ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﺣﺘﻰ‬
‫ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍء ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺘﻮﻗﻊ‪.‬‬
‫‪‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﺨﺼﻮﺹ ‪ ،‬ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻂ ﻟﻠﺒﻼﺯﻣﺎ ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻇﺎﺋﻒ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻠﻰ ﻭﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻨﺎﻭﻟﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻔﺲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻣﻬﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺿﻰ ﻛﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻦ‪.‬‬
 Adverse reaction of drugs con
 Special care is needed when prescribing
for infants and children
 A nd d ru g use shoul d b e av oi d ed i f
po s s i b l e i n p r e g n a n cy a n d b r e a st
feed i n g .
‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺣﺎﺟﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺭﻋﺎﻳﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻒ ﻟﻠﺮﺿﻊ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻷﻃﻔﺎﻝ‬
‫ﻭﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺗﺠﻨﺐ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﻻﺩﻭﻳﺔ ﺇﻥ ﺃﻣﻜﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻞ‬
.‫ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺿﺎﻋﺔ‬
 Prevention of Adverse reaction of
drugs
 Though it may not be possible to prevent adverse
reactions, c e r t a i n g u i d e l i n e s m a y m i n i m i z e t h e i r
i n ci d e n c e .
 1 - D r u g s t o b e u s ed o n l y w h e n i n d i c a t e d
 2- Pts. history for any allergic or idiosyncratic reactions.
 3 -C a u t i o n s u s e i n e x t r e m e s o f l i f e a n d p r eg n a n cy
 4-Inform the Pt. about likely serious allergic reactions.
 5 -R e s t r i ct t h e ra p y t o f e w f a m i l i a r d r u g s .
 6 - S t r i ct v i g i l a n c e f o r a d v e rs e r e a c t i o n s o r a n y
u n e x p e ct e d e v e n t w i t h r e c e n t l y i n t r o d u c e d d r u g s .
‫‪‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺘﻌﺬﺭ ﻣﻨﻊ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺭﺩﻭﺩ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺳﻠﺒﻴﺔ ‪،‬‬
‫ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻹﺭﺷﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻘﻠﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺪﻭﺛﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ 1-‬ﺍﻷﺩﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ‬
‫‪ 2-‬ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﻷﻳﺔ ﺭﺩﻭﺩ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪3-‬ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻘﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻤﻞ‬
‫‪ - 4‬ﺇﺑﻼﻍ ‪Pt.‬ﺣﻮﻝ ﺭﺩﻭﺩ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺧﻄﻴﺮﺓ ﻣﺤﺘﻤﻠﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪5-‬ﺗﻘﻴﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺝ ﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﻗﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺄﻟﻮﻓﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - 6‬ﻳﻘﻈﺔ ﺻﺎﺭﻣﺔ ﻟﺮﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻱ ﺣﺪﺙ ﻏﻴﺮ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺃﺩﺧﻠﺖ ﻣﺆﺧﺮﺍ‪.‬‬
•EN D o f
in t ro d u c t io n t o
p h a rm a c o lo g y