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AS Electrode Potentials
AS Electrode Potentials
ELECTRODE
POTENTIALS
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ELECTRODE POTENTIALS
INTRODUCTION
This Powerpoint show is one of several produced to help students
understand selected topics at AS and A2 level Chemistry. It is based on the
requirements of the AQA and OCR specifications but is suitable for other
examination boards.
Individual students may use the material at home for revision purposes or it
may be used for classroom teaching if an interactive white board is
available.
Accompanying notes on this, and the full range of AS and A2 topics, are
available from the KNOCKHARDY SCIENCE WEBSITE at...
www.knockhardy.org.uk/sci.htm
CONTENTS
• Types of half cells
• Cell potential
• The standard hydrogen electrode
• Measuring electrode potentials
• The electrochemical series
• Combining half cells
• Cell diagrams
• Uses of E° values
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ELECTRODE POTENTIALS
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TYPES OF HALF CELL
These are systems involving oxidation or reduction
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TYPES OF HALF CELL
These are systems involving oxidation or reduction
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TYPES OF HALF CELL
These are systems involving oxidation or reduction
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TYPES OF HALF CELL
These are systems involving oxidation or reduction
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CELL POTENTIAL
Each electrode / electrolyte combination has its own
half-reaction which sets up a potential difference
The value is
affected by ... TEMPERATURE
PRESSURE OF ANY GASES
SOLUTION CONCENTRATION
BUT... you can measure the potential difference between two electrodes
it is measured relative to a reference cell under standard conditions
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THE STANDARD HYDROGEN ELECTRODE
HYDROGEN GAS AT
298K (25°C) 100 kPa PRESSURE
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MEASUREMENT OF E° VALUES
SALT BRIDGE
ZINC PLATINUM
ELECTRODE
In the diagram the standard hydrogen electrode is shown coupled up to a zinc half
cell. The voltmeter reading gives the standard electrode potential of the zinc cell.
Layout
If species are arranged in order of their standard electrode potentials you
get a series that shows how good each substance is at gaining electrons.
All equations are written as reduction processes ... i.e. gaining electrons
A species
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THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SERIES
E° / V
F2(g) + 2e¯ 2F¯(aq) +2.87
MnO4¯(aq) + 8H+(aq) + 5e¯ Mn2+(aq) + 4H2O(l) +1.52
Cl2(g) + 2e¯ 2Cl¯(aq) +1.36 AN EQUATION
Cr2O72-(aq) + I4H+(aq) + 6e¯ 2Cr3+(aq) + 7H2O(l) +1.33 WITH A
HIGHER E°
Br2(l) + 2e¯ 2Br¯(aq) +1.07 VALUE WILL
Ag+(aq) + e¯Ag(s) +0.80 REVERSE AN
Fe3+(aq) + e¯ Fe2+(aq) +0.77 EQUATION
O2(g) + 2H+(aq) + 2e¯ H2O2(aq) +0.68 WITH A LOWER
VALUE
I2(s) + 2e¯2I¯(aq) +0.54
Cu+(aq) + e¯Cu(s) +0.52
Cu2+(aq) + 2e¯Cu(s) +0.34
Cu2+(aq) + e¯Cu+(aq) +0.15
2H+(aq) + 2e¯ H2(g) 0.00
Sn2+(aq) + 2e¯Sn(s) -0.14
Fe2+(aq) + 2e¯ Fe(s) -0.44
Zn2+ (aq) + 2e¯ Zn(s) -0.76
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ELECTROCHEMICAL CELLS
The resulting cell has a potential difference (voltage) called the cell
potential which depends on the difference between the two potentials
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A TYPICAL COMBINATION OF HALF CELLS
1.10V
ZINC
_ + COPPER
ZINC
SULPHATE (1M) COPPER
SULPHATE (1M)
E° = - 0.76V E° = + 0.34V
zinc is more reactive - it dissolves to give ions Zn(s) ——> Zn2+(aq) + 2e¯
the electrons produced go round the external circuit to the copper electrode
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CELL DIAGRAMS
These give a diagrammatic representation of what is happening in a cell.
• Place the cell with the more positive E° value on the RHS of the diagram.
Cu2+(aq) + 2e¯ Cu(s) E° = + 0.34V put on the RHS
Zn2+(aq) + 2e¯ Zn(s) E° = - 0.76V put on the LHS
Zn Zn2+ Cu2+ Cu
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CELL DIAGRAMS
These give a diagrammatic representation of what is happening in a cell.
• Place the cell with the more positive E° value on the RHS of the diagram.
Cu2+(aq) + 2e¯ Cu(s) E° = + 0.34V put on the RHS
Zn2+(aq) + 2e¯ Zn(s) E° = - 0.76V put on the LHS
_ Zn Zn2+ Cu2+ Cu
+
ZINC IS IN CONTACT THE SOLUTIONS A SOLUTION OF
WITH A SOLUTION ARE JOINED VIA A COPPER IONS IN
OF ZINC IONS SALT BRIDGE TO CONTACT WITH COPPER
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CELL DIAGRAMS
These give a diagrammatic representation of what is happening in a cell.
• Place the cell with the more positive E° value on the RHS of the diagram.
Cu2+(aq) + 2e¯ Cu(s) E° = + 0.34V put on the RHS
Zn2+(aq) + 2e¯ Zn(s) E° = - 0.76V put on the LHS
_ Zn Zn2+ Cu2+ Cu
+
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CELL DIAGRAMS
These give a diagrammatic representation of what is happening in a cell.
• Place the cell with the more positive E° value on the RHS of the diagram.
Cu2+(aq) + 2e¯ Cu(s) E° = + 0.34V put on the RHS
Zn2+(aq) + 2e¯ Zn(s) E° = - 0.76V put on the LHS
_ Zn Zn2+ Cu2+ Cu
+
V
• Draw as shown… the electrons go round the external circuit from left to right
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CELL DIAGRAMS
These give a diagrammatic representation of what is happening in a cell.
• Place the cell with the more positive E° value on the RHS of the diagram.
Cu2+(aq) + 2e¯ Cu(s) E° = + 0.34V put on the RHS
Zn2+(aq) + 2e¯ Zn(s) E° = - 0.76V put on the LHS
_ Zn Zn2+ Cu2+ Cu
+
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USE OF Eo VALUES - WILL IT WORK?
E° values Can be used to predict the feasibility of redox and cell reactions
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USE OF Eo VALUES - WILL IT WORK?
An equation with a more positive E° value reverse a less positive one
What happens if an Sn(s) / Sn2+(aq) and a Cu(s) / Cu2+(aq) cell are connected?
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USE OF Eo VALUES - WILL IT WORK?
An equation with a more positive E° value reverse a less positive one
What happens if an Sn(s) / Sn2+(aq) and a Cu(s) / Cu2+(aq) cell are connected?
the half reaction with the more positive E° value is more likely to work
it gets the electrons by reversing the half reaction with the lower E° value
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USE OF Eo VALUES - WILL IT WORK?
An equation with a more positive E° value reverse a less positive one
What happens if an Sn(s) / Sn2+(aq) and a Cu(s) / Cu2+(aq) cell are connected?
the half reaction with the more positive E° value is more likely to work
it gets the electrons by reversing the half reaction with the lower E° value
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USE OF Eo VALUES - WILL IT WORK?
An equation with a more positive E° value reverse a less positive one
The reaction which takes place will involve the more positive one reversing the other
i.e. Cu2+(aq) ——> Cu(s) and Sn(s) ——> Sn2+(aq)
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USE OF Eo VALUES - WILL IT WORK?
An equation with a more positive E° value reverse a less positive one
Split equation into two half equations Cu2+(aq) + 2e¯ ——> Cu(s)
Sn(s) ——> Sn2+(aq) + 2e¯
Reverse one equation and its sign Sn(s) ——> Sn2+(aq) + 2e¯ ; E° = +0.14V
Combine the two half equations Sn(s) + Cu2+(aq) ——> Sn2+(aq) + Cu(s)
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WELL DONE!
Try some past paper questions
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AN INTRODUCTION TO
ELECTRODE
POTENTIALS
THE END
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