Trabajo de Transferencia de Calor

Journal of Heat Transfer.
Received January 19, 2017;

Accepted manuscript posted February 12, 2019. doi:10.1115/1.4042810
Copyright (c) 2019 by ASME
1 Developing Convective Heat Transfer in Multiport

2 Microchannel Flat Tubes
3 Qin Sun, Yanhua Diao, Yaohua Zhao, Sheng Tang, Ji Zhang, Zeyu Wang
4 The College of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Beijing University of Technology,
5 No. 100 Pingleyuan, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100124, China.
d
ite
6 Abstract
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7 An experimental investigation of fluid flow friction and heat transfer coefficient in
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8 simultaneously developing flow through a multiport microchannel flat tube (MMFT)
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9 was presented. The cross-sectional geometries of five tubes were rectangular with
10 hydraulic diameters of 0.8 mm to 1.33 mm and aspect ratio of 0.44 to 0.94. The
ot
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11 working fluid was water, and the Reynolds number was in the range 150–4500. The
rip
12 experiment result showed that friction factor was successfully predicted by classical
13 correlation in laminar regime, whereas the laminar–turbulent transition in the

sc
14 developing flow was not as obvious as in the completely developed flow. The greater
nu
15 aspect ratio produced stronger heat transfer capacity in the developing flow, although
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16 the effect of the aspect ratio decreased at increased Reynolds numbers for heat
ed
17 transfer characteristics. Moreover, the scale effect improved the heat transfer
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18 performance of MMFTs, especially at high Reynolds numbers.

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19 Key words: Developing flow, Multiport microchannel flat tube, Friction factor, Heat
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20 transfer, High flux

Corresponding author. Tel.: +86 010 67391608-802; fax: +86 010 67391608-802
E-mail address: yhzhao29@126.com (Y.H. Zhao)
1
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Journal of Heat Transfer. Received January 19, 2017;
Nomenclature
a microchannel width, m Greek symbols
b microchannel height, m α aspect ratio (0<α<1)
e wall thickness, m δ rib width, m
pitch of temperature measurement point in
L MMFT length, m σ
the cooper, m
N number of microchannels Δ uncertainty
K absolute roughness ρ mass density, kg/m3
d
Dh hydraulic diameter, m μ dynamic viscosity, Pa·s
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q heat flux, W υ kinematic viscosity, m2/s
t temperature, K λ thermal conductivity coefficient, W/m·K
ed
2
A cross-sectional area of MMFT, m Subscripts
cp specific heat capacity, J/kg·K a air
py
G mass flow rate, kg/s b wall
x+ flow development length, m d top
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x* heat development length, m Cu cooper
ΔP differential pressure, Pa m, n thermometric points
H
W
length of heating surface, m
width of heating surface, m
s
in
ot water
inlet
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f friction factor out outlet
h heat transfer coefficient, W/m2·K f along the way
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Re Reynolds number
Nu Nusselt number
1
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2 1. Introduction
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3 Increased heat quantity must be dissipated because of the rapid development of

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4 micro-electro mechanical systems. Data show that the performance of an electronic

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5 device lowers by 5% when the temperature increases by 1 °C under limiting

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6 temperature [1]. The heating power of a microelectronic chip has also increased three
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7 times in the last decade. Thus, an efficient heat exchange facility is important.
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8 Micro/mini-channels are compact heat dissipation structures that achieve stable and
9 efficient heat transfer, thereby attracting substantial attention.
10 Tuckeman [2] designed a novel, highly compact, water-cooled integral heat sink for
11 silicon-integrated circuits in 1981. This sink dissipated a power density of 790 W/cm2
2

1 under optimal geometric parameter (ww=wc=57 μm, 302 μm depth). The great
2 potential of heat dissipation of microchannels promotes significant foundation for the
3 research on microscale flow and heat transfer characteristics.
4 For friction factor, Wu and Little [ 3 ] measured the gas friction factor in
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5 microchannels with a hydraulic diameter of 55.8 μm to 83.1 μm. The experimental
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6 result showed that the friction factors of both laminar and turbulent regimes were
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7 higher than those predicted from conventional equations by about 10%–30%; the
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8 discrepancy was considered caused by roughness. Choi [4] and Peng [5] proposed
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9 empirical equations of friction for circular and rectangular microtubes respectively
10
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basing on their experimental results, which indicated frication factor in the
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11 microchannel was inconsistent with conventional channel. However, the experimental

rip
12 result of Judy et al. [6] on flow frication factor showed that the N–S correlation was
sc
13 suitable for silicon and stainless steel microchannels with Reynolds number of
nu
14 8–2300 and hydraulic diameter of 15–150 μm. A similar notion was expressed by
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15 Harm [7], who considered the entrance section in the analysis. The experiment was
operated under a Reynolds number of 173–12900. Hetstroni [8] analyzed the data
ed
16
from literature on pressure drop in various cross-sectional micro-channels with

pt
17
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18 hydrodynamic diameter of 1.01–4010 μm. The analysis illustrated that the flow
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19 behavior in microchannels, at least down to 50 μm diameter, did not differ from that
20 of the macroscale flow.
21 For heat transfer, Adams [9] investigated the single-phase heat transfer in a circular
22 micro-tube considering the entrance effect for heat transfer. The result indicated that

1 the Nusselt number was higher than the value predicted from the conventional
2 correlation. Qu and Mudawar [10] conducted an experiment and numerical simulation
3 on a single-phase flow and heat transfer under different heat fluxes of 100 W/cm2 and
4 200 W/cm2, respectively; their results agreed well with the traditional theory. Agostini
d
5 [11] investigated the friction factor and heat transfer characteristics of rectangular
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6 microchannels made of extruded aluminum. The study revealed that when
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7 uncertainties on the channel dimensions, the singular pressure losses of the inlet and
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8 outlet, and longitudinal heat conduction are all taken into account, good agreement
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9 was found with standard correlations or theories. Zhang et al. [12] also calculated the
10
ot
friction factor and Nusselt number of rectangular microchannels made of extruded
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11 aluminum. The result showed that the entrance effect on heat transfer was significant,
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12 especially in the laminar regime, whereas the roughness enhanced heat transfer to a
sc
13 greater extent for large Reynolds numbers compared with lower values.
nu
14 Contradictory research results of flow and heat transfer in microchannels are

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15 reported above, and the effects of various influencing factors are uncertain. Hence,
additional experimental data should be collected. In this study, multiport

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16
microchannel flat tubes (MMFTs) were used as test section to investigate the fluid
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17
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18 flow and heat transfer characteristics of water. Friction factor and Nusselt number
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19 were considered as key parameters. Five rectangular MMFTs with hydraulic
20 diameters of 0.8–1.33 mm and aspect ratios of 0.44–0.94 were experimentally studied
21 under high heat flux. Reynolds number was in the range 150–4500, covering the
22 laminar and transition zones. The influences of aspect ratio, scale effect, and various

1 heat fluxes on the heat transfer of developing flow were discussed.
2 2. Experimental apparatus and procedure
3 2.1 Experimental system
4 The experimental loop is presented in Fig. 1 and consists of a thermostatic water
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5 bath, liquid filter, valves, Coriolis mass flow meter, test section, voltage regulator,
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6 exhaust valve, and data collector. Thermostatic water bath is used to maintain constant
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7 water temperature in all experiments in the circulatory system. The working fluid is
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8 pumped into the test section, flowing through the filter and Coriolis mass flow meter.
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9 The flow rate is controlled by a screw valve, and the air in the system is vented out by
10
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the exhaust valve. A check valve is placed in front of the tee joint to eliminate the
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11 effect of the by-pass pipe. The working fluid is heated by a constant heating flux
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12 provided by a heating unit in the test section. Furthermore, the test section is
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13 thermally insulated with a 70-mm-thick thermal insulation material that ensures heat
nu
14 loss of less than 15% of the heat supplied.

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ed
pt
ce
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15
16 Fig. 1. Schematic of the test facility.

1 The temperature and pressure differences of the MMFT inlet and outlet are
2 measured by a platinum thermal resistance and pressure difference transducer,
3 respectively, during the experiment. In addition, four thermocouples are equipped on
4 the heating unit. All data are recorded by Agilent.
d
5 2.2 Test section
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6 The test section consists of MMFTs and heating unit illustrated in Fig. 2. Five
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7 samples of MMFTs with various cross sections were tested in this study. Agostini [11]
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8 made a classic uncertainty analysis in the case of a nearly square channel. The
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9 analysis showed that the error on the dimension of the channels affected the friction
10
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factor significantly. The dimensions of the five MMFTs were precisely measured
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11 using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to decrease the uncertainty of the friction
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12 factor. Photographs of the electron microscopy of the microchannels are shown in Fig.
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13 3 and the structure of MMFT is shown in Fig. 4. Table 1 displays all sample
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14 geometries.
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ed
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15
16
17 Fig. 2. Schematic of the test section

Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3
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ed
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1 Sample 4 Sample 5
2 Fig. 3. SEM of the cross sections of the MMFT.

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tN
rip
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4 Fig. 4. MMFT structure.

nu
5 Table 1. SEM geometries

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Counterpart 1 2 3 4 5
ed
a (mm) 1.59 1.16 1.01 0.69 0.58
b(mm) 1.14 1.09 1.19 1.30 1.32

pt
Dh(mm) 1.33 1.12 1.09 0.90 0.80

ce
α 0.72 0.94 0.85 0.54 0.44
δ (mm) 0.32 0.35 0.32 0.28 0.24

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e(mm) 0.34 0.37 0.29 0.27 0.25
L(mm) 30 30 30 30 30
N 8 10 12 16 18
L/Dh 22.56 24.19 27.53 31.25 37.50
K/Dh 0.29% 0.57% 0.42% 1.07% 1.03%

1 Inlet manifolds are important during pressure drop and heat transfer
2 measurements, especially in laminar flow. The severity of inlet conditions also
3 significantly affects the critical Reynolds number [13]. A manifold design that can
4 provide a uniform flow distribution and maintain a stable pressure was used in this
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5 study to reduce the effect mentioned above. A multi-channel flat tube was welded at
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6 the center of the manifold, and the insertion depth was 2–3 mm.
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7 The heating unit consists of oxygen-free copper, four cartridge heaters, and a
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8 voltage regulator. Below the contact surface of the oxygen-free copper are four 1-mm
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9 -diameter holes, which was drilled from the side wall to the center plane. Four
10
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thermocouples are inserted into these holes to measure temperature distribution,
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11 which was used to calculate vertical heat flux and the temperature at the top of the
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12 oxygen-free copper. At the bottom of the oxygen-free copper, four 10-mm diameter
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13 holes were drilled to accommodate the cartridge heaters. These cartridge heaters are
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14 powered by a single 0-125 VAC transformer, and power dissipation is measured by a

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15 multimeter. MMFT is connected with the heating unit by braze welding to reduce
contact thermal resistance.

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16
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17
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18 3. Data analysis
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19 3.1 Data processing
20 The hydraulic diameter of the rectangular microchannel is respectively defined as:

2ab
21 Dh  ; (1)
ab
22   a / b 0    1. (2)

1 The pressure drop across the rectangular microchannels is expressed as:
2 Pf  Pt  Pe ; (3)
L G2
3 Pf  f   . (4)
Dh  f  A2
4 A contrast tube without microchannel in the same working condition was tested to
d
ite
5 measure tube friction resistance. Pe expresses the pressure loss of the contrast tube.
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6 The Reynolds number is defined as:
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G  Dh
7 Re  . (5)
A 
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8 The dimensionless axial distance for the hydrodynamic entrance region x  is given
9 by:
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10 x   x / Dh Re . (6)
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11 Kays [14] proposed that developing flow occurred when x  0.05 . Most of the
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12 results in this paper were obtained in the developing flow.

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13 The dimensionless axial distance for the thermal entrance region x* is defined as:
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14 x*  x / Dh Re Pr . (7)
Taine [15] stated that the thermal entrance region was x*=0.0431. All tests were
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15
operated at x*<0.002 in the present study.

pt
16
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17 The power dissipated by the cartridge heaters was adjusted manually by Variac during
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18 the tests. Three power levels were inputted to the MMFTs. These levels were defined
19 by an average effective heat flux qeff . The area of contact surface was A=1 cm2.
20 qeffi 
 tm  tn   Cu  A , (8)

21 where tm and tn are the center temperatures of the oxygen–cooper holes, Cu is

1 the thermal conductivity coefficient of oxygen–cooper at 398 W/m·K, and  is the
2 distance between two thermocouples.
3 The average effective of heat flux is expressed as:
q effi
qeff  i 1
d
4 . (9)
6
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5 The temperature of the contact surface between the copper and MMFTs are
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6 calculated as follows:
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q eff   
td  t4 
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7 , (10)
Cu  A
8 where   is the distance between the fourth thermocouple and contact surface, ot
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9 and A is the contact area.
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10 Heat loss is an important value in the high-heat-flux experiment, which is defined
11 as
sc
Q h   tb  ta  A
*
nu
12  , (11)
QZ QZ
Ma
13 where tb is the external temperature of the thermal insulation layer and ta is the
ambient temperature. During testing, heat loss was lower than 12%.
ed
14
The average heat transfer coefficient is defined as

pt
15
ce
qeff
16 h (12)
 td  ts   A
Ac
17 where ts is the arithmetic average of the inlet and outlet fluid
18 temperatures. A expresses heat transfer area described in Ref. [7]
19 Nusselt number Nu is a dimensionless parameter that implies convective heat
20 transfer capability and can be defined as:

10

hDh
1 Nu  , (13)

2 where  is heat conductivity coefficient under average fluid temperature.
3 3.2 Uncertainty analysis
4 The measurement uncertainties of the facilities used in this study are listed in
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5 Table 2. Meanwhile, the indirect uncertainties of the parameters are reported in Table
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6 3. These uncertainties were determined on directly relevant parameters using the
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7 procedure described by Ref. [12].
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8 Table 2. Directly measured uncertainty
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Facilities Measurement uncertainty
Coriolis mass flow meter ±0.2%
Differential pressure transducer
ot±0.25%
Thermocouple ±0.5 °C
tN
Platinum resistor ±0.1 °C
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9 Table 3. Indirect uncertainties of major parameters
Parameter Value Uncertainty

sc
Dh(mm) 0.80–1.33 ±1.39%–2.57%

A（mm ) 2
13.78–14.50 ±2.71%–4.47%
nu
f 0.071–0.64 ±5.63%–9.32%
Re 150–4570 ±3.05%–5.16%
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(W/cm2) 88–162 ±2.18%–7.16%

h(W/m·°C) 4621.9–18640.3 ±7.96%–20.52%
ed
Nu 8.41–35.57 ±8.08%–20.85%
10
pt
11
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12 4. Results and discussion

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13 4.1 Friction factor
14 The friction factors of the five MMFTs were plotted as functions of Re in Fig. 5.
15 along with the correlation given in Eq. (14) by Shah and London [16] and in Eq. (17)
16 by Harm [7] to developing laminar flow in rectangular channels.

11

1 Shah and London correlation:
K    / (4 x  )  f Re 3.44  x  
0.5
2 f app Re  3.44  x 
 0.5
 , (14)
1  C  x 
0.2
3 where K    and f Re represent the hydrodynamically fully developed flow
d
4 calculated by Eqs. (15) and (16), respectively. C is a constant dependent on the duct
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5 geometry given in Table 4.
ed
6 K     0.906 2  1.693  0.649 ; (15)
py
7 f Re  96 1  1.3553  1.9467 2  1.7012 3  0.9564 4  0.2537 5  . (16)
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8 Harm correlation:
9
ot
f app Re  11.3( x )0.202  *0.094 0.02  x  0.1 , (17)
tN
10 where α* is the ratio of rib width and depth, as illustrated in Ref. [13].
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11 Table 4. Value of C
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α C Error (%)
1.00 0.00029 ±2.3
nu
0.50 0.00021 ±1.9

0.20 0.000076 ±1.7
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0.00 0.000029 ±2.4

ed
Shah & London Shah & London

Harm Harm
1#，Dh=1.33mm，α=0.72 2#，Dh=1.12mm，α=0.94
pt
fapp
fapp
ce
0.1 0.1
Ac
100 1000 2000 100 1000 2000

12 Re Re
13 (a) (b)
12

Shah&London
Harm Shah & London
3#，Dh=1.09mm，α=0.85 Harm
4#，Dh=0.90mm，α=0.54
fapp
fapp
0.1
0.1
d
100 1000 1600 100 1000 1600
ite
1 Re Re
2 (c) (d)
ed
py
Shah & London 1#，Dh=1.33mm，α=0.72
Harm 2#，Dh=1.12mm，α=0.94
5#，Dh=0.80mm，α=0.44 3#，Dh=1.09mm，α=0.85
4#，Dh=0.90mm，α=0.54
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5#，Dh=0.80mm，α=0.44
fapp
fapp
0.1
0.1
ot
tN
100 1000 1000

3 Re Re
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4 (e) (f)
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5 Fig. 5. Friction factor as a function of the Reynolds numbers for the five MMFTs.
nu
6 Fig. 5 shows that the experimental friction factors of the microchannel are
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7 consistent with the classical correlation for conventional tubes in this study. When
Re<1000 and the hydrodynamic entrance length x+ ranged from 0.02 to 0.1,
ed
experimental results agreed better with Harm developing correlation in laminar flow.
pt
9
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10 In addition, the experimental friction factors were highly consistent with those of
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11 Shah and London developing correlation in laminar flow when the Reynolds number
12 ranged from 1000–1500. The critical Reynolds number was noted at Re=1600−2000
13 for the five test samples. Moreover transition of developing flow in microchannel was
14 different from developed flow in microchannel, which was accompanied by a smooth
13

1 change of frication factors. A similar result was presented in Ref. [17].
2 Aspect ratio and hydrodynamic entrance region are two important factors that
3 affect friction factor. Fig. 5(f) compares five microchannel friction factors as a
4 function of the Reynolds number. The microchannel of Sample 1, which possessed the
d
5 largest hydraulic diameter and lower aspect ratio, obtained the highest friction factor
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6 among those of the microchannels tested.
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7 4.2 Heat transfer
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8 During the test, three different heat fluxes were applied to the five MMFTs. Fig. 6
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9 displays the Nusselt number as a function of the Reynolds number for the test sample
10
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3 under the three heat fluxes of 90, 135, and 165W/cm2, respectively. The result
tN
11 shows that the heat flux was greater in the lower Nusselt number when Re<1000. At
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12 high Reynold, different heat fluxes slightly affected the Nusselt number. This
sc
13 observation suggests that the influence of various fluid viscosities cannot be ignored
nu
14 in heat convection [18]. When the heat flux rose from 90 W/cm2 to 165 W/cm2, fluid
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15 viscosity decreased by 3.21%, and the Nusselt number increased by 2.94%. The large
temperature rises between the inlet and outlet that generated low fluid viscosity at a
ed
16
low Reynolds number, influencing fluid heat transfer performance. Moreover, the
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17
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18 change in Nusselt number along with Reynolds number did not show an obvious jump
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19 phenomenon.
14

36 2
90W/cm
2
32 135W/cm
2
24 165W/cm
22
28 20
Nu
18
Nu
24 16
500 1000
Re
20
d
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16
1000
ed
Re
1
2 Fig. 6. Nusselt number as a function of Reynolds numbers under different heat fluxes.
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3 The Nusselt number of Sample 3 plotted as a function of Reynolds number under a
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4 90 W/cm2 heat flux is displayed in Fig. 7 in comparison with four classical
5
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correlations. The experimental results on the Nusselt number agreed well with the
tN
6 correlation mentioned in Ref [19]by Shan and London. The trend of the Nusselt
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7 number is consistent with the correlation by Park [13] under low Reynolds number.
sc
8 Although Nusselt number calculated by Park correlation was less than the
nu
9 experimental result. It was assumed that Park designed a new entrance structure to
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10 weaken the entry effect. A large difference was noted between the prediction of the
correlation by Gnielinski [20]and the experimental result for transition flow.

ed
11
Gnielinski correlation was found unsuitable for predicting developing flow. The four
pt
12
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13 classical correlations are displayed in Table 5.

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15

40 Gnielinski
Park
Chajar and Tom
Shah and London
30 Experimental data(Dh=1.09mm)
Nu
d
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20
ed
py
1000
Re
Co
1
2 Fig. 7. Comparison of Nusselt number as a function of Reynolds numbers with
3 correlations for Sample 3.

ot
tN
4 Table 5. Selected conventional correlations of Nusselt number from literature

rip
Reference Correlation Range of validity

( f / 8)  (Re  1000)  Pr 1
Gnielinski [20] Nu  , f Re  2300  106
sc
1  12.7  f / 8  (Pr  1)
2/3
[1.82log(Re)  1.64]2
69  Re  800
nu
Dh  106m  307m
Park [13] Nu  0.015Br 0.22 Re0.62 Pr 0.33 , Br  (u 2 ) /  (tw  ts )
Hydrodynamic entrance region
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was considered
1.1   / w  1.7
 x / D   / w 
0.0054
Nut  0.023Re Pr 0.8 0.385 0.14
[21] Hydrodynamic entrance region
Chajar and Tom
ed
was considered
   0.02  8.31G   2 1

1/3
 Thermal entrance region
Nu   2.22  x* 
0.33 3
pt
G
3
Shah and London [13,18]
 (  1) 2 was considered
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5 Microchannel geometry, as a significant factor affecting heat transfer, was

Ac
6 considerably studied in our work. The Nusselt numbers of the five test samples are
7 plotted in Fig. 8 as a function of Reynolds numbers under 165 W/cm2. These results
8 reveal that the increment of Nusselt number in the laminar region was lower than in
9 the transition region. The obvious change was achieved when the Reynolds number
16

1 ranged from 1600 to 2000, which was in accordance with the variation of frication
2 factor.
45
1#，Dh=1.33，a=0.72
40 2#，Dh=1.12，a=0.94
3#，Dh=1.09，a=0.85
35 4#，Dh=0.90，a=0.54
5#，Dh=0.8， a=0.44
d
30
Nu
ite
25
ed
20
15
py
10
1000 1600
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3 Re
4 Fig. 8. Nusselt number as a function of Reynolds numbers for the five MMFTs under
5 constant heat flux.

ot
tN
6 Kandalikar [22] conducted an experiment to investigate the effect of different

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7 roughness values. Accordingly, the relative roughness of less than 3% was negligible
sc
8 when the hydraulic diameter was more than 1.06 mm. The hydraulic diameters of
nu
9 Samples 1, 2, and 3 in this study were more than 1.06 mm. Meanwhile, the relative
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10 roughness values measured by SEM were 0.29%, 0.57%, and 0.42%, respectively.
Hence, the effect of roughness could be ignored. The ratio of the Nusselt number
ed
11
between Samples 2 and 3 is plotted against Reynolds number in Fig. 9. The plot
pt
12
ce
13 reveals that the Nusselt number of Sample 2 was higher than that of Sample 3.
Ac
14 Moreover, the ratio decreased with increased Reynolds number. By comparing the
15 geometries of Samples 2 and 3 in Table 1, we noted that the hydraulic diameters of the
16 two samples were close (less than 3%), whereas the aspect ratios showed apparent
17 difference. The aspect ratio notably influenced the heat transfer capacity of the
17

1 microchannel; high aspect ratio enhanced the heat transfer capacity, although the
2 influence reduced with increased Reynolds number. A research [12] showed that
3 aspect ratio does not significantly influence heat transfer in developed flow. This
4 observation explains why the effect of aspect ratio become weakened when Reynolds
d
5 number was high. In this case, the hydrodynamic entrance length decreased, and
ite
6 developed flow growth along with the increasing Reynold number.
ed
py
1.2
Co
Nu2#/Nu3#
ot
1.0
tN
rip
0.8
sc
0 1000 2000 3000 4000
7 Re
nu
8 Fig. 9. Comparison of Nusselt number for Samples 2 and 3.

Ma
9 The ratio of the Nusselt numbers of Samples 4 and 5 is listed in Fig. 10. As shown,
the ratio of the Nusselt number was about 0.98 in the laminar region and increasing
ed
10
with Reynolds number. Moreover, the Nusselt number of Sample 5 exceeded that of
pt
11
ce
12 Sample 4 when Re>2000. The relative roughness of Samples 4 and 5 was

Ac
13 approximately lower than 3% (Table 1). The effect of relative roughness was
14 considered similar; meanwhile, hydraulic diameter and aspect ratio became the
15 primary influencing factors. The scale effect is known to universally promote heat
16 transfer in microchannels. The aspect ratio of Sample 4 was greater than that of
18

1 Sample 5, whereas the hydraulic diameter of Sample 5 was lower than that of Sample
2 4. Combine the analysis from Fig. 9 and the geometrical characteristics of the two
3 samples, we noted that the ratios of Samples 4 and 5 increased with Reynolds number.
4 The aspect ratio affected heat transfer to a greater extent in the laminar region, and the
d
5 hydraulic diameter became the primary influencing factor when Re>2000.
ite
1.2
ed
py
1.1
Co
Nu5#/Nu4#
1.0
0.9
ot
tN
0.8
rip
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
6 Re
sc
7 Fig.10. Comparison of Nusselt number for Sample 5 and Sample 4.

8
nu
9 5. Conclusions
Ma
10 The flow and heat transfer characteristics of the five MMFTs with different
ed
11 geometric parameters were investigated experimentally by testing the friction factor

pt
12 and Nusselt number separately under high heat flux. The key findings from the study
ce
13 are as follows:
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14 1. The experimental friction factors of the five MMFTs were consistent with the
15 developing correlation for the conventional tubes in the laminar region. Compared
16 with the developed flow, frication factors changed smoothly in the laminar–turbulence
17 transition.
19

1 2. Fluid viscosity, which was affected by temperature, could not be ignored under a
2 low Reynolds number. The Nusselt number presented lower value obviously under
3 high heat flux when Re < 1000.
4 3. Aspect ratio notably influenced the heat transfer of the microchannel in the
d
5 developing laminar flow. However, this effect weakened with increasing Reynolds
ite
6 number. The scale effect significantly influenced heat transfer at high Reynolds
ed
7 numbers.
py
8 Acknowledgement
Co
9 The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support provided by the National
10
ot
Key Technology Research and Development Program of the Ministry of Science and
tN
11 Technology of China (Grant No. 2012BAA13B02), Scientific Research Project of Bei

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12 jing Educational Committee (Grant No. 004000546315527) and Scientific Research P

sc
13 roject of Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Future Internet Technology.

nu
14 References
Ma
[1] K. S. Myung, M. Issam. CHF determination for high-heat flux phase change
cooling system incorporating both micro-channel flow and jet impingement.

ed
International journal of heat and Mass Transfer,2009,52(1) 610-619.

pt
[2] D. B. Tuckerman and R. F. W. Pease, High-Performance Heat Sinking for VLSI,

ce
Tuckerman D B, Pease R F W. High-performance heat sinking for VLSI. IEEE

Ac
Electron Device Letters, 1981, 2(5) 126-129.
[3] W. Peiyi, W. A. Little, Measurement of friction factors for the flow of gases in
very fine channels used for microminiature Joule-Thomson refrigerators.
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[4] S. B. Choi, R. F. Barron, R. O. Warrington, Fluid flow and heat transfer in
microtubes//ASME DSC. 1991, 32, pp. 123-134.
[5] X. F. Peng, G. P. Peterson, B. X. Wang, Frictional flow characteristics of water
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TRANSFER An International Journal, 1994, 7(4) 249-264.
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[6] J. Judy, D. Maynes, B. W. Webb, Characterization of frictional pressure drop for
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liquid flows through microchannels. International Journal of heat and mass
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transfer, 2002, 45(17) 3477-3489.
Co
[7] T. M. Harms, M. J. Kazmierczak, F. M. Gerner, Developing convective heat
transfer in deep rectangular microchannels. International Journal of Heat & Fluid
Flow, 1999, 20(98) 149-157.

ot
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[8] G. Hetsroni, A. Mosyak, Fluid flow in micro-channels. International Journal of

rip
Heat & Mass Transfer, 2005, 48(1) 1982–1998.

sc
[9] T. M. Adams, S. I. Abdel-Khalik, S. M. Jeter, An experimental investigation of
single-phase forced convection in microchannels. International Journal of Heat &

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Mass Transfer, 1998, 41(6-7) 851-857.

Ma
[10] W. Qu, I. Mudawar, Experimental and numerical study of pressure drop and heat
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transfer in a single-phase micro-channel heat sink . International Journal of Heat

pt
and Mass Transfer, 2002, 45(12) 2549-2565.

ce
[11] B. Agostini, A. Bontemps, B. Thonon, Effects of geometrical and thermophysical

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parameters on heat transfer measurements in small-diameter channels. Heat
transfer engineering, 2006, 27(1) 14-24
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fluid flow and heat transfer in the multiport microchannel flat tube. Applied
Thermal Engineering, 2014, 65(1) 209-218.

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[13] H. S. Park, J. Punch, Friction factor and heat transfer in multiple microchannels
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[14] W. M. Kays, M. E. Crawford, B. Weigand, Convective heat and mass transfer.
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Tata McGraw-Hill Education, 2012
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[15] J. Taine, J. P. Petit, Transferts thermiques. Sciences Sup. Paris, dunod edition,
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[16] R. K. Shah, London A L, White F M. Laminar flow forced convection in ducts.
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[18] B. Dai, M. Li, C. Dang, Investigation on convective heat transfer characteristics

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Semiconductor Thermal Measurement and Management Symposium, 2000.

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Journal of Heat Transfer.

Received January 19, 2017;

1 Developing Convective Heat Transfer in Multiport

13 correlation in laminar regime, whereas the laminar–turbulent transition in the

18 performance of MMFTs, especially at high Reynolds numbers.

20 transfer, High flux

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3 Increased heat quantity must be dissipated because of the rapid development of

4 micro-electro mechanical systems. Data show that the performance of an electronic

5 device lowers by 5% when the temperature increases by 1 °C under limiting

9 efficient heat transfer, thereby attracting substantial attention.

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2 potential of heat dissipation of microchannels promotes significant foundation for the

3 research on microscale flow and heat transfer characteristics.

11 microchannel was inconsistent with conventional channel. However, the experimental

from literature on pressure drop in various cross-sectional micro-channels with

20 of the macroscale flow.

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2 correlation. Qu and Mudawar [10] conducted an experiment and numerical simulation

14 Contradictory research results of flow and heat transfer in microchannels are

additional experimental data should be collected. In this study, multiport

19 were considered as key parameters. Five rectangular MMFTs with hydraulic

20 diameters of 0.8–1.33 mm and aspect ratios of 0.44–0.94 were experimentally studied

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1 heat fluxes on the heat transfer of developing flow were discussed.

2 2. Experimental apparatus and procedure

3 2.1 Experimental system

4 The experimental loop is presented in Fig. 1 and consists of a thermostatic water

14 loss of less than 15% of the heat supplied.

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2 measured by a platinum thermal resistance and pressure difference transducer,

3 respectively, during the experiment. In addition, four thermocouples are equipped on

4 the heating unit. All data are recorded by Agilent.

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Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3

2 Fig. 3. SEM of the cross sections of the MMFT.

4 Fig. 4. MMFT structure.

5 Table 1. SEM geometries

a (mm) 1.59 1.16 1.01 0.69 0.58

b(mm) 1.14 1.09 1.19 1.30 1.32

Dh(mm) 1.33 1.12 1.09 0.90 0.80

α 0.72 0.94 0.85 0.54 0.44

δ (mm) 0.32 0.35 0.32 0.28 0.24

e(mm) 0.34 0.37 0.29 0.27 0.25

L/Dh 22.56 24.19 27.53 31.25 37.50

K/Dh 0.29% 0.57% 0.42% 1.07% 1.03%

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2 measurements, especially in laminar flow. The severity of inlet conditions also

14 powered by a single 0-125 VAC transformer, and power dissipation is measured by a

contact thermal resistance.

19 3.1 Data processing

20 The hydraulic diameter of the rectangular microchannel is respectively defined as:

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1 The pressure drop across the rectangular microchannels is expressed as:

2 Pf  Pt  Pe ; (3)

12 results in this paper were obtained in the developing flow.

operated at x*<0.002 in the present study.

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