Vehicle-to-infrastructure communication over multi-tier

heterogeneous networks

VANETs ,is a particular case of wireless multi-hop network, which has the constraint
of fast topology changes due to the high node mobility, are a key part of the
intelligent transportation systems (ITS) framework.

Communication modes in VANETs could be sorted into two categories: vehicle-to-

vehicle (V2V) communication and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communication.

(V2V) communication is wirelessly exchange information between vehicles , (V2I)

communication is the wireless exchange of data between vehicles and road
infrastructure.

the standard protocols utilized for the advancement of vehicular network

technology.

(1) (DSRC) which derived from the IEEE 802.x family.

(2)WAVE which derived from IEEE 1609 standards.

 Vehicular network applications include both safety- and non- safety-related

applications:

(1)Safety related apps provide drivers with information to avoid unavoidable risks,
and are supported by the V2V network. Or to educate drivers about safety
precautions without the need for an immediate response and are supported by the
V2I network.

(2)As for traffic applications, it aims to provide users with traffic assistance. The usual
procedures for responding to traffic management messages are either to go ahead or
take an alternative way to avoid danger.

(3)Entertainment and personal applications include information such as the nearest

gas station and the nearest restaurant.
Two important advantages in road safety applications are present in LTE: ( 1) it
provides less latency and a very high data rate.( 2) it carries high mobility.

Heterogeneous networks use a range of different radio access technologies and

cellular formats .by LTE.A it can small cells are overlapped onto large cells in order to
overcome challenges related to network resource management and coverage gaps.

 V2I connection in a multi-tier networks:

by spreading smaller networks while reducing the distances between the receiver
and the transmitter, thus improving the quality of the received signal, and on the
other hand, vehicle speed is a problem for multi-tier networks because it will lead to
frequent handovers and thus increase the chances of the ping pong effect.

V2I communication in multi-RAT environment :The wave protocol can be integrated

into heterogeneous RAT networks to support V2I communications. However, the
main challenge for V2I communication in a multiple RAT environment is the
occurrence of frequent vertical deliveries due to the high mobility of vehicles.

 challenges for V2I Communications:

One of the challenges for V2I Communications is discovering available networks. the
current MIHF needs modifications to fit V2I communications requirements.

Selecting the most suitable available network technology V2I connection in a

heterogeneous multi-tier environment is difficult. This section discusses two
mathematical theories, namely game theory and MCDM. In V2I communications, the
vehicle generally tries to define an appropriate network that offers acceptable Qos
and the lowest usage cost.

it is also Vertical handovers are associated with challenges such as high handover
delays, packet losses (or even call disruptions) and frequent ping-pongs resulting in
unsatisfactory service quality.

one of the proposals the concept of (SRC), Layer-3 mobility and cross- layer based
handovers, handovers based on the movement pre- diction of vehicles, (FCS) and the
concept of macro-assisted small cells.

QoS oriented research for V2I communication is primarily focused on differentiated

services (DiffServ), resource pro- visioning based on application requirements, QoS
mapping techniques, and IP based QoS provisioning .To maintain an acceptable
service quality for various applications, a Policy Provisioning Module (PPM) is used to
handle different priority requirements of the multicast sessions coordinated by the
MBMS feature of LTE.

applying traditional internet mobility management protocols for vehicular networks

is still one of the key challenges.

MIPv6 is standardized by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) to facilitate node
mobility over the internet.

A combination of MIPv6, FMIPv6 and HMIPv6 (FHMIPv6) was suggested to reduce

the handover latency caused by the inter-MAP domain.

A relatively preferable protocol for providing IP mobility in V2I communication is

Network Mobility or NEMO that can provide continuous network connectivity to a
group of mobile nodes.

In V2I communication, vehicles fitted with OBUs communicate with the RSUs through
short message exchanges that are known as beacons. In addition to these beacon
messages, vehicles endowed with embedded sensors can collect environmental
information and communicate it to ITS servers through RSUs.

As Cisco predicts, the global internet data growth is expected to reach 1.4 Zetabytes
by 2017, which is likely to impose significant pressure on the existing V2I
communication infrastructure.

Notable proposed research approaches to vehicular network data dissemination

include push and pull-based protocols, the multimedia broadcast multicast services
(MBMS and Evolved MBMS), hybrid network infrastructure and Fog computing.

Future vehicular communication will support diversified cooperative applications and

services and vehicles will need to transmit many kinds of sensitive data.

In multi-tier, multi-RAT V2I communication, there are two broad categories

associated with possible security problems: attacks on the user and attacks on the
system.

ITS cooperative and academic studies have proposed the use of a digital signature
system based on public key infrastructure (PKI). Where the transmitting node
attaches a digital signature to a message before transmission . The following
vehicular network security standards also need mentioning: IEEE 1609.2 and ISO
21,217.

the ETSI cooperative ITS (C-ITS) developed the ITS station communication
architecture which combines both IEEE-WAVE, ISO_CALM and industrial alliances.
This architecture defines a security layer, which aims to enhance vehicular
communication security.

RSUs may be enabled to co- ordinate key generation and authentication processes.
the RSU generates a random number and a time stamp and distributes them to
vehicles in its communication range after they are encrypted using a special H-
function.

In this summary, information about V2I communication over heterogeneous multi-

tier and multi-RAT network environments. Important points with challenges and
some solutions are presented.