Geometry Refresher

Math Refresher Geometry
GEOMETRY
69 Lines And Segments
69.1 A line is a straight array of points extending infinitely in both directions. If three or more points lie on a
line, the points are said to be collinear. A line can be named by any two points.
Ex In the figure below, points A, B, and C lie on a line.
• • •
A B C
A, B, and C are collinear. The line can be called line AB, line BC, or line AC.
69.2 A piece of a line between two points is called a line segment, and the points at the ends are called (logically
enough) endpoints. The distance between the endpoints is called the length of the segment. The length of a segment
can be represented by writing the names of the endpoints together.
Ex The figure below shows line segment DE.
• •
D E
The length of the line segment is designated DE.
[Note that in geometry, writing two letters together does not indicate multiplication, as it does in algebra.
Fortunately, you can usually tell whether letters are variables or points—variables are generally lowercase letters
and points are generally uppercase.]
69.3 Lengths can be added and subtracted.
Ex In the figure below, G is between F and H.
• • •
F G H
You can say that FG + GH = FH. You can also say that FH – FG = GH.
When values are given for geometric lengths, they are usually plain numbers, with no units.
Ex In the figure below, points P, Q, and R are on a line. The numbers indicate that PQ = 3 and QR = 5. What
is the length of PR ?
3 5
• • •
P Q R
You can see that PR = PQ + QR, and so PR = 3 + 5 = 8.
#Exercise 69
Questions 1-4 refer to the following figure:
©The MBA Center 85

• • •
L M N
H
1. If LM = 7 and MN = 4, what is LN ?
2. If LN = 18 and MN = 6, what is LM ?
3. If LM = x + 2 and MN = 3x – 1, what is LN ?
4. If LN = 4y + 2 and LM = 3y, what is MN ?
• • • •
E F G H
5. If EF = 12 and FH = 7, what is EH ?
6. If EH = 14, EF = 6, and GH = 3, what is FG ?
7. The length of EH minus the length of FG leaves the combined lengths of what 2 segments?
• • •
A B C
8. Name all 3 segments formed by the points in the figure above.

9. If PQ = 24 and QR = 20, what is the least possible value of PR ?
10. T,U, and V are collinear. If TU = 8, TV = 5, and TV > UV, what is UV ?
70 Angles
70.1 A piece of a line that has one endpoint and extends infinitely in one direction is called a ray. Two rays that
have the same endpoint form an angle. The point is called the vertex and the rays are called the sides of the angle.
An angle is usually named with the word angle or the symbol ∠ followed by three letters: a point on one side, the
vertex, and a point on the other side. Sometimes, if there is no ambiguity, an angle will be named with just one
letter, the vertex.
Ex In the figure below, point B is the vertex of the angle, point A is on one side, and point C is on the other
side.
A
•
B
•
C
You can call it ∠ABC, or, since it’s the only angle in the figure, you can call it ∠B.
70.2 If the two rays that form an angle also form a straight line, then the angle is a straight angle. The measure of
a straight angle is 180 degrees, often written 180°.
Ex In the figure below, point E is the vertex of the angle, point D is on one side, and point F is on the other
side. Points D, E, and F are collinear.
• • •
D E F
∠DEF is a straight angle, and so the measure of ∠DEF is 180°.

70.3 Half of a straight angle is called a right angle. The measure of a right angle is 90°. In a figure, a right angle is
often indicated with a little square at the vertex. Lines or line segments that intersect at right angles are said to be
perpendicular. Angles that add up to 90° are called complementary angles.
Ex In the figure below, the little square indicates that ∠HGJ is a right angle.
86 ©The MBA Center

H L
G
The measure of ∠HGJ is 90°. The measure of ∠JGL is also 90°. Line segment HL is perpendicular to line
segment GJ. ∠JGK and ∠KGL add up to 90° and so they are complementary.
70.4 Two adjacent angles that add up to a straight angle are called supplementary angles. The sum of the
measures of supplementary angles is 180°.
Ex In the figure below, ∠QPR and ∠RPS are adjacent and supplementary.
Q S
P
70.5 An angle measuring less than 90º is called an acute angle. An angle that measures between 90º and 180º is
called an obtuse angle. It is generally easy to tell just by looking whether an angle is acute or obtuse. Acute angles
are “pointy”; obtuse angles are “blunt.”
Ex In the figure below, ∠A and ∠B are acute, and ∠C and ∠D are obtuse.
B
D
#Exercise 70
Questions 1-10 refer to the figure below.
©The MBA Center 87

C
A
D
1. Which angles can be named with a single letter?

2. Which angles must be named using 3 letters?
3. Which angle is a right angle?
4. Which 2 line segments are perpendicular?
5. Which 2 angles form a straight angle?
6. Name an obtuse angle?
7. Name 2 acute angles.
8. If ∠B and ∠ACB add up to 90°, are they complementary or supplementary?
9. What is the sum of the degree measures of supplementary angles?
10. Name 2 supplementary angles.
71 Parallel Lines And Transversals
71.1 If two lines are in the same plane but never intersect, the lines are said to be parallel. If a third line in the
plane intersects one of the parallel lines, it will also intersect the other. Such a line is called a transversal.
Ex In the figure below, λ1 and λ2 are parallel lines, and the transversal λ3 intersects them both.
λ1
λ2
λ3
71.2 The angles formed by two parallel lines and a transversal are all related. The four acute angles are all equal,
and the four obtuse angles are all equal. Furthermore, any of the acute angles will be supplementary with any of the
obtuse angles. In other words, take any two angles and they will either be equal or add up to 180º.
Ex In the figure below, λ1 and λ2 are parallel. What is are the values of a, b, c, d, e, f, and g ?
50° a°
b° c° λ1
d° e°
f° g° λ2
One acute angle is shown to measure 50°, and so all the acute angles measure 50°. Thus c = d = g = 50.
The other angles are all obtuse and measure (180 – 50)° = 130°. Thus a = b = e = f = 130.
#Exercise 71
Questions 1-10 refer to the figure below. Lines λ and m are parallel. (The answer to some questions may be
“cannot be determined.”)
88 ©The MBA Center

e f s t
h g v u line λ
w x
line m
z y
line a line b
1. Name all transversals to lines λ and m.

2. Name three angles that must be equal to w.
3. Name three angles that must be equal to t.
4. How many of the named angles shown must be equal to f ?
5. What is the sum of the measures of x and w ?
6. What is the sum of the measures of x and v ?
7. What is the sum of the measures of y and t ?
8. What is the sum of the measures of y and f ?
9. What is the sum of the measures of e and h ?
10. If you were given additional information stating that the measures of e and y are equal, what would that
tell you about lines a and b ?
72 Polygons
72.1 A closed figure composed of any number of straight sides is called a polygon. Polygons are categorized
primarily according to the number of sides. The least possible number of sides is 3, and a 3-sided polygon is called a
triangle. A 4-sided polygon is called a quadrilateral, a 5-sided polygon is called a pentagon, a 6-sided polygon is
called a hexagon, and an 8-sided polygon is called an octagon.
Polygons
triangle quadrilateral pentagon hexagon octagon
(There are some important subcategories for triangles—isosceles, equilateral, and right—and for quadrilaterals—
rectangles, parallelograms, squares, and trapezoids. See below.)
72.2 A point where the sides of a polygon meet is called a vertex. In any polygon, the number of vertices is equal
to the number of sides. The angles inside the polygon at the vertices are called interior angles. It is possible to
calculate the sum of the measures of the interior angles of a polygon. To do so, take the number of sides, subtract 2,
and then multiply by 180. If you call the number of sides n, then you can write the following formula:
Sum of the interior angles = (n − 2)× 180°
Ex What is the sum of the measures of the interior angles in the figure below?
©The MBA Center 89

The figure has 7 sides, so plug n = 7 into the formula:

Sum of the interior angles = (n − 2 )× 180° = (7 − 2 )× 180° = 5 × 180° = 900°
72.3 If all the sides of a polygon are equal, and all the angles are equal, the polygon is said to be regular. You can
find the measure of each interior angle of an n-sided regular polygon by first using the above formula to get the sum
of the interior angles and then dividing the result by n.
Measure of one interior angle of a regular polygon =

(n − 2)×180°
n
Ex What is the measure of each interior angle in a regular polygon with 9 sides?
Plug n = 9 into the formula:
Measure of one interior angle =

(n − 2)×180° = (9 − 2)×180° = 7 ×180° = 140°
n 9 9
#Exercise 72
1. How many sides are there in a quadrilateral?
2. How many vertices are there in a quadrilateral?
3. What is the sum of the degree measures of the interior angles of a quadrilateral?
4. How many sides are there in an octagon?
5. What is the sum of the measures of the interior angles of an octagon?
e b
d c
6. What is the figure above called?

7. What is the sum of the degree measures of the interior angles of the figure above?
8. If the figure above is regular, what does that tell you about angles a, b, c, d, and e ?
9. What is the sum of the degree measures of the interior angles of a hexagon?
10. What is the degree measure of each interior angle of a regular hexagon?
90 ©The MBA Center

73 Perimeter And Area
73.1 The sum of the lengths of the sides of a polygon is called the perimeter. Perimeter is measured in linear units,
such as meters, inches, or miles. If you are given the lengths of all sides of a figure, then you can find the perimeter
by adding the lengths.
Ex If the lengths of the sides of a four-sided figure are 4 inches, 5 inches, 6 inches, and 8 inches, what is the
perimeter of the figure?
The perimeter is equal to the sum of the side lengths: 4 inches + 5 inches + 6 inches + 8 inches = 23
inches.
Ex If the lengths of the sides in the figure below are as indicated, what is the perimeter?
5
4
3 3
The perimeter is equal to the sum of the side lengths: 5 + 3 + 4 + 3 + 3 = 18.

73.2 The amount of space enclosed within a figure is call the area. Area is measured in square units, such as
square meters, square inches, or square miles. You can think of area as the number of 1-by-1 tiles that can be placed
inside the figure.
Ex If each of the small squares in the figure below measures 1 centimeter by 1 centimeter, what is the area of
the figure?
Each square has an area of 1 square centimeter. There are 30 squares inside the figure, and so the area of
the figure is 30 square centimeters.
Different types of figures have different procedures and formulas for finding the area. The procedures and formulas
you need to know are presented in the following pages.
73.3 Perimeter and area are not closely related. Figures with the same perimeter do not necessarily have the same
area.
Ex The four figures below all have the same perimeter: 20 units. But they have four different areas: 24 square
units, 21 square units, 16 square units, and 9 square units.
And figures with the same area do not necessarily have the same perimeter.
©The MBA Center 91

Ex The four figures below all have the same area: 24 square units. But they have four different perimeters: 20
units, 22 units, 28 units, and 50 units.
#Exercise 73
1. If the perimeter of polygon L is greater than the perimeter of polygon S, what can you say about the
relative areas of L and S ?
2. If two polygons have the same area, is it possible for them to have different perimeters?
3. Could “15 inches” be a measure of area, perimeter, or both?
4. What measurement would be given in square miles, area or perimeter?
5. What is the perimeter of a regular pentagon with a side of length 7 inches?
6. Quadrilateral Q has the same perimeter as regular hexagon R. If the lengths of the four sides of Q are 5
inches, 6 inches, 9 inches, and 10 inches, what is the length of one side of R ?
Questions 7-10 refer to the following figures:
Figure A Figure B
7. What is the area of Figure A ?

8. What is the perimeter of Figure A ?
9. What is the area of Figure B ?
10. What is the perimeter of Figure B ?
74 Similarity And Congruence
74.1 Two polygons with the same shape but not necessarily the same size are said to be similar. The angle
measures of similar polygons are equal. The side lengths and perimeters of similar polygons are proportional. If you
see that two polygons have the same angle measures, then you know they are similar and that their side lengths and
perimeters are proportional.
Ex What is the value of s in the figure below?
92 ©The MBA Center

60° s
6
60°
7
4
These two quadrilaterals have the same angle measures. Therefore they are similar and their side lengths
are proportional. The side of length 4 in the smaller quadrilateral corresponds to the side of length 6 in the
larger one. And the side of length 6 in the smaller quadrilateral corresponds to the side of length s in the
larger one. So you can set up a proportion and solve for s by cross multiplying:
4 6
=
6 s
4s = 36
s=9
74.2 Two polygons with the same shape and size are said to be congruent. The angle measures, side lengths,
perimeters, and areas of congruent polygons are equal.
Ex Are the pentagons in the figure below congruent?
80° 6
120°
120°
140°
110° 80°
6
The five angles of a pentagon add up to 540°. The four given angles in the pentagon on the left add up to
400°, which leaves 140° for the unmarked angle. The four given angles in the pentagon on the right add
up to 430°, which leaves 110° for the unmarked angle. So the two pentagons have the same angle
measures. They also one pair of equal sides, and because those are corresponding sides, you can say yes,
the pentagons are congruent.
74.3 Note that the areas of similar polygons are not directly proportional. The ratio of the areas is equal to the
square of the ratio of the sides. If the sides of one polygon are each twice the length of the sides of a similar
polygon, then the larger figure has four times the area. If the ratio of the sides is 3:1, then the ratio of the areas is
9:1.
Ex The polygons below are similar. What is the ratio of their perimeters and what is the ratio of their areas?
The perimeter of the larger polygon is 24 units, and the perimeter of the smaller polygon is 12 units. The
ratio of their perimeters is 2 to 1. The area of the larger polygon is 36 square units and the area of the
smaller polygon is 9 square units. The ratio of their areas is 4 to 1. Thus, while the larger polygon is twice
as wide, twice as tall, and has twice the perimeter, it has four times the area. The area ratio is indeed the
square of the side ratio.
©The MBA Center 93

#Exercise 74
1. Can a quadrilateral ever be similar to a triangle?
2. Hexagons A and B are congruent. If the area of hexagon A is 12 square units, what is the area of
hexagon B ?
Questions 3-5 refer to the figure below:
x°
5 10
Polygon A Polygon B
Polygons A and B are similar.
3. What is the value of x ?

4. What is the ratio of the perimeter of A to the perimeter of B ?
5. What is the ratio of the area of A to the area of B ?
80°
110° 80° 9
6
80° 80° 110°

Polygon D Polygon E
6. Are polygons D and E above similar?

7. Are polygons D and E above congruent?
8. What is the ratio of the perimeter of D to the perimeter of E ?
9. What is the ratio of the area of D to the area of E ?
Question 10 refers to the figure below:
100°
120°
100° 100° 120°
100°
110° 110°
10. Are these pentagons similar?
75 Rectangles
75.1 A quadrilateral with four right angles is called a rectangle.

Ex Is the polygon below a rectangle?
94 ©The MBA Center

The polygon is shown to have three right angles. Since the four angles of a quadrilateral add up to 360°,
the unmarked angle must also be a right angle, and therefore the polygon is indeed a rectangle.
75.2 Opposite sides of a rectangle are parallel and equal in length.
Ex In the figure below, if AB = 5, what is the length of CD ?
B C
A D
AB and CD are opposite sides of a rectangle and so they are equal. Thus CD = 5.
75.3 The diagonals of a rectangle are equal, and they bisect each other. [Bisect means to divide into two equal
pieces.]
Ex In the figure below, if EG = 12, what is the length of FI ?
F G
E H
EG and FH are diagonals of a rectangle and so they are equal. Thus FH = 12. I is the point of intersection
of the two diagonals and so it is the midpoint of both. Thus FI is half of 12, or 6.
75.4 The two dimensions of a rectangle are generally called the length and width. [There is no consensus on
which is the length and which is the width. For some people, the length is the longer dimension and the width is the
shorter dimension. For other people, the length is the vertical dimension and the width is the horizontal dimension.
On ETS tests, it doesn’t matter.]
75.5 The perimeter of a rectangle is length plus width plus length plus width, or, in other words, twice the length
plus twice the width. If the length is λ and the width is w, then the formula is:
Perimeter of a rectangle = 2λ + 2 w
Ex What is the perimeter of rectangle JKLM below?
K L
J M
9
Plug 4 and 9 in for λ and w in the formula:

Perimeter = 2λ + 2 w = 2(4) + 2(9) = 8 + 18 = 26
75.6 The area of a rectangle is length times width:

Area of a rectangle = λw
Ex What is the area of rectangle PQRS below?
©The MBA Center 95

Q R
P 8 S
Plug 3 and 8 in for λ and w in the formula:

Area = λw = 3 × 8 = 24
#Exercise 75
1. What is the degree measure of each angle in a rectangle?
A B
6
E
D 8 C
2. What is the length of side AB ?

3. What is the length of side AD ?
4. If BD = 10, what is the length of diagonal AC ?
5. If BD = 10, what is the length of DE ?
6. What is the perimeter of rectangle ABCD ?
7. What is the area of rectangle ABCD ?
K L
18
N M
KLMN is similar to ABCD above, and KL > LM.

8. What is the length of MN ?
9. What is the perimeter of KLMN ?
10. What is the area of KLMN ?
76 Squares
76.1 A rectangle with four equal sides is called a square. As with any rectangle, the diagonals of a square are
equal and bisect each other. The diagonals of a square are also perpendicular.
96 ©The MBA Center

Ex What is the value of x in the figure below?
x°
The figure has four right angles, so it is a rectangle. The hatch marks show that the length and width are
equal, so it is a square. The diagonals of a square are perpendicular, so x = 90.
76.2 Because a square is a rectangle, the perimeter is twice the length plus twice the width. But because the length
and width are equal, you can write the formula more simply. If the length of one side is s, then:
Perimeter of a square = 4 s
Ex If a square has perimeter 12, what is the length of one side?

The perimeter of a square is 4 times the length of one side, and so the length of one side is one-fourth the
perimeter. One-fourth of 12 is 3.
76.3 Because a square is a rectangle, the area is length times width. But, again, because the length and width are
equal, you can write the formula more simply:
Area of a square = s 2
[Now you can see why the exponent 2 is read “squared.”]

Ex If a square has perimeter 20, what is the area?
The perimeter of a square is 4 times the length of one side, and so the length of one side is one-fourth the
perimeter. One-fourth of 20 is 5. If the length of a side is 5, then the area is 5 squared, or 25.
#Exercise 76
The answer to some of the following questions may be “cannot be determined.”
B 10 C
E 10
A D
1. What is the degree measure of angle AED ?

2. What is the length of AB ?
3. What is the perimeter of ABCD ?
4. What is the area of ABCD ?
5. If the length of AC is 10 2 , what is the length of BD ?
6. If the length of AC is 10 2 , what is the length of AE ?

7. What is the length of a side of a square if the perimeter is 64 ?
©The MBA Center 97

8. What is the length of the side of a square if the area is 64 ?

9. What is the perimeter of a square if the area of the square is 83 ?
9
10. If the ratio of the areas of two squares is , what is the ratio of their perimeters?
4
77 Parallelograms
77.1 A quadrilateral with two pairs of parallel sides is called a parallelogram. Opposite sides of a parallelogram
are equal. Opposite angles are equal, and consecutive angles are supplementary. Diagonals bisect each other.
Ex In the figure below, what is the length of GH ?
F 10 G
E H
The hatch marks show that the diagonals bisect each other. Therefore EFGH is a parallelogram. Opposite
sides of a parallelogram are equal, so EF and GH are equal and GH = 7.
77.2 The perimeter of a parallelogram is equal to the sum of the lengths of the four sides. If you know the lengths
of any two consecutive sides, then you know all four lengths and you can calculate the perimeter.
Ex What is the perimeter of EFGH in the figure above?
The perimeter is 7 + 10 + 7 + 10 = 34.
77.3 You cannot calculate the area of a parallelogram if all you know is the length of the sides. Here are two
parallelograms with the same side lengths (and thus of course the same perimeter) but with obviously different
areas:
The parallelogram on the right has the greater area because it is taller. To find the area of a parallelogram you need
what are called the base and the height. Any side can serve as the base. The height then is defined as the
perpendicular distance between the base and the opposite side.
When you know the base b and the height h, then you can use the formula:
Area of a parallelogram = bh
Ex What is the area of the parallelogram below?
98 ©The MBA Center

12
There is not enough information provided to answer this question. You need a height.
Ex What is the area of the parallelogram below?
5
3
12
Now there is enough information. The base is 12 and the height is 3:

Area = bh = 12 × 3 = 36
77.4 Be aware that all squares are rectangles and that all rectangles are parallelograms, but that not all
parallelograms are rectangles and not all rectangles are squares. When a math question says “rectangle,” the figure
referred to might be a square.
77.5 Here is a summary of the characteristics and formulas for squares, rectangles, and parallelograms:
figure sides angles diagonals perimeter area

square All equal. All right. Equal and P = 4s A = s2
perpendicular
bisectors.
rectangle Opposite sides All right. Equal P = 2λ + 2w A = λw
are equal. bisectors.
parallelogram Opposite sides Opposite angles Bisectors. Sum of the A = bh
are equal. are equal. sides.
Consecutive
angles are
supplementary.
#Exercise 77
Questions 1-8 refer to the parallelogram ABCD below:
B C
4
E
A D
8
1. Which side is equal in length to AB ?

2. Which side is parallel to BC ?
3. Which angle is equal to ∠BAD ?
4. The measure of ∠ADC + the measure of ∠BCD = ?
5. If DE = 3, what is the length of BD ?
6. What is the perimeter of ABCD ?
7. If the perpendicular distance from AD to BC is 3, what is the area of ABCD ?
8. Which angle is equal to ∠BDC ?
©The MBA Center 99

Questions 9 and 10 refer to the following figure:
12
9. If the perimeter of the parallelogram above is 27, what is the value of x ?

10. If the perimeter of the parallelogram above is 27, what is its area?
78 Trapezoids
78.1 A quadrilateral with one pair of parallel sides and one pair of nonparallel sides is called a trapezoid.
Ex In the figure below, is JKLM a trapezoid?
K L
105° 85°
75° 95°
J M
You can tell that KL is parallel to JM because ∠J and ∠K add up to 180°, as do ∠L and ∠M. The
quadrilateral has one pair of parallel sides and is therefore a trapezoid.
78.2 To find the area of a trapezoid, call the two parallel sides the bases b1 and b2 and the perpendicular distance
between them the height h. The formula is:
b +b
Area of a trapezoid = 1 2 × h
2
Think of it as the average of the bases times the height.

Ex What is the area of the trapezoid below?
10
There is not enough information to answer this question. You need the height to find the area of a
trapezoid.
Ex What is the area of the trapezoid below?
10
6 5
Now there is enough information. You have the lengths of the two bases and the height. The average of
the bases is 9, and the height is 5, so the area is 9 × 5 = 45.
#Exercise 78
Questions 1-8 refer to trapezoid ABCD below:
100 ©The MBA Center

B C
A D
1. What is the sum of the degree measures of the interior angles in ABCD ?
2. If AB = BC = CD = 7 and AD = 14, what is the perimeter of ABCD ?
3. If BC = 5, AD = 16, and h = 4, what is the area of ABCD ?
4. If BC = 4, AD = 12, and the area of ABCD is 12, what is h ?
5. If AD = 9, h = 14, and the area of ABCD is 70, what is BC ?
6. If BC = 3, h = 10, and the area of ABCD is 100, what is AD ?
7. If the area of ABCD is 40 and BC + AD = 16, what is h ?
8. If the area of ABCD is 50 and h = 2, what is the average of the lengths of the bases?
5
4
1
4
9. What is the perimeter?

10. What is the area?
79 Triangles
79.1 A polygon with three sides is called a triangle. In one sense the triangle is the simplest polygon: The least
possible number of sides in a polygon is three. In another sense, however, the triangle is the least simple polygon:
There are many facts and formulas for triangles and there are many special triangles with their own special facts and
formulas.
79.2 One simple trait common to all triangles is that the three interior angles add up to 180°. Thus, whenever you
know the measures of two angles, you can easily find the measure of the third.
Ex What is the value of x in the figure below?
86°
x°
34°
The two given angles add up to 86 + 34 = 120 degrees. That leaves 180 – 120 = 60 degrees for the other
angle, and so x = 60.
79.3 If you extend one side of a triangle, you create what is called an exterior angle. Because an exterior angle is
supplementary to the adjacent interior angle, and because the measure of that interior angle is equal to 180° minus
the other two interior angles, it follows that an exterior angle is equal to the sum of those other two interior angles.
©The MBA Center 101

(Those angles—the interior angles other than the adjacent one—are often referred to as the “remote” interior
angles.)
Ex What is the value of y in the figure below?
78°
32°
y°
The angle marked y° is an exterior angle. The remote interior angles are marked 32° and 78°, and so y =
32 + 78 = 110.
79.4 If you extend all three sides of a triangle, the three resulting exterior angles will add up to 360°.
Ex What is the value of s + t + u in the figure below?
t°
u°
s°
The angles marked s°, t°, and u° are exterior angles at the three vertices, and so s + t u = 360.
#Exercise 79
b°
a° c° d°
1. a + b + c = ?
2. If a = 42 and b = 91, what is c ?
3. If a = 37 and c = 45, what is b ?
4. If a + b = 120, what is c ?
5. If the average of a and b is 55, what is c ?
6. c + d = ?
7. If c = 75, what is d ?
8. If a + b = 150, what is d ?
9. If a = 35 and d = 120, what is b ?
10. Can a + b + d be determined without any additional information?

80 Area Of A Triangle
80.1 To find the area of a triangle you need what are called the base and the height. Any side can serve as the
base. The height then is defined as the perpendicular distance between the base and the opposite vertex. When you
know the base b and the height h, then you can use the formula:
1
Area of a triangle = bh
2
Ex In the figure below, AC = 10 and BD = 3, what is the area of triangle ABC ?
A C
D
AC and BD are perpendicular, so you can use them as the base and height:
bh = (10 )(3) = 15
1 1
Area =
2 2
80.2 If all you know is the length of two sides of a triangle, you cannot find the area—unless those two sides
happen to be perpendicular.
Ex In the figure below, what is the area of triangle EFG ?
F
2
E G
12
EF and EG are perpendicular, so you can use them as the base and height:
bh = (12 )(2) = 12
1 1
Area =
2 2
80.3 Any side of a triangle can potentially be used as the base. It does not have to be the side on the bottom. Look
for a side for which you are given a height.
Ex In the figure below, what is the area of triangle HJK ?
J
5
I
16
13
12
H
20
K
You should use HJ as the base, because that’s the only side for which you are given a height. HJ and IK
are perpendicular, so you can use them as the base and height. Note that HJ is equal to the sum of HI and
IJ:
bh = (16 + 5)(12 ) = 126

1 1
Area =
2 2

#Exercise 80
1. If b = 12 and h = 4, what is the area of the triangle?

2. If b = 16 and the area of the triangle is 64 square units, what is h ?
Question 3 refers to the following diagram:
12 5
13
3. What is the area of the triangle above?

B D
C
4. If the area of triangle ABD is 60 and the length of BD is 30, what is the length of AC ?
5. If AC = 12, AB = 13, BD = 14, and AD = 15, what is the area of triangle ABD ?
6. If AC = 8, CD = 15, and AD = 17, what is the area of triangle ACD ?
7. If BC = AC = 6, what is the area of triangle ABC ?
Questions 8-10 refer to the following figure.
Q R
P T S
PQRT is a rectangle.
8. If PQ = 4 and ST = 6, what is the area of triangle RST ?
9. If QR = 9, PS = 15, and the area of triangle RST is 15 square units, what is the area of rectangle PQRT ?
10. If the perimeter of rectangle PQRT is 32, the perimeter of triangle RST is 24, and the perimeter of
trapezoid PQRS is 44, what is the area of triangle PQR ?
81 Side-Angle Relationships
81.1 The longest side of a triangle will always be found opposite the biggest angle. Likewise, the shortest side will
be found opposite the smallest angle. Thus, if you know the relative measures of the three angles, then you also

know the relative lengths of the three sides. Or, if you know the relative lengths of the sides, then you also know the
relative measures of the angles.
Ex In triangle PQR, the length of PQ is 5, the length of QR is 7, and the length of PR is 9. Arrange the angles
in order from biggest to smallest.
PR is the longest side and so the angle opposite PR, that is ∠Q, is the biggest angle. PQ is the shortest
side and so the angle opposite PQ, that is ∠R, is the smallest angle. The order of the angles from biggest
to smallest, then, is: ∠R, ∠P, ∠Q.
Ex In triangle FGH, the measure of ∠F is 53°, and the measure of ∠G is 62°. Arrange the sides in order from
longest to shortest.
When you know the measures of two angles of a triangle, you can determine the measure of the third. The
two given angles add up to 53 + 62 = 115 degrees. That leaves 180 – 115 = 65 degrees for measure of
∠H. The biggest angle is ∠H, and so the side opposite that, FG, is the longest. The smallest angle is ∠F,
and so the side opposite that, GH is the shortest. The order of the sides from longest to shortest, then, is
FG, FH, GH.
81.2 If two sides of a triangle have the same length, it follows that the angles opposite the equal sides are equal.
Likewise, if two angles have the same measure, it follows that the sides opposite the equal angles are equal.
Furthermore, if all three sides of a triangle are equal, it follows that the angles are all equal, and likewise, if all three
angles are equal, then all three sides are equal.
Ex In triangle LMN, the length of LM is 10, the length of MN is 10, and the length of LN is 12. Arrange the
angles in order from biggest to smallest.
LN is the longest side, and so the angle opposite that, ∠M, is the biggest angle. The other two sides are
equal in length, so the angles opposite them, ∠L and ∠N, are equal.
81.3 The length of one side of a triangle is greater than the positive difference between the other two side lengths
and less than the sum. Thus, if you know the lengths of two sides of a triangle, then you know the lower and upper
limits for the length of the third side.
Ex In triangle ABC, the length of AB is 3 and the length of BC is 7. What is the range of possible values for
the length of AC ?
AC must be greater than the positive difference between the other two sides, which is 7 – 3 = 4. And AC
must be less than the sum of the other two sides, which is 7 + 3 = 10. Thus 4 < AC < 10.
#Exercise 81
y°
a b
x° z°
c
1. If x = 30, y = 70, and z = 80, arrange the side lengths in order from least to greatest.
2. If x = 75 and y = 35, arrange the side lengths in order from greatest to least.
3. If a = 14, b = 9, and c = 6, arrange the angle measures in order from largest to smallest.
4. If a = b = 27 and x = 42, what is the value of z ?
5. If a = b = 13 and y = 57, what is the value of z ?
6. If a = b = c, what are the values of x ?
7. If a = 3 and b = 5, what is the range of possible values for c ?
8. If a = 10, b = 6, and x > y, what is the range of possible values for c ?
9. If a = 4 and c = 5, what is the range of possible values for the perimeter P of the triangle?
10. If a, b, and c are distinct integers, what is the least possible value for the perimeter P of the triangle?

82 Isosceles Triangles
82.1 A triangle with two equal sides is called an isosceles triangle. The equal sides of an isosceles triangle are
called the legs. Short hatch marks are often used to indicate equal sides.
Ex In triangle PQR below, the hatch marks indicate that PQ = PR. Thus the triangle is isosceles and the legs
are PQ and PR.
P R
82.2 As we have seen, if two sides of a triangle are the same length, then the angles opposite them are equal. The
equal angles of an isosceles triangle are called the base angles (even if they’re not at the bottom). The other angle is
called the vertex angle.
Ex In isosceles triangle PQR above, ∠Q and ∠R are opposite the two equal sides and so they are the base
angles (they are equal) and ∠P is the vertex angle.
82.3 When you know that a particular pair of sides are equal, you can use one angle measure to find the other two.
Ex In triangle STU below, ST = TU. If the measure of ∠S is 70°, what are the measures of ∠T and ∠U ?
70°
S U
∠S and ∠U are the base angles and so they are equal. Thus ∠U measures 70°. They add up to 140°,
which leaves 180 – 40 = 140 degrees for the measure of ∠T.
82.4 Be careful. If all you know is that you have an isosceles triangle, you cannot necessarily use one angle to find
the measures of the others. You need to know whether the given angle is a base angle or the vertex angle.
Ex If the measure of one angle of an isosceles triangle is 70°, what are the measures of the other two angles?
You cannot answer this question because, without a diagram or some more information, you do not know
whether the 70° angle is a base angle or the vertex angle. If it is a base angle, then the triangle would look
like triangle STU above and the other two angles would be 70° and 40°. But it is also possible that the 70°
angle is the vertex angle, in which case the other two angles would each be 55° and the triangle would
look like this:
70°
55° 55°

82.5 Isosceles triangles come in many different shapes. They can be tall and skinny; they can be short and wide:
#Exercise 82
(The answer to some questions may be “cannot be determined.”)
y°
a b
x° z°
c
1. If b = c, what letters represent the two base angles?

2. If y = z, what letters represent the two legs?
3. If a = 15, x = 70°, and y = 40°, what is the value of b ?
4. Is a triangle isosceles if two of the angles are 40° and 60° ?
5. Is a triangle isosceles if two of the angles are 45° and 90° ?
6. If the measure of one angle of an isosceles triangle is 80°, what are the measures of the other two
angles?
7. If the measure of one angle of an isosceles triangle is 100°, what are the measures of the other two
angles?
8. If the perimeter of an isosceles triangle is 27 and the base is 7, what is the length of a leg of the triangle?
9. If the lengths of two sides of an isosceles triangle are 5 and 6, what is the perimeter of the triangle?
10. If the lengths of two sides of an isosceles triangle are 4 and 9, what is the perimeter of the triangle?
83 Equilateral Triangles
83.1 A triangle with three equal sides is called an equilateral triangle. And if all the sides are equal, it follows that
all the angles are equal. Furthermore, if the three angles are equal and add up to 180°, then each angle of an
equilateral triangle measures one-third of 180°, or 60°.
Ex In the triangle below, all sides are equal. The triangle is equilateral and so each angle measures 60°.

83.2 All equilateral triangles are similar. They are all the same shape; they can differ only in size:
#Exercise 83
Questions 1-8: Answer “yes,” “no,” or “not necessarily.”
1. In triangle ABC, if the measure of ∠A is 60° and the measure of ∠B is 60°, is the triangle equilateral?
2. In triangle DEF, if the measure of ∠D is 60°, is the triangle equilateral?
3. In triangle GHI, if the measure of ∠G is 30°, is the triangle equilateral?
4. In triangle JKL, if JK =KL, is the triangle equilateral?
5. In triangle MNO, if MN =NO and the measure of ∠N is 60°, is the triangle equilateral?
6. In triangle PQR, if PQ =QR and the measure of ∠P is 60°, is the triangle equilateral?
7. In triangle STU, if ST =TU and the measure of ∠S is equal to the measure of ∠U, is the triangle
equilateral?
8. In triangle VWX, if VW =WX and the measure of ∠V is equal to the measure of ∠W, is the triangle
equilateral?
9. What is the perimeter of an equilateral triangle if the length of one side is 9 ?
10. What is the length of one side of an equilateral triangle if the perimeter is 9 ?
84 Right Triangles
84.1 A triangle with a right angle (that is, a 90° angle) is called a right triangle. If one angle measures 90°, it
follows that the other two angles are acute and add up to 90°.
Ex In the triangle below, one angle is shown to measure 90°. The triangle is a right triangle and the other two
angles add up to 90°.
84.2 In a right triangle, the 90° angle is always the biggest angle, and so the side opposite the 90° will always be
the longest side. That side is called the hypotenuse. The other two sides, the sides that are perpendicular, are called
the legs.

Ex In triangle ABC below, side BC is opposite the 90° angle. So BC is the hypotenuse; AB and AC are the
legs.
A C
84.3 If a triangle has one side on the diameter of a circle and the opposite vertex on the circumference of the
circle, then this triangle is a right triangle with the right angle at the vertex on the circle.
Ex Let XZ be the diameter of the circle. Then we know that triangle XYZ is a right triangle with right angle
at Y and we can calculate that the angle at Z is 180 – 90 – 60 = 30°.
X 60° Z
#Exercise 84
1. What is the sum of the degree measures of the two acute angles in a right triangle?
2. What is the maximum number of 90° angles in a triangle?
15 8
17
3. What is the length of the hypotenuse?

4. What is the length of the shorter leg?
5. What is the length of the longer leg?
f°
e° g°
6. If e = 47 and g = 42, is the triangle a right triangle?

7. If e = 46 and g = 44, is the triangle a right triangle?

b°
8
6
a° c°
10
The triangle above is a right triangle.

8. What is the length of the hypotenuse?
9. What is the value of b ?
10. What is the value of a + c ?
85 Pythagorean Theorem
85.1 The lengths of the sides of a right triangle are related. The relationship is summarized in the Pythagorean
theorem, which says that the sum of the squares of the legs is equal to the square of the hypotenuse. Algebraically
speaking, if the lengths of the legs are a and b and the length of the hypotenuse is c, then:
a2 + b2 = c2
Ex The legs of the right triangle below have lengths 8 and 15, and the hypotenuse has length 17.
17
8
15
The squares of the legs are 82 = 64 and 152 = 225. The sum of the squares of the legs is 64 + 225 = 289,
which is indeed equal to the square of the hypotenuse: 172 = 289.
85.2 When you know the lengths of the three sides, you can use the Pythagorean theorem to verify that a triangle
is a right triangle. If the sum of the squares of the two shorter sides is equal to the square of the longest side, then
you have a right triangle.
Ex Is the triangle below a right triangle?
8
6
10
The squares of the two shorter sides are 62 = 36 and 82 = 64. The sum of those squares is 36 + 64 = 64,
which is indeed equal to the square of the longest side: 102 = 100. Therefore the triangle is a right
triangle.
85.3 You can use the Pythagorean theorem to find the length of the hypotenuse when you know the lengths of the
legs, or to find the length of a leg when you are given the lengths of the other leg and the hypotenuse.
Ex The legs of the right triangle below have lengths 7 and 24. What is the length of the hypotenuse?

24
The squares of the legs are 72 = 49 and 242 = 576. The sum of the squares of the legs is 49 + 576 = 625.
That’s the square of the hypotenuse, so to find the hypotenuse, take the square root:
hypotenuse = 625 = 25

Ex One of the legs of the right triangle below has length 12 and the hypotenuse has length 20. What is the
length of the other leg?
20
12
The square of the given leg is 122 = 144 and the square of the hypotenuse is 202 = 400. The difference is
400 – 144 = 256. That’s the square of the other leg, so to find the leg, take the square root:
leg = 256 = 16
85.4 In all of the right triangle examples above, the legs and hypotenuse have all been integers. This is not always
the case.
The squares of the legs are 52 = 25 and 62 = 36. The sum of the squares of the legs is 25 + 36 = 61. That’s
the square of the hypotenuse, so to find the hypotenuse, take the square root:
hypotenuse = 61
The square root of 61 is not an integer and cannot be simplified. To express the length of the hypotenuse
precisely, just leave it in the form 61 . You can use your calculator to approximate the length:
61 ≈ 7.81
Ex One of the legs of the right triangle below has length 10 and the hypotenuse has length 15. What is the
length of the other leg?
15
10
The square of the given leg is 102 = 100 and the square of the hypotenuse is 152 = 225. The difference is
225 – 100 = 125. That’s the square of the other leg, so to find the leg, take the square root:
leg = 125
The square root of 125 is not an integer, though it can be simplified:
125 = 25 × 5 = 5 5

To express the length precisely, just leave it in the form 5 5 . You can use your calculator to
approximate the length:
125 ≈ 11.18
85.5 Be careful. You can use the Pythagorean theorem to find the third side of a right triangle only if you know
whether the given sides are both legs or a leg and hypotenuse.
Ex The lengths of two sides of a right triangle are 5 and 4. What is the length of the third side?
You cannot answer this question unless you know whether the given side lengths of 5 and 4 are the two
legs or a leg and hypotenuse. If they are the two legs, then:
hypotenuse = 5 2 + 4 2 = 25 + 16 = 41 ≈ 6.4
If they are a leg and hypotenuse, then:
leg = 5 2 + 4 2 = 25 − 16 = 9 = 3
#Exercise 85
(The answer to some of the following questions may be “cannot be determined.”)
1. If the legs of a right triangle are of lengths 6 and 8, what is the length of the hypotenuse?
2. If the legs of a right triangle are of lengths 7 and 8, what is the length of the hypotenuse?
3. If one leg of a right triangle is of length 12 and the hypotenuse is of length 20, what is the length of the
other leg?
4. If one leg of a right triangle is of length 4 and the hypotenuse is of length 21, what is the length of the
other leg?
f°
x y
e° g°
z
5. If x = 9, y = 12, and z = 15, is f = 90 ?

6. If x = 8, y = 12, and z = 14, is f = 90 ?
7. If x = 6.3, y = 8.4, and z = 10.5, is e + g = 90 ?
8. If two sides of a right triangle are of lengths 4 and 6, what is the length of the third side?
9. If two sides of a right triangle are of lengths 6 and 6, what is the length of the third side?
10. If the area of a right triangle is 25 and the length of one leg is 10, what is the length of the hypotenuse?
86 Pythagorean Triples
86.1 A set of three integers that satisfy the Pythagorean theorem is called a Pythagorean triple. The simplest and
mostly frequently encountered Pythagorean triple is {3, 4, 5}. Whenever you see a right triangle with legs 3 and 4,
you should realize immediately, without actually using the Pythagorean theorem, that the hypotenuse is 5. And
whenever you see a right triangle with hypotenuse 5 and leg 3 or 4, you should realize immediately what the other
leg is.

4
There’s no need to use the Pythagorean theorem. You should realize right away that the hypotenuse is 5.
Ex One leg of the right triangle below has length 3 and the hypotenuse has length 5. What is the length of the
other leg?
There’s no need to use the Pythagorean theorem. You should realize right away that the other leg is 5.
86.2 The set {3, 4, 5} is not the only set of three integers that fits the Pythagorean theorem. So too will any set of
three integers in the ratio 3:4:5, such as {6, 8, 10}, {9, 12, 15}, {30, 40, 50}, and {54, 72, 90}.
8
Ex One leg of the right triangle below has length 24 and the hypotenuse has length 30. What is the length of
the other leg?
24
30
The ratio of the given leg to the hypotenuse is 4:5, so this is a multiple of the 3-4-5 triangle.
86.3 Be careful. A right triangle with two sides in a 3-to-4 or 3-to-5 or 4-to-5 ratio is not necessarily a multiple of
the 3-4-5 triangle.
Ex The legs of a right triangle have lengths 12 and 15. What is the length of the hypotenuse?
The legs are in ratio of 4:5. This is not a multiple of a 3-4-5 triangle, because in such a triangle it must be
a leg and the hypotenuse that are in a ratio of 4:5. To find the length of the hypotenuse in this case, you
must use the Pythagorean theorem:
hypotenuse = 12 2 + 15 2 = 144 + 225 = 369 = 3 41 ≈ 19.21

Ex Two sides of a right triangle have lengths 30 and 40. What is the length of the third side?
There is not enough information to answer this question. You are not told whether the two sides are the
two legs or a leg and hypotenuse. It makes a difference. If they are the two legs, then this is a multiple of
the 3-4-5 triangle and the third side is 50. But if they are a leg and hypotenuse, then you will have to use
the Pythagorean theorem:
leg = 40 2 − 30 2 = 1600 − 900 = 700 = 10 7 ≈ 26.46

86.4 Besides the 3-4-5 and its multiples, there are many other Pythagorean triples. A very popular one is the
5-12-13.

12
86.5 Multiples of the 5-12-13 are Pythagorean triples as well.
Ex One leg of the right triangle below has length 24 and the hypotenuse has length 26. What is the length of
the other leg?
24
26
The ratio of the given leg to the hypotenuse is 12:13, so this is a multiple of the 5-12-13 triangle. The
given sides are twice 12 and 13, respectively, and so the missing side is twice 5, or 10.
86.6 There are even more Pythagorean triples besides the 3-4-5 and the 5-12-13 and their multiples. There are, for
example, the 7-24-25 and the 8-15-17 and their multiples, and infinitely many more. But the 3-4-5 and the 5-12-13
and their multiples are by far the most common.
#Exercise 86
c
a
b
1. If a = 3 and b = 4, then c = ?
2. If a = 5 and b = 12, then c = ?
3. If a = 3 and c = 5, then b = ?
4. If a = 8 and c = 10, then b = ?
5. If a = 30 and b = 50, then c = ?
6. If b = 24 and c = 26, then a = ?
7. If b = 12 and c = 15, then a = ?
8. If a = 30x and b = 40x, then c = ?
9. If a = 16y and c = 20y, then b = ?
10. If a = 5x and c = 12x, then b = ?
87 45-45-90 Triangle
87.1 If you take a 1-by-1 square and divide it diagonally, you get a pair of congruent right isosceles triangles.

1
1
1
1 1
1
1
1
Ex If a right triangle has legs each of length 1, what is the length of the hypotenuse?
Use the Pythagorean theorem:
hypotenuse = 12 + 12 = 1 + 1 = 2
87.2 Now that you’ve used the Pythagorean theorem once to find the hypotenuse of a right isosceles triangle, you
never have to again. All right isosceles triangles are similar, and so they all have the same side proportions. When
the legs are both 1, then the hypotenuse is 2 . So when the legs are both 2, the hypotenuse is 2 2 . When the legs
are both 3, the hypotenuse is 3 2 . In other words, whatever the length of a leg, just multiply that by 2 to get the
hypotenuse.
Ex In the figure below, what is the length of the hypotenuse?
Because the legs are both 5, this is a right isosceles triangle. Just multiply the leg length by 2 to get the
hypotenuse: 5 2 .
87.3 You can find the lengths of the legs of a right isosceles triangle when you know the length of the hypotenuse.
To turn a leg length into the hypotenuse, you multiply by 2 . So to turn the hypotenuse into a leg, you do the
opposite: divide by 2.
Ex In the figure below, what are the lengths of the legs?
The hatch marks indicate that the legs are equal, and so this is a right isosceles triangle. To turn the given
hypotenuse length of 6 into a leg length, divide by 2:
hypotenuse 6
leg = =
2 2

To rationalize the denominator, multiply the top and bottom by 2:
6 6 2 6 2
= = = 3 2 ≈ 4.24
2 2 2 2
87.4 The angle measures of a right isosceles triangle are 45º, 45º, and 90º. This special type of right triangle is
often referred to as the 45-45-90 triangle. The figure below shows the relationship of the sides of a 45-45-90
triangle:
45є
s 2
s
45є
s
#Exercise 87
45є
c
a
45є
b
1. If a = 5, then b = ?
2. If a = 5, then c = ?
3. If c = 3 2 , then a = ?
4. If c = 4, then b = ?
5. If a = 10 2 , then c = ?
6. If a = 3 , then b = ?
7. If a = 3 , then c = ?
8. If c = 3 , then b = ?
9. If a triangle has sides of lengths 12, 12, and 12 2 , is it a 45-45-90 triangle?
10. If a triangle has sides of lengths 15, 15 2 , and 15 2 , is it a 45-45-90 triangle?

88 30-60-90 Triangle
88.1 If you take an equilateral triangle with sides of length 2 and divide it down the middle, you get a pair of
congruent right triangles. The angle measures of these triangles are 30, 60, and 90, and so they are often referred to
as 30-60-90 triangles.
2 2 2 2
2 1 1
Ex If a right triangle has a leg of length 1 and a hypotenuse of length 2, what is the length of the other leg?
Use the Pythagorean theorem:
leg = 2 2 − 12 = 4 − 1 = 3
88.2 Now that you’ve used the Pythagorean theorem once with a 30-60-90 triangle, you never have to again. All
30-60-90 triangles are similar, and so they all have the same side proportions. When the shorter leg (opposite the 30°
angle) is 1, then the longer leg (opposite the 60° angle) is 3 and the hypotenuse is 2. So when the shorter leg is 2,
then the longer leg is 2 3 and the hypotenuse is 4. And when the shorter leg is 10, then the longer leg is 10 3 and
the hypotenuse is 20.
Ex In the figure below, what are the lengths of the longer leg and hypotenuse?
60°
30°
The shorter leg is 5, and so the longer leg is 3 times that, or 5 3 , which is approximately 8.66. The
hypotenuse is twice the shorter leg, or 10.
88.3 If what you are given is the hypotenuse, then divide by 2 to get the shorter leg, and then multiply the shorter
leg by 3 to get the longer leg. And if what you are given is the longer leg, then divide by 3 to get the shorter
leg, and then multiply the shorter leg by 2 to get the hypotenuse.
Ex In the figure below, what are the lengths of the legs?
60°
12
30°
The hypotenuse leg is 12, and so the shorter leg is half that, or 6, and the longer leg is 3 times the
shorter leg, or 6 3 , which is approximately 10.4.
Ex In the figure below, what are the lengths of the shorter leg and the hypotenuse?

60°
The longer leg is 9. Divide that by 3 to get the shorter leg:
9
shorter leg =
3
To rationalize the denominator, multiply the top and bottom by 3:
9 9 3 9 3
= = = 3 3 ≈ 5.20
3 3 3 3
Multiply the short leg by 2 to get the hypotenuse:
hypotenuse = 2 × 3 3 = 6 3 ≈ 10.4
88.4 The figure below shows the relationship of the sides of a 30-60-90 triangle:
30°
2s
s 3
60°
s
#Exercise 88
60є
c
a
30є
b
1. If a = 5, then c = ? 5. If a = 10 2 , then c = ?
2. If a = 5, then b = ? 6. If a = 3 , then c = ?
3. If c = 14, then a = ? 7. If a = 3 , then b = ?
4. If c = 14, then b = ? 8. If c = 3 , then b = ?

A 60є 60є
C
D
9. What is the length of BD ?

10. What is the area of triangle ABC ?
89 Circles
89.1 The set of all the points in a plane that are the same given distance away from a particular point is called a
circle. A circle will often be designated by the name of the point in the middle, which is called the center. The
distance from the center to any point on the circle is called the radius (plural: radii). All radii of a circle are the
same length.
Ex In the figure below, A and B are points on circle O. What is the length of OB ?
O • B
OA and OB are radii of the same circle and so they are equal in length. OA = 5, so OB = 5.
89.2 A line segment with endpoints on a circle is called a chord of the circle.
Ex In the circle below, CD and EF are chords.
89.3 A chord that passes through the center of a circle is called a diameter. The diameter of a circle is equal to
twice the radius.

Ex In the figure below, Q, R, and S are points on circle P. If PR = 11 what is the length of diameter QS ?
11
Q • S
P
The radius is 11, so the diameter is twice that, or 22.

89.4 An angle formed by two radii, with the center as the vertex, is called a central angle. The central angles of a
circle add up to 360°.
Ex In the figure below, E, F, and G are points on circle D. If the measure of ∠EDF is 61° and the measure of
∠FDG is 59°, what is the degree measure of ∠EDG ?
E
F
61°
D•
59°
G
The three central angles add up to 360°. The two given angles add up to 61 + 59 = 120 degrees, and so
∠EDG measures 360 – 120 = 60 degrees.
#Exercise 89
1. What is the diameter of a circle with radius 9.1 ?
2. If the diameter of a circle is 22, what is the radius of the circle?
3. What is the total number of degrees in a circle?
4. What is the longest line segment that can be drawn with both endpoints on a circle?
Questions 5-9 refer to the circle O below:
O•
Q S

5. Name all the radii shown.

6. Name all the diameters shown.
7. Name all the chords shown.
8. Which is longer, QS or PS ?
9. What is the sum of the measures of ∠QOR, ∠ROS, ∠SOT, and ∠TOQ ?
10. What is the sum of the measures of ∠SOT and ∠TOQ ?
90 Circumference Of A Circle
90.1 The distance around a circle is called the circumference. All circles are similar and so all circles have the
same ratio of circumference to diameter. This ratio is an irrational number approximately equal to 3.14. This number
is called pi, a Greek letter, written π. If you know the diameter of a circle, you can get the circumference C by
multiplying by π:
C = πd
Since the diameter is twice the radius (d = 2r), the formula can also be written:
C = 2πr
Circumference is a measure of length. It is expressed in linear units: inches, meters, miles, etc
90.2 It is conventional to write numbers in front of π and letters after it. Thus, when the diameter is expressed as d,
it goes after (πd), but when you put a number in for d, it goes in front (12π).
Ex If the diameter of circle O is 3 centimeters, what is the circumference ?
Plug d = 3 into the formula:
C = πd = 3π ≈ 9.42 centimeters
Ex If the circumference of circle P is 12, what is the radius?
Plug C = 12 into the formula and solve for r:
C = 2πr
12 = 2πr
πr = 6
6
r=
π
#Exercise 90
1. Would circumference be measured in units of feet or square feet?
2. What is the approximate value of π to the nearest hundredth?
3. What is C if d = 7 ?
4. What is the circumference of a circle of radius 3 ?
5. In terms of y, what is the circumference of a circle with diameter πy ?
6. What is r if C = 24π ?
7. What is the diameter of a circle with circumference 13.2π ?
8. If C = 27, what is r ?
9. How far would a wheel with diameter 10 cm travel in making 3 complete revolutions without slipping?
10. If a point on the tip of a circular fan travels a distance of 60π feet in making 15 revolutions, what is the
radius of the fan?

91 Length Of An Arc
91.1 The part of the circumference of a circle extending from one given point to another is called arc. For any two
points on a circle, there are two arcs. Unless the two points are directly opposite each other (that is, endpoints of a
diameter), one arc will be shorter than the other. The shorter arc, the one that goes less than halfway around the
circle, is called the minor arc. The longer arc, the one that goes more than halfway around the circle, is called the
major arc.
Ex The part of the circumference of the circle below that goes from A to C through B can be called arc ABC
or minor arc AC.
A
•
B
•
•
C
91.2 An arc has two different measures: the degree measure and the length. The degree measure is a description of
the arc’s curvature and is simply the measure of the central angle formed by its endpoints and the center of the
circle.
Ex In circle O below what is the degree measure of minor arc DE ?
10
54°
O E
Central angle DCE measures 55°, and so the degree measure of minor arc DE is also 55°.
91.2 The length of an arc is a fraction of the circle’s circumference. To find the length of an arc, you need to know
not just the measure of the central angle, but also something about the size of the circle, such as radius or diameter
or circumference. To calculate the length of an arc, first divide the degree measure of the central angle by 360. That
will tell you what fraction of the circumference is on the arc. Then find the circumference and multiply it by the
fraction.
Ex In circle O above what is the length of minor arc DE ?
First divide the degree measure of the central angle by 360:
54 3
=
360 20
Then find the circumference. Plug r = 10 into the formula:
C = 2πr = 2π(10 ) = 20π
Now multiply the fraction by the circumference:

3 3
length of arc DE = C= (20π) = 3π ≈ 9.42
20 20

91.3 The process of finding the length of arc when you know the radius r and the degree measure of the central
angle a can be summarized in one formula:
a
Length of an arc = × 2πr
360
91.4 If all you know about an arc is its degree measure, you can say nothing about its length.
Ex In the figure below, how do the degree measures of minor arcs PQ and RS compare, and how do their
lengths compare ?
O S
Q
Angles POQ and ROS are the same, and so the degree measures of the two minor arcs are the same.
However, minor arc RS is a fraction of a larger circle than minor arc PQ is, and so the length of arc RS is
greater than the length of arc PQ.
#Exercise 91
1. Would the length of an arc of a circle be measured in meters or square meters ?
2. If minor arcs of different circles have the same length, do they necessarily have the same degree
measure?
3. What is the length of the arc formed by a 40° central angle on a circle of radius 18 ?
4. What is the radius of a circle if an arc of length 4π is formed by an 80° central angle?
5. What central angle forms an arc of length 3π on a circle with radius 2 ?
6. What is the circumference of a circle if a 12° central angle forms an arc of length 4 ?
7. What is the length of the arc formed by a 180° central angle on a circle with circumference 16π ?
8. What central angle will form an arc of length 7 on a circle with a circumference of 14 ?
9. What is the diameter of a circle if a central angle of 5x° forms an arc of length x ?
10. If on a certain circle, a central angle of 90° forms an arc of length 12, what is the length of the arc
formed by a central angle of 120° ?
92 Area Of A Circle
92.1 The formula for the area A of a circle of radius r is:
A = πr 2
Area is expressed in square units: square inches, square feet, square meters, etc.

Ex What is the area of circle O in the figure below?
O •
Plug r = 5 into the formula:
A = πr 2 = π(5)2 = 25π
92.2 The formulas for circumference ( C = 2πr ) and area ( A = πr 2 ) look somewhat similar. To avoid confusing
them, remember that area is a measure of square units and therefore has the r squared.
92.3 You need the radius to find the area. To find the area when you’re given the diameter, first divide the
diameter by 2 and then proceed with the above formula.
Ex What is the area of a circle of diameter 6 ?
First divide the diameter by 2 to get r = 3, then plug that into the formula:
A = πr 2 = π(3)2 = 9π
92.4 To find the area when you’re given the circumference, use the circumference formula to find the radius.
Ex What is the area of a circle of circumference 20π ?
First use the circumference formula to find r:
C = 2πr
20π = 2πr
r = 10
Then plug r = 10 into the area formula:
A = πr 2 = π(10)2 = 100π
#Exercise 92
1. Would the area of a circle be measured in miles or square miles?
2. What is the area of a circle with radius 11 ?
3. What is A if d = 2 ?
4. If the circumference of a circle is 12π, what is its area?
5. What is the radius of a circle with area 16π ?
6. If the area of a circle is 169π, what is its diameter?
7. What is C if A = 75π ?
8. In terms of x, what is the area of a circle with radius 3x ?
( )
9. If the area of a circle is x 2 − 2 xy + y 2 π , what is the radius in terms of x and y ?
10. What is the area of the largest circle that can be inscribed in a rectangle with dimensions 4 cm by 7 cm?

93 Area Of A Sector
93.1 A closed figure formed by two radii and an arc is called a sector. You can think of a sector as a fraction of
the interior of a circle. You can find the area of a sector if you know the measure of the interior angle and something
about the size of the circle, such as the radius. Use the angle measure to determine what fraction of the circle is
contained within the sector.
Ex What is the area of the shaded portion of circle O below?
P
Q
45°
4
O
The radius is 4, and so the area of the whole circle is πr 2 = π(4)2 = 16π . The central angle measures 45°.
Put that over 360° to see what fraction of the circle is contained within the sector:
45 1
=
360 8
1
Thus the area of the sector is of the area of the circle:
8
1
Area of sector = × 16π = 2π
8
93.2 If the degree measure of the central angle is a and the radius is r, then the formula is:
a
Area of a sector = × πr 2
360
Ex What is the area of the sector formed by a 20° central angle in a circle of radius 6 ?
Plug a = 20 and r = 6 into the formula:
a
Area of sector = × πr 2
360
20 1
= × π(6)2 = × 36π = 2π ≈ 6.28
360 18
#Exercise 93
1. What is the area of the sector formed by a 45° central angle in a circle of radius 4 ?
2. What is the radius of a circle if a sector of area 8π is formed by an 80° central angle?
3. What central angle forms a sector of area π in a circle with radius 2 ?
4. What is the area of a circle if a 12° central angle forms a sector of area 4 ?
5. What is the area of the sector formed by a 180° central angle in a circle with area 16π ?
6. What central angle will form a sector of area 7π in a circle with a circumference of 12π ?
7. What is the diameter of a circle if a central angle of 5x° forms a sector of area πx ?
8. If, in a certain circle, a central angle of 90° forms an arc of length 3π, what is the area of the sector
formed by a central angle of 120° ?
9. The area of the sector formed by a central angle of 60° is what percent of the area of the entire circle?
10. If, in a certain circle, a central angle of 50° forms a sector of area 11.25π, what would be the area of the
sector formed by a central angle half as big on a circle with a diameter twice that of the original circle?

94 Rectangular Solids
94.1 A three-dimensional figure composed entirely of rectangles is called a rectangular solid. That’s the fancy
geometric term for a box.
94.2 A rectangular solid has 6 faces (rectangular surfaces), 12 edges (line segments where the faces meet), and 8
vertices (points where the edges meet).
faces
vertices edges
94.3 Opposite faces of a rectangular solid are parallel and congruent. Furthermore, each edge is equal and parallel
to 3 other edges.
Ex In the rectangular solid below, what is the value of x ?
x
4
7
The edge of length x is parallel and equal to the edge of length 4, and so x = 4..
94.4 A rectangular solid with 12 equal edges is called a cube. The 6 faces of a cube are all squares.
Ex In the cube below, what is the value of y ?
The figure is a cube and so all edges are equal and y = 5.

94.5 To find the length of a diagonal of a rectangular solid, use the Pythagorean theorem twice..
Ex In the rectangular solid below, what is the length of AB ?
A
3
B
9

Plug a = 5 and b = 9 into the Pythagorean theorem to find the diagonal of the front face:
a2 + b2 = c2
52 + 92 = c 2
c = 25 + 81 = 106
Now plug a = 3 and b = 106 into the Pythagorean theorem to find the length of diagonal AB:
a2 + b2 = c2
(
3 2 + 106 )2 = c 2
c = 9 + 106
= 115 ≈ 10.7
#Exercise 94
Questions 1-10 refer to the rectangular solid below:
E F
7
A
B
3
G
D
4 C
1. How many of the vertices of the rectangular solid are not visible?
2. How many of the edges of the rectangular solid are not visible?
3. What is the length of FG ?
4. How many faces are perpendicular to face ABFE ?
5. How many edges are parallel to AE ?
6. How many edges are parallel to AD ?
7. What is the radius of the largest ball that can fit inside a box with the same dimensions as the figure
above?
8. What is the length of AC ?
9. What is the length of DG ?
10. What is the length of AG ?
95 Volume Of A Rectangular Solid
95.1 The volume of a three-dimensional object is a measure of the amount of space it contains. Volume is
expressed in cubic units: cubic centimeters, cubic feet, cubic miles, etc.
95.2 The lengths of the three dimensions are called the length, width, and height. To find the volume of a
rectangular solid, multiply the length λ, width w, and height h:
Volume of a rectangular solid = λwh

Ex What is the volume of the rectangular solid below?

3 inches
4 inches
7 inches
Multiply length by width by height:
Volume = (7 inches )× (4 inches )× (3 inches )
= 84 cubic inches
95.3 In a cube, λ = w = h, so if you call the length of an edge e, then you can rewrite the formula Volume = λwh
as:
Volume of a cube = e 3
[Now you can see why the exponent 3 is read “cubed.”]
Ex What is the volume of a cube of edge 9 ?
Cube the edge:
Volume = 9 3 = 729
Ex If the volume of a cube is 125, what is the length of an edge?
An edge is the cube root of the volume:
edge = 3 125 = 5
#Exercise 95
Questions 1-3 refer to the rectangular solid below:
λ
1. If λ = 2, w = 4, and h = 9, what is the volume of the solid?
2. If λ = 3, w = 5, and V = 60, what is the value of h ?
3. In terms of w, what is the volume of the rectangular solid with dimensions λ = 4 and h = 2.5 ?
4. What is the volume of a cube with an edge of length 7 ?
5. What is the length of the edge of a cube with a volume of 216 ?
6. Which has a greater volume, a rectangular solid with length 10 and width 95, or a rectangular solid with
length 2 and width 4 ?
7. What are the dimensions of a rectangular solid with a volume of 165 if the lengths of all the edges are
integers greater than 1 ?

8. What is the volume of a rectangular solid with a height of 5 if the area of each of the faces
perpendicular to the height is 6 ?
9. If the width of a rectangular solid with volume 90 is 3 times the length, and if the height is twice the
width, what are the dimensions of the solid?
10. How many cubes with edge of length 3 can fit in 10 rectangular solids with dimensions 9 × 12 × 6 ?
96 Surface Area Of A Rectangular Solid
96.1 The surface area of a rectangular solid is the sum of the areas of the six faces. Surface area is expressed in
square units: square centimeters, square feet, square miles, etc.
96.2 All the faces of a rectangular solid are rectangles. Two faces each have an area of λ × w, two others each
have an area of w × h, and the other two each have an area of λ × h. The total surface area can therefore be
expressed as follows:
Surface area of a rectangular solid = 2λw + 2 wh + 2λh
Ex What is the surface area of the rectangular solid below?
3 inches
4 inches
7 inches
Plug 3 inches, 4 inches, and 7 inches in for length, and width, and height:
Surface area = 2λw + 2 wh + 2λh

= 2(3)(4 ) + 2(3)(7 ) + 2(4 )(7 )
= (24 square inches ) + (42 square inches ) + (56 square inches )
= 122 square inches
96.3 In a cube λ = w = h. If you call the length of an edge e then you can rewrite the formula as:
Surface area of a cube = 6e 2
Ex What is the surface area of a cube of edge 7 ?

Plug e = 7 into the formula:
( )
Surface area = 6e 2 = 6 7 2 = 294

#Exercise 96
w
λ
1. If λ = 9, w = 2, and h = 4, what is the surface area of the solid?
2. If w = 3, h = 5, and SA = 46, what is the value of λ ?
3. In terms of w, what is the surface area of the rectangular solid with dimensions λ = 4 and h = 2 ?
4. What is the surface area of a cube with an edge of length 7 ?
5. What is the length of the edge of a cube with a surface area of 150 ?
6. Which has a greater surface area, a rectangular solid with length 10 and width 48 and all integer
dimensions, or a cube with edge 9 ?
7. What are the dimensions of a rectangular solid with a surface area of 22 if the lengths of all the edges
are integers?
8. What is the surface area of a rectangular solid with a height of 5 if the area of each of the faces
perpendicular to the height is 6 ?
9. If the width of a rectangular solid with surface area 162 is 3 times the length and the height is twice the
width, what are the dimensions of the solid?
10. How many cubes with surface area 125 can fit in 2 rectangular solids with dimensions 10 × 10 × 15 ?
97 Cylinders
97.1 A right circular cylinder is a three-dimensional object that has circular ends and sides perpendicular to the
circles. A familiar example of a cylinder is a can:
97.2 To find the volume of a cylinder, use the radius to find the area of the circular base and multiply that area by
the height. If you call the radius of the base r and the height h, then you can write the following formula:
Volume of a cylinder = πr 2 h
Ex What is the volume of the cylinder below?

Plug r = 4 and h = 7 into the formula:
Volume = πr 2 h = π(4)2 (5) = 80π ≈ 251
#Exercise 97
1. What is the volume of a right circular cylinder if the height is 12 and the radius of the base is 2 ?
2. What is the volume of a right circular cylinder if the height is 3 and the diameter of the base is 7 ?
3. What is the volume of a right circular cylinder if the height is 6 and the circumference of the base is
8π ?
4. What is the height of a right circular cylinder of volume 112.5π if the radius of the base is 5 ?
5. What is the radius of the base of a right circular cylinder of height 10 and volume 50π ?
6. What is the circumference of the base of a right circular cylinder with volume 27π if the height is 3 ?
1 2
7. What is the volume of a right circular cylinder of height if the area of one of the bases is π ?
4 3
8. If the volume of a right circular cylinder of height 11 is 99, what is the area of one of the bases?
9. What is the radius of the base of a right circular cylinder of volume 54π if the diameter of the base is
equal to the height of the cylinder?
10. What is the surface area of a cylinder with height 2 if the radius of the base is 2 ?
98 Plotting Points
98.1 The coordinate plane is a graphic representation of all the possible ordered pairs of points (x, y). The plane
consists of two axes: the horizontal x-axis and the vertical y-axis. The intersection of the two axes, generally labeled
O, is called the origin and represents the ordered pair (0, 0):
O x

98.2 To locate any other point in the coordinate plane, first go right or left along the x-axis (right for a positive x
and left for a negative x), then up or down (up for a positive y and down for a negative y).
Ex Plot the points (0, 1), (3, 5), (2, –3), (–7, 8), and (–6, –5).
To plot (0, 1), don’t go right or left (x is 0), but go up 1. To plot (3, 5), go right 3 and up 5. To plot (2, –
3), go right 2 and down 3. To plot (–7, 8), go left 7 and up 8. And to plot (–6, –5), go left 6 and down 5.
• (–7, 8)
• (3, 5)
• (0, 1)
O x
•(2, –3)
•(–6, –5)
98.3 The coordinate plane has four quadrants, conventionally numbered as follows:
II I
III IV
In quadrant I, both the x- and y-coordinates are positive. In quadrant II, the x-coordinate is negative and the y-
coordinate is positive. In quadrant III, both coordinates are negative. And in quadrant IV, the x-coordinate is positive
and the y-coordinate is negative.
#Exercise 98
Questions 1-6: Identify which quadrant the point is in or which axis the point is on
1. (2, 13)
2. (–4, –5)
3. (54, –4.2)
4. (–8, –3)
5. (0, 11)
6. (4, 0)


y
•B
•A
C
• x
O
•D
7. Which is greater, the x-coordinate of point A or the y-coordinate?

8. Which is greater, the x-coordinate of point B or the y-coordinate?
9. Which is greater, the x-coordinate of point C or the y-coordinate?
10. Which is greater, the x-coordinate of point D or the y-coordinate?
99 Distance Formula
99.1 To find the distance between two points that have the same x-coordinates, find the positive different between
the y-coordinates. To find the distance between two points that have the same y-coordinates, find the positive
different between the x-coordinates.
Ex What is the distance between the points (5, 11) and (5, 19) ?
The x-coordinates are the same, so the distance is the positive difference between the y-coordinates,
which is 19 – 11 = 8.
99.2 Finding the distance between two points that do not have the same x-coordinates or the same y-coordinates is
a matter of applying the Pythagorean theorem. Think of the difference between the x-coordinates as the length of
one leg and the difference between the y-coordinates as the length of the other leg. The distance between the points
is the hypotenuse. Thus the formula is:
distance = (x 2 − x1 )2 + ( y 2 − y1 )2
Ex What is the distance between the points (–3, –9) and (7, 15) ?
Plug x1 = –3, x2 = 7, y1 = 7, and y2 = 15 into the distance formula:
distance = (7 − −3)2 + (15 − −9)2 = 10 2 + 24 2 = 100 + 576 = 676 = 26
#Exercise 99
1. What is the distance between the points (4, 7) and (4, 23) ?
2. What is the distance from (–3, 8) to (12, 8) ?
3. What is the distance between the points (3, –1) and (–5, 14) ?
4. What is the distance from (–2, 4) to (5.5, –14) ?
5. What is the midpoint of the line segment with endpoints (4, 1) and (4, 11) ?
6. What is the midpoint of the line segment with endpoints (–6, –3) and (–6, –12) ?
7. What is the midpoint of the line segment with endpoints (4, –3) and (–6, 12) ?
8. What is x if the distance from (0, 0) to (x, 10) is 12.5 ?
9. If a line segment with an endpoint at (4, 0) has midpoint (0, 4), what are the coordinates of the other
endpoint?
10. Is the point (–7, 11) inside or outside of a circle of radius 12 and center (1, 1) ?

100 Slope
100.1 Lines can be drawn in the coordinate plane to represent certain sets of ordered pairs. The slope of a line in the
plane describes its orientation. It is the ratio of the change in y to the change in x. If you are given two points (x1, y1)
and (x2, y2) on a line, you can calculate the slope using the following formula:
y 2 − y1
Slope =
x 2 − x1
Ex What is the slope of the line containing the points (3, 4) and (6, –2) ?
Plug x1 = 3, y1 = 4, x2 = 6, and y2 = –2 into the formula:
y 2 − y1 − 2 − 4 − 6
Slope = = = = −2
x 2 − x1 6−3 3
100.2 A line that goes uphill from left to right will have a positive slope. A line that goes downhill from left to right
will have a negative slope. A line that is horizontal (parallel to the x-axis) has a slope of 0 (because y2 – y1 = 0). And
a line that is vertical (parallel to the y-axis) has a slope that is undefined (because x2 – x1 = 0).
Ex In the figure below, line 1 has a positive slope, line 2 has a negative slope, line 3 has a slope of 0, and line
4 has a slope that is undefined:
y
line 1
line 2
O x
line 3
line 4
100.3 The steeper an uphill line—that is, the more quickly it rises—the greater the slope. Conversely, the steeper a
downhill line—the more quickly it falls—the less the slope.
Ex In the figure below, which line has the greatest slope and which line has the least slope?
y
line 5 line 6
O x
line 7
line 8

Lines 5 and 6 go uphill—they have positive slopes. Line 6 is steeper than line 5—it rises more quickly—
and so line 6 has the greatest slope. Lines 7 and 8 go downhill—they have negative slopes. Line 7 is
steeper than line 8—it falls more quickly
100.4 Parallel lines have the same slope.
2
Ex The slope of line a is . If line b is parallel to line a, what is the slope of line b ?
3
2
Parallel lines have the same slope, and so the slope of line b is .
3
100.5 Perpendicular lines have slopes whose product is –1. In other words, one slope is the negative reciprocal of
the other. If you are given the slope of one and are asked to determine the slope of a perpendicular line, take the
reciprocal and change the sign.
Ex The slope of line c is –3. If line d is perpendicular to line c, what is the slope of line d ?
1 1 1
The reciprocal of –3 is − . Change the sign and you get . The slope of line d is .
3 3 3
#Exercise 100
Questions 1-3: Find the slope of the line passing through the given points.
1. (4, 3) and (9, 7)
2. (–2, 1) and (3, –9)
3. (2, 6) and the origin
4. If a ≠ 2n, what is the slope of the line containing the points with coordinates (2a, a) and (4n, 2n) ?
5. What is the value of b if the slope of the line passing through points (3, 4) and (7, b) is 0 ?
1
6. What is c if the slope of the line passing through points (3, 8) and (12, c) is − ?
3
y
line s line t
line u
line v
O x
line w
line x
7. Arrange lines s, t, and u in order from least to greatest slope

8. If line x is parallel to the y-axis, what is its slope?
9. Which two lines appear to have the same slope?
10. What is the slope of the line perpendicular to a line passing through points (–1, 2) and (–3, –4) ?

101 Intercepts
101.1 The point where a line crosses the x-axis is called the x-intercept, and the point where a line crosses the y-
axis is called the y-intercept. The y-coordinate of an x-intercept is always 0, and the x-coordinate of a y-intercept is
always 0. A horizontal line—a line parallel to the x-axis—will have no x-intercept, and a vertical line—a line
parallel to the y-axis—will have no y-intercept. On the other hand, a line that is neither horizontal nor vertical will
have both an x-intercept and a y-intercept.
Ex What are the x- and y-intercepts of the line in the figure below?
(0, 5)
(–2, 0)
O x
The line crosses the x-axis at the point (–2, 0), and so that point is the x-intercept. The line crosses the y-
axis at the point (0, 5), and so that point is the y-intercept.
101.2 If you know the slope of a line and the coordinates of one point, you can find the x- and y-intercepts. Plug the
given coordinates in for x2 and y2 in the slope formula, and plug 0 in for y1 to find the x-intercept, or 0 in for x1 to
find the y-intercept.
3
Ex What is the x-intercept of the line that has slope and passes through the point (9, –3) ?
4
3
Plug slope = , x2 = 9, y2 = –3, and y1 = 0 into the slope formula and solve for y1:
4
y 2 − y1
slope =
x 2 − x1
3 −3−0
=
4 9 − x1
3(9 − x1 ) = 4(− 3)
27 − 3x1 = −12
− 3x1 = −39
x1 = 13
The x-intercept is (13, 0)
#Exercise 101
1. What is the x-coordinate of any y-intercept?
2. What is the y-coordinate of any x-intercept?
3. If a line passes through the point (0, 7), is that the x- or y-intercept?
4. If a line passes through the point (0, 0), is that the x- or y-intercept?
5. Find the x-intercept of the line passing through (3, 8) with slope of –4.
6. Find the y-intercept of the line passing through (3, 8) with slope of –4.

7. Find the x-intercept of the line passing through (–4, 2) with slope of 6.
8. Find the y-intercept of the line passing through (–1, –5) with slope of 7.
9. What is the x-intercept of the line passing through points (–4, –3) and (2, 5) ?
10. What is the y-intercept of the line passing through points (4, 2) and (4, 7) ?
102 Graphing Equations
102.1 An equation that relates x and y with no exponents can be represented in the coordinate plane by a straight
line. One way to graph an equation is to find two or more ordered pairs (x, y) that satisfy the equation, plot the
points, and connect them. The easiest points to find are the x- and y-intercepts.
Ex Graph the equation 3x = 4y + 6.
Find the intercepts. To find the x-intercept, plug y = 0 into the equation and solve for x:
3x = 4 y + 6
3x = 4(0) + 6
3x = 6
x=2
So the x-intercept is (2, 0). That’s one point. Now, to find the y-intercept, plug x = 0 into the equation and
solve for y:
3x = 4 y + 6
3(0) = 4 y + 6
− 6 = 4y
3
y=−
2
3
So the y-intercept is (0, − ). That’s a second point. With two points you can draw the line:
2
y
O x
102.2 Another way to graph an equation is to use the slope-intercept equation form. Rewrite the equation to
express y in terms of x. That is, put in the form y = mx + b. In this form, m, the coefficient of x, is the slope, and b is
the y-coordinate of the y-intercept.
Ex Find the slope and the y-intercept of the equation 12 – y = 5x.
Rewrite the equation to express y in terms of x:
12 − y = 5 x
− y = 5 x − 12
y = 5 x + 12
The coefficient of x is 5, so that’s the slope. And the term after the x is +12, so the y-intercept is (0, 12).

Once you know the slope and the y-intercept, you can easily graph the equation.
102.3 If you know the slope of a line and the y-intercept, you can use the above slope-intercept form to write the
equation. If you know the slope and any other point, you can use what is called the point-slope equation form:
y − y1 = m(x − x1 )
Plug the slope in for m and the coordinates of the given point in for x1 and y1 and you have your equation.
1
Ex Find an equation for the line that has slope and passes through the point (–10, 4).
5
1
Plug m = , x1 = –10, and y1 =4 into the point-slope equation form:
5
y − y1 = m(x − x1 )
1
y−4 = (x + 10)
5
1
y−4 = x+2
5
1
y = x+6
5
#Exercise 102
2
1. What are the slope and y-intercept of the graph of y = x−9?
3
2. What are the slope and y-intercept of the graph of y = 4x + 2 ?
3. What are the slope and y-intercept of the graph of x + 3y = 4.5 ?
4. Write the y = mx + b form of the equation for the line with slope –3 and y-intercept (0, 1).
4
5. Write the y = mx + b form of the equation of a line with a slope of and a y-intercept of (0, –2).
9
2
6. Write the y = mx + b form of the equation for the line with slope − that passes through the point (–7,
3
1).
4
7. Write the y = mx + b form of the equation for the line with slope that passes through the point (0, 2).
7
1
8. Write the y = mx + b form of the equation for the line with slope and x-intercept (–15, 0).
12
9. Write the y = mx + b form of the equation of a line with a slope of –1 that passes through the point
(4, 8).
10. Write the y = mx + b form of the equation of the line that passes through the points (8, 1) and (7, 9).

Math Refresher Test Yourself After
Test Yourself After

Solve each of the following problems and indicate the best answer by filling in
Time—60 Minutes
the corresponding oval on your answer sheet. You may use any available space
50 Questions
for scratchwork.
Notes:
1. All numbers used are real numbers. You may use a calculator.
2. Figures accompanying problems are intended to provide information useful in solving the problem. Except
when otherwise specifically stated, figures are drawn as accurately as possible. All figures lie in a plane unless
otherwise indicated.
1 Which of the following statements is NOT 5 Which of the following expressions gives the
true? same result as tripling the denominator of the
1
(A) 0 is even. fraction ?
(B) 0 is positive. 5
(C) 0 is an integer. 1 1 1
(D) –1 is an integer. (A) + +
5 5 5
(E) –2 is even.
1
(B) 3⋅
5
2 Which of the following numbers is prime?
1
I. 1 5
II. 2 (C)
1
III. 3
3
(A) I only 1
(B) III only 5
(C) I and III only (D)
3
(D) II and III only
3 2
(E) I, II, and III (E) −
20 5
3 The number 90 is divisible by which of the

following numbers? 6 All of the following are equal EXCEPT:
I. 0 3
(A)
II. 1 8
III. 5 and 6 9
(B)
(A) I only 24
(B) II only 33
(C) III only (C)
88
(D) I and III (D) 0.375
(E) II and III (E) 0.38
4 Which of the following could not be the

7 A plane ticket cost $650 during the week, but
remainder when an integer is divided by 8 ? is increased to $812.50 on weekends. What is
(A) 8 the percent increase in the price of a flight on a
(B) 7 weekend?
(C) 6 (A) 20%
(D) 3 (B) 25%
(E) 0 (C) 75%
(D) 80%
(E) 125%

8 What percent of 8 is 10 ? 13 A gallery wants to choose a sculpture, a

painting , and a photograph for an art exhibit.
(A) 1.25%
If there are 2 sculptures, 5 paintings, and 3
(B) 20%
photographs available, how many different
(C) 80%
combinations of one of each type of artwork
(D) 125%
can be formed?
(E) 800%
(A) 10
9 The ratio of iced teas to lemonades sold at a (B) 20
store is 4 to 5. If the store sold a total of 60 (C) 30
lemonades, how many iced teas were sold-? (D) 60
(E) 32,768
(A) 3
(B) 48
(C) 75 14 In a bag containing only red, blue, and green
marbles, the probability of choosing a red
(D) 1,200
marble is 1 in 3, and the probability of
(E) It cannot be determined from the
choosing a blue marble is 1 in 4. If there is a
information given.
total of 240 green marbles in the bag, how
many marbles are there in total?
10 The ratio of dogs to cats in a certain pet store
is 2:5. Which of the following could be the (A) 20
total number of animals at the store, if there are (B) 100
no other types of animal? (C) 240
(D) 336
(A) 2 (E) 576
(B) 5
(C) 6
(D) 25 15 Three coins are drawn at random from a pile
containing only 18 nickels and 12 dimes. If the
(E) 28
first two coins drawn are dimes, what is the
probability that the next coin drawn will be a
11 What is the average (arithmetic mean) of the dime?
median and the mode of the following set of
numbers? (A) 0
{2,4,4,6,9,9,9,7,7} 10
(B)
(A) 6 30
(B) 7 5
(C)
(C) 8 14
(D) 9 18
(D)
(E) 9.5 28
(E) 1
12 There are 6 women in a company in which the
average age of a woman is 29 and the average 16 All of the following are equal EXCEPT:
age of a man is 35. If there are twice as many
2
women as men in the company, what is the ⎛1⎞
average age of everyone in the company? (A) ⎜ ⎟
⎝5⎠
(A) 29 ⎛ 1 ⎞⎛ 1 ⎞
(B) 31 (B) ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟
⎝ 5 ⎠⎝ 5 ⎠
(C) 32
(D) 35 1
(C)
(E) 64 10
1
(D)
52
12
(E)
52

17 All of the following are equal EXCEPT: 22 Which of the following expressions is
equivalent to (x − 4 )(3 x + 2 ) ?
(A) 38
(B) 32 × 34 (A) 4x − 2
(C) (3 )2 4 (B) 3x 2 − 8
3x 2 − 10 x − 8
(3 )
(C)
4 2
(D) (D) x − 12 x − 8
(E) 2 x − 12 x
(E) 37 + 37 + 37
x 2 − 5x + 4
equivalent to ?
(A) 288 x 2 + 16
(B) 4 18
(A)
(x − 1)(x − 4)
(C) 6 8 (x + 4)(x + 4)
(D) 8 6
(B)
(x − 1)(x − 4)
(E) 12 2 (x + 4)(x − 4)
(C)
(x + 5)(x − 1)
19 Which of the following is equal to 10 ? x 2 + 16
50
(D)
(x − 1)(x − 4)
x 2 + 16
(A) 2
(E) None of the above
(B) 5
(5 x − 7 ) = 2 x + 4 , what is the value of x ?
24 If
(C) 10
3
(D) 5 2
(E) 2 5 (A) –19
(B) –11
(C) 0
20 What is the value of − 2 x 2 + 3(x − 2) − 5 x + 7 if (D) 11
x = –3 ? (E) 19
(A) –41
(B) – 11 25 If 4(s + u) = 6t + s , what is the value of s in
(C) 1 terms of t and u ?
(D) 25 (A) 6t + s
(E) 43 6t + s
(B)
3
21 Which of the following expressions is (C) 6t + s − 4u
equivalent to 2 x 2 + 4 x − 2 y + 5 y − 5( y + 2) ? 6t + s − 4u
(D)
4
(A) 2x2 + 4x − 2 y + 2 6t − 4u
(E)
(B) 2 x 2 + 4 x − 2 y + 10 3
(C) 2 x 2 − 2 y + 4 x − 10
26 If –3x + 12 < 6, which of the following gives
(D) 6 x 2 − 2 y − 10 all possible values of x ?
(E) 2 x + 4 x − 12 y − 10
2
(A) x < –2
(B) x > –2
(C) x<2
(D) x>2
(E) x≠2

27 What is the value of y if 2x – 5y = 37 and 4x + 31 Points A, B, C, and D lie on a line, in that

3y = 9 ? order. If the distance from point A to point D is
18 units, the distance from point A to point C is
(A) 6
7 units, and the distance from point B to point
(B) 5
D is 15 units, what is the distance from point B
(C) 0
to point C ?
(D) –5
(E) –6 (A) –4
(B) 0
28 If 2 more than the product of 3 and y is 4 less (C) 4
than the quotient of y and 2, what is the value (D) 22
of y ? (E) It cannot be determined from the
information given.
(A) –6
12
(B) −
5 32 Points A, B, and C lie on a plane. If the
distance from A to B is 12, and from B to C is
6 5, which of the following could be the distance
(C)
7 from A to C ?
6 (A) 5
(D)
5 (B) 6.5
(E) 18 (C) 7
(D) 17.5
29 If Bob walked 5 more miles, he would have (E) 18
walked 3 times as far as Charlie did. If Charlie
walked 10 miles, how far did Bob actually
walk? y° x°
5 z°
(A)
3
(B) 5
(C) 10
(D) 25 33 In the figure above, if y = 120, what is the
value of 3x + 2z ?
(E) 35
(A) 60
(B) 120
30 If 1 sandwich requires 4 slices of meat, how (C) 180
many complete sandwiches can be made from
82 slices of meat? (D) 300
(A) 328 information given.
(B) 82
(C) 21
(D) 20
4
(E)
82

a° 20° A
b°
4 4 2
34 In the figure above, what is the value of a – b ?

(A) 0
(B) 20
(C) 160
B 2 C D
(D) 180
(E) 320 In the figure above, C is the midpoint of
38 segment BD. What is the area of triangle
ABD ?
b° (A) 4
(B) 8
(C) 16
a° c°
(D) 20
information given.
39 The length of the longest side of a triangle is 9,

and the length of the shortest side is 4. If the
length of the other side is x, which of the
36 The figure above is a pentagon formed by following could not be the value of x ?
combining a triangle and a square. If b = 80,
What is the value of a + c ? I. 5
II. 6
(A) 100 III. 8
(B) 280
(C) 460 (A) I only
(D) 540 (B) II only
(E) It cannot be determined from the (C) III only
information given. (D) II and III only
(E) I, II, and III
37 The area of a triangle with base of length 6 is x B
square units and the perimeter of a triangle
with sides of length 2, 5, and 5 is y units. If x =
2y, what is the height of the triangle with base
of length 6 ?
(A) 2
(B) 4
(C) 6
(D) 8 A C D
(E) 10
40 In the figure above, ABC is equilateral and BC
= CD. What is the degree measure of angle
ABD ?
(A) 30
(B) 60
(C) 90
(D) 120
information given.

44 Two distinct points A and B are drawn on a

61° circle of radius 4. Which of the following
could not be the distance from A to B ?
a b (A) 0.1
(B) 1
(C) 4.1
(D) 8
59° 60° (E) 8.1
c
45 What is the area of a circle with a
41 If a, b, and c represent the lengths of the sides circumference of 16π units?
of the triangle shown above, which of the
following is a correct ordering of a, b, and c (A) 4π
from greatest to least? (B) 8π
(A) a, b, c (C) 16π
(B) a, c, b (D) 32π
(C) b, a, c (E) 64π
(D) b, c, a
(E) c, a, b
A
•B
40 • C
30 O
42 What is the value of x in the figure above? 46 What is the area of sector AOC if the length of
arc ABC is 4π centimeters and the radius of the
(A) 10 7 circle is 10 centimeters?
(B) 7 10 4π
(A) cm
(C) 50 10
(D) 7006 (B) 10π cm
(E) 2500 (C) 20π cm
(D) 40π cm
60° information given.
x 8
47 A rectangular box has dimensions 2, 7, and x.

45° What is the value of x if the volume of the box
is 280 ?
43 What is the value of x in the figure above? (A) 10
(A) 4 (B) 20
(B) 8 (C) 30
(C) 4 2 (D) 40
(E) 50
(D) 4 3
information given.

48 What is the length of an edge of a cube with a 50 Line segment AB has a length of 5 units. If the
surface area of 486 ? coordinates of point A are (–2, 1), which of the
following could be the coordinates of point B ?
(A) 3
(B) 9 I. (–2, –4)
(C) 27 II. (3, 6)
(D) 36 III. (–5, –3)
(E) 54
(A) I only
(B) II only
y (C) III only
(D) I and II
(E) I and III
m n
49 In the figure above, m, n, and p represent the

slopes of each of the lines shown. Which of the
following is a correct listing of the slopes in
order from greatest to least?
(A) n, m, p
(B) n, p, m
(C) m, n, p
(D) p, n, m
(E) m, p, n

Correct If Incorrect, Math Refresher

Question Topic
Answer Check Here Items
1 B
Basic definitions 1–8
2 D
3 E
Factors and multiples 9–15
4 A
5 D
Fractions and decimals 16–27
6 E
Arithmetic
7 B
Percents 28–30
8 D
9 B
Ratios 31
10 E
11 C
Average, median, and mode 32–36
12 B
13 C
14 E Possibilities and probability 37–38
15 C
16 C
Exponents 39–40
17 B
18 D
Square Roots 41–43
19 A
20 B
Expressions 44–51
21 C
22 C
52, 59
Algebra
FOIL and factoring

23 D
24 A
Basic solutions 53–56
25 E
26 D
Advanced solutions 57–58, 60–62
27 B
28 B
29 D Algebraic word problems 63–66
30 D
31 C
32 C
Lines and angles 67–69
33 D
34 A
35 E
Polygons 70–76
36 B
37 D
Geometry
38 B
39 A Triangles 77–81
40 C
41 E
42 A
Right triangles 82–86
43 C
44 E
45 E Circles 87–91
46 C
47 B
Solids 92–95
48 B
49 D
Coordinate geometry 96–100
50 E

Math Refresher Answer Key
Math Review
Answer Key
9. At least one of 7. 2, 3, 6 20
Exercise 1 4.
them is 0. 8. 3 32
1. 0
10. Q = 1 and R = 1 9. 2
2. –1 6
10. 3, 5, 9 5.
3. 75 Exercise 6 14
4. 0 1. –9 Exercise 11 33
5. –19 2. 89 1. 7 6.
100
6. –320 3. –49 2. 1
7. –1,000 4. 49 3. 3 20
7.
8. –9 5. 1 4. 5 6
9. –100, 0, 1, 10, 99 6. 0 5. 6 100
10. –78, –76, –75, 7. –4 6. 7 8.
100
74, 77 8. 4 7. 6
9. It is equal to 1.
9. 1 8. 1
Exercise 2 10. It is greater than
10. –1 9. 1
1. 5 1.
10. 2
2. 8 Exercise 7
Exercise 16
3. 3 1. 203 Exercise 12
3
4. 10 2. 29 1. 3 × 17 1.
5. 999 3. 20 2. prime 4
6. 10,000 4. –16 3. 7 × 13 5
2.
7. 10,234 5. 8 4. 13 × 23 8
8. 98,765 6. 28 5. 11 × 31 1
9. –10,000 7. 3 3.
6. 3 × 3 × 7 × 7 16
10. –10,234 8. 14 7. prime
9. –1 2
Exercise 3 8. 31 × 31 4.
10. –2 3
1. 17 9. 7 × 7 × 7 × 7
16
2. 60 Exercise 8 10. 41 × 61 5.
3. 7 1. even 81
Exercise 13 3
4. 11 2. odd 6.
1. 12
5. 1 3. odd 20
2. 110
6. the product 4. even 5
3. 60 7.
7. the sum 5. even
4. 48 7
8. They’re equal. 6. odd
5. 60 7
9. 3 7. even 8.
6. 252 13
10. 3 8. even
7. 120 392
9. They are all odd. 9.
Exercise 4 8. 630
10. At least one of 405
1. 11 9. 2,431
them is even. 7
2. 5 10. 72 10.
3. 24 Exercise 9 13
Exercise 14
4. 0 1. 6 Exercise 17
1. 3
5. 1 2. 24 11
2. 15
6. 9 3. 16 1.
3. 35 12
7. 12 4. 20, 40, 60, 80
4. 1 3
8. 0 5. 1, 2, 4, 5, 10, 20 2.
5. 32 10
9. 1 6. 1, 19
6. 1
10. 10 7. 2 63
7. 31 3.
8. 1, 2, 3, 6 110
Exercise 5 8. 11
9. 1
1. 0 9. 1 1
10. 0 4.
2. 1 10. 21 6
3. A = B Exercise 10 3
Exercise 15
4. C = 1 1. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10 5.
1. 4 8
5. E = 0 2. 3, 5, 9
2. 3 7
6. G = H 3. 2, 3, 6, 9 6.
6 18
7. J = 0 and K ≠ 0 4. 2, 3, 4, 6, 9 3.
8. They are 5. 3, 5, 9 8
consecutive integers. 6. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10

1 4 5 4. 0.02
7. 3. 3 10. − 5. 0.98765
90 7 6
1 6. 0.8421
15
8. 4. 26 Exercise 23 7. 0.099
16 4 1. 0.06 8. 0.01
13 1 2. 1.275 9. –1.809
9. 5. 6
15 3 3. 0.64 10. –2.3456
11 5 4. 0.5625
10. 6. Exercise 28
3 5. 1.21875
20 1. 1.5%
5 3
7. 6. 2. 120%
Exercise 18 2
2 3. 0.09
3 10 16 4. 1.75
1. 8. 7.
10 3 5 5. 36%
16 9 6. 52.5%
2. 71 8.
45 9. 1,000 7. 531.25%
6
2 2
3. 401 51 8.
10. 9. 25
5 20 50
3 3 17
4. 10. 9.
Exercise 21 2
28 200
2 1
2 1. 10.
5. 3 Exercise 24
10,000
13
6 1. 0.3
1 2. Exercise 29
6. 5 2. 0.142857
32 1. 19
3. 7 3. 0.4 2. 80
1
7. 1 3. 195
6 4. 4. 1.1
12 4. 8,700
1 5. 1 5. 0.56
8. 5. 64%
20 4 6. 0.238095 6. 160%
6. −
1 3 7. 0.12 7. 28,854
9. 8. 95%
17 7. –1 8. 0.276
1 2 9. 9 9. 1,280
10. 8. 10. 525
220 5 10. 5
3 Exercise 30
Exercise 19 Exercise 25
9. 1. 29
1. 2 100 1. 2.14
2. 93.3 2. 54
4 3 3. 59.5
2. 10. − 3. 0.001
3 17 4. 18
4. 0.0011
3 5. 20.100 5. $6,175
3. Exercise 22
2 6. 200.0 6. 8%
13 7. 950%
1 1. 7. 1,900
4. 20 8. 72
4 8. 125,000,000
1 9. 1,100,000 9. 75
5. 1 2.
10 10. 0 10. 95,325
36
6. 7 Exercise 31
49 3. Exercise 26
4 1. 0.1353 1. 4:3
7. 9
4 2. 0.0914 2. 9:11
1 4. 3. cannot be
8. 5 3. 7
30 determined
5 4. 0.052
10 5. 5. 0.3 4. the number of
9. 7 lions
3 7 6. 1.02306
6. 7. 10.9989 5. 3
1
10. 8 8. 0.04 6. cannot be
49 1 determined
7. 9. 25
Exercise 20 4 10. 30 7. cannot be
1 1 determined
1. 1 8. − Exercise 27 5
2 3 1. 0.001 8.
1 11 7
2. 1 9. − 2. 0.10101
9. 5
10 20 3. 0.19
10. 7

Exercise 32 Exercise 37 2. 515 5. 10

1. 12 1. 32 3. 35 6. 30
2. 19.8 2. 20 4. 77 7. 15
3. 0 3. 195 5. 212 8. –54
4. 82 4. 480 6. 620 9. –50
5. 233 5. 3,628,800 7. 314 10. 100
6. cannot be 6. 660 8. 1010
Exercise 46
determined 7. 900 9. 55
1. 2b
7. 19 8. 450 10. 69
2. b2
8. 5 feet 5 inches 9. 648
Exercise 42 3. 3y
1 10. 320
9. 5 feet 7 inches 1. 4, –4 4. y3
2 Exercise 38 2. It has no square 5. 2n2
10. 90 1 root. 6. 3n2
1. 3. 0 7. 4n2
Exercise 33 2
1. 384 4. 2 8. 0
1
2. 53,400 2. 5. 10 9. 1
6 6. 5 10. 2
1
3. 12 6 1
2 3. 7. Exercise 47
4. 592 kilograms 25 2 1. 3
5. 15,750 19 8. .3 2. 4
4.
6. 14.1 inches 25 9. 5 and 6 3. 1
7. 22 5. 0 10. 7 4. 2 and 3
8. 136 6. 100 Exercise 43 5. 1 and 4
9. 15 3 1. 10 6. 1 and –3
10. 98 7. 7. –1 and 1
10 2. 30 8. monomial
Exercise 34 1
8. 3. 11 9. binomial
1. multiples of 7
2 10. an expression
2. powers of 3 4. 3
1 with 3 terms
3. 166 9. 5. 9
4. 99 9 Exercise 48
6. 4 3
5. 757 7 1. 7x
10. 7. cannot be
6. 165 25 2. x
7. 165 simplified 3. 2x
8. 11 Exercise 39 8. 2 3 4. 7x – 5y
9. 52 1. 2 5. 4y – 2x
2. 19 9. 2 6
10. 109,604 6. –9q
3. 2 10. 2 5 7. –19q
Exercise 35 4. 1550 8. 4w + 6wx – 2x
1. 5 5. 70 Exercise 44
9. 2ab2+ 4a2b
2. 5.5 6. 7 1. 2 3 10. 3ab2+ 3a2b
3. –1 7. 14
4. 382.5 8. 200 2. 7 2 Exercise 49
5. 54.5 9. 3100 3. 10 5 1. 6ab
6. median 10. 2700 2. 6a2
7. average 4. 15 3 3. 6a2b
8. They’re equal. Exercise 40 4. 6a3b2
5. 48 3
9. 547.5 1. 64 5. 6a5
10. 553.5 2. 81 6. 9 10 6. 24a2b4
3. 81 2 7. –20xy
Exercise 36 4. –81 7. 8. –20x3
1. 8 5. –243 2
9. 20x3
2. 1 and 79 6. –243 1
8. 10. –120x3y3
3. 0 1 2
4. no mode 7. Exercise 50
5. median 1000 9. 3 2
1. 2 x + 10 x + 12
6. mode 16 10. 2 +1
8. 2. 2 y 3 − 2 y 2 − 12 y
7. mode 81
Exercise 45
8. 5 9. .0144 3. 5a 3 + 25a 2
9. –20 1. a+b
10. .000001
10. 1 2. pqr 4. 3ax 2 − 6ax − 15a
Exercise 41 3. x2 + y2
5. 3a 3 + 15a 2 − 21a
1. 220 4. (x + y)2
6. an + bn – cn

7. 4an + 4bn – 4cn 7. No 1 1 ± 65

2 8. Yes 6. b ≥ 7. x =
8. 4a + 4ab − 4ac 4 2
9. 9. No 7. c ≥ –1
10. Yes 1
8. x ≥ –3 8. x = 1 OR
− 2x 3 − 2x 2 + 2x + 2 2
10. –a + b + c + 1 Exercise 56 9. n > 6
1. x = –7 10. q ≥ –6 9. x = 7 ± 41
Exercise 51 2. y = 11 10. x = 1 OR − 53
1. x2 + 2x + y Exercise 60
3. z=6
2. 6y – 25 4. x = –64 1. (x + 3)(x +5) Exercise 64
3. –x2 + 4x 2. (y + 4)(y – 1) 1. 28
3
4. n3 5. y = 3. Unfactorable 2. 29
5. x4 + 2x3 2 4. (a + 7)(a + 11)
6. a = –1 3. –9
6. 7x 5. (b + 7)(b – 5) 4. 9
7. ac + bc 7. b = 5 6. (c – 19)(c – 2)
8. c = 24 7 7
8. 2p2 + 4p 7. (d – 1)(d – 5) 5. x = − y= −
9. d = –2 8. (2x + 3)(x + 2) 4 2
9. x2 + 4x + 4
10. e = –52 9. Unfactorable 6. 17
10. x2 – 4
10. (5z – 2)(2z – 5) 7. 5 + 2d
Exercise 57
Exercise 52 8. 2
2 1. x = 2y – 6 Exercise 61 9. $2.50
1. 2x + 2
2. 2x2 + 4x 1 1. 2x(x + 3) 10. 40
2. y = x + 3
3. 2a2 + 12a + 12 2 2. a(y2 + z)
Exercise 65
4. 2b2 + 14 3. x = y + 2w 3. (b + 8)(b – 8)
4. Unfactorable 1. yes
5. 9x2 – 9 4. y = x – 2w
5. (2xy + 3z)(2xy – 2. no
6. x2 + 2x – 2 x− y
5. z = 3z) 3. no
7. y – 1 2
6. (m + 10)2 4. yes
8. –x – 1 d
7. Unfactorable 5. 5
9. –15x2 + 16x – 19 6. t =
r 8. (10x + 15)(2x + 6. 27
10. –t2 + 2t
5 3) 7. 9
Exercise 53 7. C = (F − 32 ) 8. 400
9 9. (a2 – 1)2
1. x2 + 6x + 8 10. (x2 – y2)2 9. 1
2. x2 – 2x – 15 2A 10. 1 or –14
8. b =
3. x3 – 3x2 + x – 3 h Exercise 62 11. 43
4. 6y4 + 17y2 + 12 C 1. x = 3 OR –1 12. 2.4 liters
5. x2 + 10x + 25 9. R = 2. x=3 13. 66⅔
2π
6. x2 – 10x + 25 3. z = 5 OR –5 14. 3000 liters
V 4. a = 11 OR 2
7. x2 – 25 10. h = 15. 45
8. a2 + 2ab + b2 πr 2 5. b = 12 OR 0
Exercise 66
9. a2 – 2ab + b2 6. c = 3 OR –3
Exercise 58 1. 30
10. a2 – b2 3
1. x = 2, y = 3 7. x = OR –1 2. 4
Exercise 54 2. a = 3, b = –2 2 3. 225
1. x3 + 5x2 + 8x + 4 3. p = –1, q = –5 8. y = 3 OR –3 4. $2.50
2. x3 + x2 – 5x + 3 4. m = –8, n = 6 3 2 5. $3.75
9. x = OR −
3. a3 + 9a2 + 27a + 1 2 3 6. 12
27 5. x = , y = 24 10. n = 0 OR 3 OR 7. $556
2
4. x3 – 2x2 – 3x + 10 6. a = –100, b = 6 –11 8. 2.5
5. 2y3 – 7y2 + 9 7. x = 0.1, y = 0.2 9. 4
Exercise 63
6. x3 + 2x2 – x – 2 8. Infinitely many 10. 15
7. x4 + x3 – x – 1 − 5 ± 41
solutions 1. x = Exercise 67
8. a3 + 3a2b + 3ab2 2
4 10 1. 2
+ b3 9. x = , y = 2. x = 4
3 9 2. 60 and 40
9. x2 + 2xy + 2xz + −3± 3
10. Infinitely many 3. 48
y2 + 2yz + z2 3. x =
solutions 2 4. 15
10. x3 + 6x2 + 11x + 6
2 5. 12
Exercise 55 Exercise 59 4. x = 1 OR 6. 2.4
2 3
1. No 7. 2.5
1. x < 5. x = 3 OR
2. Yes 5 8. 16.8
3. No 2. y ≥ 15 − 3 9. 45
4. Yes 3. z>4 10. 22
5. Yes 2
4. x≤6 6. x = 0 OR −
6. No 3
5. No solution

Exercise 68 8. each measures 9. 1.5 10. 22

1. 85 108° 10. cannot be
Exercise 83
2. 2 hours 24 9. 720 determined
1. yes
minutes 10. 120
Exercise 78 2. not necessarily
3. 40,800
Exercise 73 1. 360° 3. no
4. 20
1. nothing 2. 35 4. not necessarily
5. 50
2. yes 3. 42 5. yes
6. 10
3. perimeter 4. 1.5 6. yes
7. 4 hours
4. area 5. 1 7. not necessarily
8. 4
5. 35 inches 6. 17 8. yes
9. 5
6. 5 inches 7. 5 9. 27
10. 10 a.m.
7. 8 square units 8. 25 10. 3
8. 12 units 9. 14
Exercise 84
Exercise 69 9. 9 square units 10. 10
1. 90°
1. 11 10. 12 units
Exercise 79 2. 1
2. 12
Exercise 74 1. 180 3. 17
3. 4x + 1
1. no 2. 47 4. 8
4. y + 2
2. 12 square units 3. 98 5. 15
5. 19
3. 90 4. 60 6. no
6. 5
4. 1:2 5. 70 7. yes
7. EF and GH
5. 1:4 6. 180 8. 10
8. AB, BC, AC
6. yes 7. 105 9. 90
9. 4
7. no 8. 150 10. 90
10. 3
8. 2:3 9. 85
Exercise 85
Exercise 70 9. 4:9 10. no
1. 10
1. ∠A, ∠B 10. no
Exercise 80 2. 113 ≈ 10.63
2. ∠ACB, ∠ACD Exercise 75 1. 24
3. ∠A 3. 16
1. 90° 2. 8
4. AB and AC 2. 8 3. 30 4. 425 = 5 17 ≈
5. ∠ACB and 3. 6 4. 4 20.62
∠ACD 4. 10 5. 84 5. yes
6. ∠ACD 5. 5 6. 60 6. no
7. ∠B, ∠ACB 6. 28 7. 18 7. yes
8. complementary 7. 48 8. 12 8. cannot be
9. 180 8. 24 9. 45 determined
10. ∠ACB and 9. 84 10. 30 9. 72 = 6 2 ≈
∠ACD 10. 432
Exercise 81 8.49
Exercise 71 Exercise 76 1. b < c < a 10. 125 = 5 5 ≈
1. a, b 1. 90° 2. b > a > c 11.18
2. s, u, y 2. 10 3. z > x > y
3. v, x, z 3. 40 4. 42 Exercise 86
4. 1 4. 100 5. 61.5 1. 5
5. 180 5. 10 2 6. 60 2. 13
6. cannot be 7. 2 < c < 7 3. 4
determined 6. 5 2 4. 6
8. 4 < c < 6
7. 180 7. 16 9. 10 < P < 18 5. 10 34 ≈ 58.3
8. cannot be 8. 8 10. 9
9. 36 6. 10
determined 7. 9
3 Exercise 82
9. 180 10. 8. 50x
10. lines a and b 1. x and y
2 9. 12y
would be parallel 2. a and c
Exercise 77 3. 15 10. x 119
Exercise 72 1. CD 4. no
1. 4 2. AD 5. yes Exercise 87
2. 4 3. ∠BCD 6. cannot be 1. 5
3. 360 4. 180° determined 2. 5 2 ≈ 7.07
4. 8 5. 6 7. 40°and 40° 3. 3
5. 1080 6. 24 8. 10 4. 2 2 ≈ 2.83
6. pentagon 7. 24 9. cannot be
7. 540 5. 20
8. ∠ABD determined
6. 3 ≈ 1.73

7. 6 ≈ 2.45 3. π ≈ 3.14 9. 3 ≈ 1.73 ⎛ 13 ⎞

4. 36π ≈ 113 7. ⎜ − , 0 ⎟
6 10. 24 ⎝ 3 ⎠
8. ≈ 1.22 5. 4
2 6. 26 Exercise 97 8. (0, 2)
9. yes 1. 48π ≈ 151 ⎛ 7 ⎞
7. 10π 3 ≈ 54.4 9. ⎜ − , 0 ⎟
10. no 2. 36.75π ≈ 115 ⎝ 4 ⎠
8. 9πx2
Exercise 88 3. 96π ≈ 302 10. It does not exist.
9. ⏐x – y⏐
1. 10 4. 4.5
10. 4π ≈ 12.6 Exercise 102
2. 5 3 ≈ 8.66 5. 5 ≈ 2.24
Exercise 93 2
3. 7 6. 6π ≈ 18.8 1. slope = , y-
1. 2π ≈ 6.28 3
1
4. 7 3 ≈ 12.1 2. 6 7. π ≈ 0.524 intercept: (0, –9)
3. 90° 6 2. slope = 4, y-
5. 20 2 ≈ 28.3 8. 9
4. 120 intercept: (0, 2)
6. 2 3 ≈ 3.46 9. 3
5. 8π ≈ 22.0 1
7. 3 6. 70° 10. 16π ≈ 50.3 3. slope = − , y-
3
8. 1.5 Exercise 98
7. 12 2 ≈ 17.0 intercept: (0, 1.5)
9. 3 3 ≈ 5.20 8. 12π ≈ 25.1 1. I 4. y = −3 x + 1
2. III
10. 9 3 ≈ 15.6 2 4
9. 16 % 3. IV 5. y = x−2
3 4. II 9
Exercise 89
1. 18.2 10. 22.5π ≈ 70.7 5. y-axis 2 11
6. x-axis 6. y = − x−
2. 11 Exercise 94 3 3
3. 360° 1. 1 7. y-coordinate
4
4. the diameter 2. 3 8. y-coordinate 7. y = x+2
9. x-coordinate 7
5. OP, OQ, OR, OS, 3. 3
10. x-coordinate 1 5
OT 4. 4 8. y= x+
6. QS 5. 3 Exercise 99
12 4
7. PR, PS, QS, RS 6. 3 1. 16 9. y = − x + 12
8. QS 7. 1.5 2. 15 10. y = −8 x + 65
9. 360° 8. 5 3. 17
10. 180° 4. 19.5
9. 65 ≈ 8.06
Exercise 90 5. (4, 6)
10. 74 ≈ 8.60 6. (–6, –7.5)
1. feet
2. 3.14 Exercise 95 7. (–1, 4.5)
3. 7π ≈ 22.0 1. 72 8. 7.5
4. 6π ≈ 18.8 2. 4 9. (–4, 8)
3. 10w 10. outside
5. π 2y
6. 12 4. 343 Exercise 100
7. 13.2 5. 6 4
27 6. cannot be 1.
8. ≈ 4.30 5
2π determined
2. –2
9. 30π ≈ 94.2 cm 7. 3 × 5 × 11
8. 30 3. 3
10. 2 feet 1
9. λ = 3 5 ≈ 1.71 , 4.
Exercise 91 2
1. meters w = 33 5 ≈ 5.13 , 5. 4
2. no h = 63 5 ≈ 10.3 6. 5
3. 4π 7. t < s < v
10. 240
4. 9 8. undefined
5. 270° Exercise 96 9. v and w
6. 120 1. 124 1
7. 8π ≈ 25.1 2. 1 10. −
3
8. 180° 3. 12w + 16
72 4. 294 Exercise 101
9. ≈ 22.9 5. 5 1. 0
π
6. the rectangular 2. 0
10. 16
solid 3. y-intercept
Exercise 92 7. 1 × 2 × 3 4. both
1. square miles 8. cannot be 5. (5, 0)
2. 121π ≈ 380 determined 6. (0, 20)

Test Yourself After

Solve each of the following problems and indicate the best answer by filling in
Time—60 Minutes
the corresponding oval on your answer sheet. You may use any available space
50 Questions
for scratchwork.
Notes:
1. All numbers used are real numbers. You may use a calculator.
2. Figures accompanying problems are intended to provide information useful in solving the problem. Except
when otherwise specifically stated, figures are drawn as accurately as possible. All figures lie in a plane unless
otherwise indicated.
1 Which of the following statements is NOT 5 Which of the following expressions gives the
true? same result as tripling the denominator of the
1
(A) 0 is even. fraction ?
(B) 0 is positive. 5
(C) 0 is an integer. 1 1 1
(D) –1 is an integer. (A) + +
5 5 5
(E) –2 is even.
1
(B) 3⋅
5
2 Which of the following numbers is prime?
1
I. 1 5
II. 2 (C)
1
III. 3
3
(A) I only 1
(B) III only 5
(C) I and III only (D)
3
(D) II and III only
3 2
(E) I, II, and III (E) −
20 5
3 The number 90 is divisible by which of the

following numbers? 6 All of the following are equal EXCEPT:
I. 0 3
(A)
II. 1 8
III. 5 and 6 9
(B)
(A) I only 24
(B) II only 33
(C) III only (C)
88
(D) I and III (D) 0.375
(E) II and III (E) 0.38
4 Which of the following could not be the

7 A plane ticket cost $650 during the week, but
remainder when an integer is divided by 8 ? is increased to $812.50 on weekends. What is
(A) 8 the percent increase in the price of a flight on a
(B) 7 weekend?
(C) 6 (A) 20%
(D) 3 (B) 25%
(E) 0 (C) 75%
(D) 80%
(E) 125%

8 What percent of 8 is 10 ? 13 A gallery wants to choose a sculpture, a

painting , and a photograph for an art exhibit.
(A) 1.25%
If there are 2 sculptures, 5 paintings, and 3
(B) 20%
photographs available, how many different
(C) 80%
combinations of one of each type of artwork
(D) 125%
can be formed?
(E) 800%
(A) 10
9 The ratio of iced teas to lemonades sold at a (B) 20
store is 4 to 5. If the store sold a total of 60 (C) 30
lemonades, how many iced teas were sold-? (D) 60
(E) 32,768
(A) 3
(B) 48
(C) 75 14 In a bag containing only red, blue, and green
marbles, the probability of choosing a red
(D) 1,200
marble is 1 in 3, and the probability of
choosing a blue marble is 1 in 4. If there is a
information given.
total of 240 green marbles in the bag, how
many marbles are there in total?
10 The ratio of dogs to cats in a certain pet store
is 2:5. Which of the following could be the (A) 20
total number of animals at the store, if there are (B) 100
no other types of animal? (C) 240
(D) 336
(A) 2 (E) 576
(B) 5
(C) 6
(D) 25 15 Three coins are drawn at random from a pile
containing only 18 nickels and 12 dimes. If the
(E) 28
first two coins drawn are dimes, what is the
probability that the next coin drawn will be a
11 What is the average (arithmetic mean) of the dime?
median and the mode of the following set of
numbers? (A) 0
{2,4,4,6,9,9,9,7,7} 10
(B)
(A) 6 30
(B) 7 5
(C)
(C) 8 14
(D) 9 18
(D)
(E) 9.5 28
(E) 1
12 There are 6 women in a company in which the
average age of a woman is 29 and the average 16 All of the following are equal EXCEPT:
age of a man is 35. If there are twice as many
2
women as men in the company, what is the ⎛1⎞
average age of everyone in the company? (A) ⎜ ⎟
⎝5⎠
(A) 29 ⎛ 1 ⎞⎛ 1 ⎞
(B) 31 (B) ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟
⎝ 5 ⎠⎝ 5 ⎠
(C) 32
(D) 35 1
(C)
(E) 64 10
1
(D)
52
12
(E)
52

equivalent to (x − 4 )(3 x + 2 ) ?
(A) 38
(B) 32 × 34 (A) 4x − 2
(C) (3 )2 4 (B) 3x 2 − 8
3x 2 − 10 x − 8
(3 )
(C)
4 2
(D) (D) x − 12 x − 8
(E) 2 x − 12 x
(E) 37 + 37 + 37
x 2 − 5x + 4
equivalent to ?
(A) 288 x 2 + 16
(B) 4 18
(A)
(x − 1)(x − 4)
(C) 6 8 (x + 4)(x + 4)
(D) 8 6
(B)
(x − 1)(x − 4)
(E) 12 2 (x + 4)(x − 4)
(C)
(x + 5)(x − 1)
19 Which of the following is equal to 10 ? x 2 + 16
50
(D)
(x − 1)(x − 4)
x 2 + 16
(A) 2
(E) None of the above
(B) 5
(5 x − 7 ) = 2 x + 4 , what is the value of x ?
24 If
(C) 10
3
(D) 5 2
(E) 2 5 (A) –19
(B) –11
(C) 0
20 What is the value of − 2 x 2 + 3(x − 2) − 5 x + 7 if (D) 11
x = –3 ? (E) 19
(A) –41
(B) – 11 25 If 4(s + u) = 6t + s , what is the value of s in
(C) 1 terms of t and u ?
(D) 25 (A) 6t + s
(E) 43 6t + s
(B)
3
21 Which of the following expressions is (C) 6t + s − 4u
equivalent to 2 x 2 + 4 x − 2 y + 5 y − 5( y + 2) ? 6t + s − 4u
(D)
4
(A) 2x2 + 4x − 2 y + 2 6t − 4u
(E)
(B) 2 x 2 + 4 x − 2 y + 10 3
(C) 2 x 2 − 2 y + 4 x − 10
26 If –3x + 12 < 6, which of the following gives
(D) 6 x 2 − 2 y − 10 all possible values of x ?
(E) 2 x + 4 x − 12 y − 10
2
(A) x < –2
(B) x > –2
(C) x<2
(D) x>2
(E) x≠2

27 What is the value of y if 2x – 5y = 37 and 4x + 31 Points A, B, C, and D lie on a line, in that

3y = 9 ? order. If the distance from point A to point D is
18 units, the distance from point A to point C is
(A) 6
7 units, and the distance from point B to point
(B) 5
D is 15 units, what is the distance from point B
(C) 0
to point C ?
(D) –5
(E) –6 (A) –4
(B) 0
28 If 2 more than the product of 3 and y is 4 less (C) 4
than the quotient of y and 2, what is the value (D) 22
of y ? (E) It cannot be determined from the
information given.
(A) –6
12
(B) −
5 32 Points A, B, and C lie on a plane. If the
distance from A to B is 12, and from B to C is
6 5, which of the following could be the distance
(C)
7 from A to C ?
6 (A) 5
(D)
5 (B) 6.5
(E) 18 (C) 7
(D) 17.5
29 If Bob walked 5 more miles, he would have (E) 18
walked 3 times as far as Charlie did. If Charlie
walked 10 miles, how far did Bob actually
walk? y° x°
5 z°
(A)
3
(B) 5
(C) 10
(D) 25 33 In the figure above, if y = 120, what is the
value of 3x + 2z ?
(E) 35
(A) 60
(B) 120
30 If 1 sandwich requires 4 slices of meat, how (C) 180
many complete sandwiches can be made from
82 slices of meat? (D) 300
(A) 328 information given.
(B) 82
(C) 21
(D) 20
4
(E)
82

a° 20° A
b°
4 4 2
34 In the figure above, what is the value of a – b ?

(A) 0
(B) 20
(C) 160
B 2 C D
(D) 180
(E) 320 In the figure above, C is the midpoint of
38 segment BD. What is the area of triangle
ABD ?
b° (A) 4
(B) 8
(C) 16
a° c°
(D) 20
information given.
39 The length of the longest side of a triangle is 9,

and the length of the shortest side is 4. If the
length of the other side is x, which of the
36 The figure above is a pentagon formed by following could not be the value of x ?
combining a triangle and a square. If b = 80,
What is the value of a + c ? I. 5
II. 6
(A) 100 III. 8
(B) 280
(C) 460 (A) I only
(D) 540 (B) II only
(E) It cannot be determined from the (C) III only
information given. (D) II and III only
(E) I, II, and III
37 The area of a triangle with base of length 6 is x B
square units and the perimeter of a triangle
with sides of length 2, 5, and 5 is y units. If x =
2y, what is the height of the triangle with base
of length 6 ?
(A) 2
(B) 4
(C) 6
(D) 8 A C D
(E) 10
40 In the figure above, ABC is equilateral and BC
= CD. What is the degree measure of angle
ABD ?
(A) 30
(B) 60
(C) 90
(D) 120
information given.

44 Two distinct points A and B are drawn on a

61° circle of radius 4. Which of the following
could not be the distance from A to B ?
a b (A) 0.1
(B) 1
(C) 4.1
(D) 8
59° 60° (E) 8.1
c
45 What is the area of a circle with a
41 If a, b, and c represent the lengths of the sides circumference of 16π units?
of the triangle shown above, which of the
following is a correct ordering of a, b, and c (A) 4π
from greatest to least? (B) 8π
(A) a, b, c (C) 16π
(B) a, c, b (D) 32π
(C) b, a, c (E) 64π
(D) b, c, a
(E) c, a, b
A
•B
40 • C
30 O
42 What is the value of x in the figure above? 46 What is the area of sector AOC if the length of
arc ABC is 4π centimeters and the radius of the
(A) 10 7 circle is 10 centimeters?
(B) 7 10 4π
(A) cm
(C) 50 10
(D) 7006 (B) 10π cm
(E) 2500 (C) 20π cm
(D) 40π cm
60° information given.
x 8
47 A rectangular box has dimensions 2, 7, and x.

45° What is the value of x if the volume of the box
is 280 ?
43 What is the value of x in the figure above? (A) 10
(A) 4 (B) 20
(B) 8 (C) 30
(C) 4 2 (D) 40
(E) 50
(D) 4 3
information given.

48 What is the length of an edge of a cube with a 50 Line segment AB has a length of 5 units. If the
surface area of 486 ? coordinates of point A are (–2, 1), which of the
following could be the coordinates of point B ?
(A) 3
(B) 9 I. (–2, –4)
(C) 27 II. (3, 6)
(D) 36 III. (–5, –3)
(E) 54
(A) I only
(B) II only
y (C) III only
(D) I and II
(E) I and III
m n
49 In the figure above, m, n, and p represent the

slopes of each of the lines shown. Which of the
following is a correct listing of the slopes in
order from greatest to least?
(A) n, m, p
(B) n, p, m
(C) m, n, p
(D) p, n, m
(E) m, p, n

Correct If Incorrect, Math Refresher

Question Topic
Answer Check Here Items
1 B
Basic definitions 1–8
2 D
3 E
Factors and multiples 9–15
4 A
5 D
Fractions and decimals 16–27
6 E
Arithmetic
7 B
Percents 28–30
8 D
9 B
Ratios 31
10 E
11 C
Average, median, and mode 32–36
12 B
13 C
14 E Possibilities and probability 37–38
15 C
16 C
Exponents 39–40
17 B
18 D
Square Roots 41–43
19 A
20 B
Expressions 44–51
21 C
22 C
52, 59
Algebra
FOIL and factoring

23 D
24 A
Basic solutions 53–56
25 E
26 D
Advanced solutions 57–58, 60–62
27 B
28 B
29 D Algebraic word problems 63–66
30 D
31 C
32 C
Lines and angles 67–69
33 D
34 A
35 E
Polygons 70–76
36 B
37 D
Geometry
38 B
39 A Triangles 77–81
40 C
41 E
42 A
Right triangles 82–86
43 C
44 E
45 E Circles 87–91
46 C
47 B
Solids 92–95
48 B
49 D
Coordinate geometry 96–100
50 E

Geometry Refresher

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Geometry Refresher

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Math Refresher Geometry

©The MBA Center 85

8. Name all 3 segments formed by the points in the figure above.

∠DEF is a straight angle, and so the measure of ∠DEF is 180°.

86 ©The MBA Center

©The MBA Center 87

1. Which angles can be named with a single letter?

71 Parallel Lines And Transversals

88 ©The MBA Center

1. Name all transversals to lines λ and m.

triangle quadrilateral pentagon hexagon octagon

©The MBA Center 89

The figure has 7 sides, so plug n = 7 into the formula:

Measure of one interior angle of a regular polygon =

Measure of one interior angle =

6. What is the figure above called?

90 ©The MBA Center

73 Perimeter And Area

The perimeter is equal to the sum of the side lengths: 5 + 3 + 4 + 3 + 3 = 18.

©The MBA Center 91

7. What is the area of Figure A ?

74 Similarity And Congruence

Ex What is the value of s in the figure below?

92 ©The MBA Center

©The MBA Center 93

Polygons A and B are similar.

3. What is the value of x ?

80° 80° 110°

6. Are polygons D and E above similar?

10. Are these pentagons similar?

75.1 A quadrilateral with four right angles is called a rectangle.

94 ©The MBA Center

Ex What is the perimeter of rectangle JKLM below?

Plug 4 and 9 in for λ and w in the formula:

75.6 The area of a rectangle is length times width:

Ex What is the area of rectangle PQRS below?

©The MBA Center 95

Plug 3 and 8 in for λ and w in the formula:

2. What is the length of side AB ?

KLMN is similar to ABCD above, and KL > LM.

96 ©The MBA Center

Ex What is the value of x in the figure below?

Ex If a square has perimeter 12, what is the length of one side?

[Now you can see why the exponent 2 is read “squared.”]

1. What is the degree measure of angle AED ?

5. If the length of AC is 10 2 , what is the length of BD ?

6. If the length of AC is 10 2 , what is the length of AE ?

©The MBA Center 97

8. What is the length of the side of a square if the area is 64 ?

Ex What is the area of the parallelogram below?

98 ©The MBA Center

Now there is enough information. The base is 12 and the height is 3:

figure sides angles diagonals perimeter area

1. Which side is equal in length to AB ?

©The MBA Center 99

Questions 9 and 10 refer to the following figure:

9. If the perimeter of the parallelogram above is 27, what is the value of x ?

Think of it as the average of the bases times the height.

100 ©The MBA Center

9. What is the perimeter?

©The MBA Center 101

102 ©The MBA Center

bh = (16 + 5)(12 ) = 126

©The MBA Center 103