Ala'a Mohsen Al-Emad.

The cell cycle is divided into:

• 1- Mitosis: - short period of time( 1 hour) - the cell gives rise to two
daughter cells.
• 2- Interphase: - longer period of time( 20 hours) between two
successive divisions - the cell increases its size and content and
replicates its genetic material.

INTERPHASE
• Interphase is subdivided into three phases:– G1( gap 1) phase: the cell
begins the synthesis of macromolecules essential for DNA duplication.–
S[ synthetic] phase: DNA is duplicated.– G2( gap 2) phase: the cell
undergoes preparations for mitosis.

G1( gap 1) phase( preduplication):

– It takes 8 hours. – the daughter cells start to synthesize RNA and
protein to build themselves and restore their normal size. – In cells
whose their main function is proliferation[e. g. stem cells of bone
marrow and germinal epithelium], G1 phase is short.
Cells that become highly differentiated may leave the cell cycle at G1
phase either: Temporarily(e. g. hepatocyte and intestinal epithelium):
The cells perform their specific functions and some of them may enter
the cycle again to repair and regenerate damaged cells( Prolonged G1
phase). Permanently(e. g. nerve cells and cardiac muscle); there is no
repair if the cells are damaged, these cells are said to be in resting stage,
the G0( outside) phase.

S- Phase( DNA synthesis):

It takes 8 hours. During G1 phase:
1- the autosomal( somatic) cell contains 46 schromosomes( diploid
number) and 2n( amount of DNA). DuringS- phase, autosomal cell
duplicates its DNA( DNA replication) ? the cell now contains 46d-
chromosomes( diploid number) but double the amount of DNA( 4n).
Duplication of the 2 centrioles into 2 pairs also occurs.
2- the germ cell produced by meiosis( ovum
 G2 Phase(post- DNA duplication)
: • It takes 4 hours.
• During this phase the cell prepares itself for mitosis by:
• Synthesis of RNA and proteins essential to cell
. • Storage of energy for mitosis.
• Synthesis of tubulin for assembly into microtubules required for the
mitotic spindle.

MITOSIS
• The cytoplasm and nucleus of a somatic cell are divided equally into
two identical daughter cells( with 46 chromosomes).
• First the nuclear material is divided( Karyokinesis) followed by
division of the cytoplasm( Cytokinesis).
• The duration of mitosis is 1- 2.5 hours.
Mitosis can be subdivided: I. Prophase:
• The chromosomes are condensed and visible withL/ M.
• It consists of two parallel sister chromatids joined together at one
point by centromere.
• At the centromere region, the kinetochore develops which is a
microtubule organizing center( MTOC). Nucleolus disappears.
• Each pair of centrioles moves towards one pole of the cell to form
mitotic spindle.
• The nuclear envelope remains intact until late in this phase, and then
starts to disintegrate.

II- Metaphase:
• no nuclear envelope.
• chromosomes at equatorial plane.
• Mitotic spindle consists of:
- chromosomal microtubules: attached to kinetochores. They assist in
migration of each set of chromatides to one pole of the cell.
- Polar microtubules: extend between the two pairs of centrioles. They
are responsible for maintaining the spacing between the two poles
during mitotic.
 III- Anaphase:
• sister chromatids separate from each other ? 92
chromatids( schromosomes) ? 46 chromatid move to one pole and the
other 46 chromatids move to the other pole.
• In late anaphase a cleavage furrow begins to form at cell membrane.

IV- Telophase:
• Each set of chromosomes has reached its respective pole.
• Reappearance of nuclei in daughter cells.
• The chromosomes uncoil and become organized into heterochromatin
and euchromatin of the interphase cell.
• Nuclear envelope is reconstituted.

Cytokinesis:
• The cleavage furrow continues to deepen until the mid body, a small
bridge of cytoplasm and remaining polar microtubules connect the two
daughter cells.
• The polar microtubules are surrounded by a contractile ring which is
composed of actin and myosin filaments.
• Constriction of the ring is followed by separation of the two daughter
cells.

MEIOSIS:
• Meiosis is the type of cell division that produces germ cells( ova and
spermatozoa).
• In gametogenesis, when the germ cells are in theS- phase of the cell
cycle that precedes meiosis, the amount of DNA is doubled. So the cell
has diploid number of chromosomes( 46) and double amount of
DNA( 4n).
• Meiosis is divided into two separate divisions:
1- Meiosis I: The cell divides giving two daughter cells each has 23
dchromosomes( haploid number of chromosomes) and the amount of
DNA is 2n( as each chromosome has two chromatids).
2- Meiosis II: In this division the two chromatids of each chromosome
are separated, as in mitosis, leading to the.
 1- Meiosis I:
Prophase I: • Prophase of meiosis I lasts a long time and is subdivided
into:-
1- leptotene : – Chromosomes are visible and appear as long strands.
2- Zygotene : – homologous chromosomes( the maternal one &
paternal one) attract each other in pairs making synapsis. – Thed-
chromosomes( each formed of two chromatids) are arranged in 23 pairs
of homologues( bivalents). So,
3- Pachytene: – Progressive shortening and thickening of the
chromosomes occurs. – Crossing over betweennon- sister homologous
chromatids takes place through chiasmata( site of exchange of genetic
material). – In this stage, a structure called synaptonemal complex can
be observed between synapsed chromosomes which pull them together
to help genetic recombination between homologous
4- Diplotene: – More condensation of chromosomes occurs so that it is
evident that each one consists of two chromatids. – Separations of
homologous chromosomes become visible except where crossing over
has taken place between homologousnon- sister chromatids. – The
crossed areas or chiasmata appear as X shaped attachments between the
chromosomes holding each bivalent
5- Diakinesis: • Maximum condensation of chromosomes( thed-
chromosome becomes the thickest and shortest). • Disappearance of the
nucleolus. Metaphase I: • In this stage bivalents( tetrads) are arranged in
equatorial plane. • Microtubules of mitotic spindle become attached to
the kinetochores of the chromosomes.

Anaphase I:
• Homologous chromosomes migrate away from each other, going to
opposite poles.
• Each chromosome still consists of two chromatids.
** Telephase I:
• It is similar to telophase of mitosis.
• The chromosomes reach the opposing poles, nuclei are reformed and
cytokinesis occurs giving rise to two
 II- Meiosis II:
• This division is not preceded by S - phase.
• It is very much like mitosis and is subdivided into prophase II,
metaphase II, anaphase II, Telophase II and Cytokinesis.
• The chromosomes arranged in equatorial plane and kinetochores
attach to microtubules of mitotic spindle followed by migration of the
chromatids to opposite poles, and cytokines divides

5- Diakinesis:
46s- ch + 2n DNA( spermatogonia or oogonia)
S- Phase of cell cycle
46d- ch + 4n DNA( 1 ry spermatocyte or oocyte)
Meiosis I
23d- ch + 2n DNA( 2 ry spermatocyte or oocyte)

• In Spermatogenesis one primary spermatocyte will give four sperms

each has 23ch and( 1n) amount of DNA.
• In oogenesis, primary oocyte will give by meiosis I two cells,
secondary oocyte and the lst polar body( which is small and
degenerate). The secondary oocyte will give by Meiosis II two daughter
cells, the ova and 2nd polar body( which is small and degenerates).