Definitions functions

Inputs: a number (x) used in the function rule to determine (y) the output

Outputs: the result of substituting an input (x) into q function

Domain: The set of allowable inputs; independent variable

Range: The set of possible outputs; dependant variables.

Vertical line test: if the graph is a function, no vertical line passes through it more than
once

Function: a relation in which each input only has one output, so one x only leads to one
y. However, one y can be led to by more than one x. A function:

x 8 9 0 2

y 4 1/2 1/2 6

There are no repeats of x, even if they have the same y. Each input has 1 output. One
person can't be in two places at once, but two people can be in one place!

What values complete the input/output table for the function?

Function: 3x - 6y = 12

x -2 0 4

y -3 -2 0

Solving for Y:
3x - 6y = 12
-6y = 12 - 3x
-6y = -3x + 12
-6y/-6 = -3x/6 + 12/6
y = ½x - 2

1.) y = ½x - 2
y = (½ • -2) -2
y = -1 - 2
y = -3

2.) y = ½x - 2
y = (½ • 0) - 2
y = -2

3.) y = ½x - 2
y = (½ • 4) - 2
y=2-2
y=0

Function = straight normal line? Idk

Anyways NEXT

Let x = -1. Evaluate the function for y.

y = 7.2x + 3
y = (7.2 • -1) + 3
y = -7.2 + 3
y = -4.2

What values complete the input/output table for the function?

Functio n: 2x + 4y = 8

x -2 0 2

y 1 2 -1

2x + 4y = 8
4y = 8 - 2x
4y = -2x + 8
4y/4x = -2/4 + 8/4
y = -½x + 2

1.) y = (-½ • x) + 2
y = (-½ •-2 ) + 2
y = -1 + 2
y= 1

y = 20 + 5m when m = 13?

y = 20 + (5 • 13)
y = 20 + 65
y = 85

Every y-value is (=) twice (×) the square (²) of its x-value; translate to an equation.
y = 2x²

Slope = m
m = y2 - y1/x2 - x1.

If the starting point is (0,0) and the end point is (-2, 4), the rise is 4 and the run is -2. The
rise is the amount of vertical change, and the run the horizontal change.

Say your two points are (0, 3) (3, 5)

Using the slope formula:
m = 5 - 3/3 - 0 = 2/3
That makes the slope 2/3. The line intercepts y at (0, 3), meaning the y-intercept is 3.
So, to write it in slope-intercept form:
y = 2/3x + 3

LINEAR AND NONLINEAR FUNCTIONS

A line can have positive slope, negative slope, 0 slope, or a slope that’s undefined.
Vertical lines have undefined slope and are not functions. They fail the vertical line test.
Vertical lines have equations in the form x=a , where a is any real number.

What's the difference between linear and nonlinear functions?

● A linear function is a function whose graph is a straight line.

● A nonlinear function is a function whose graph is not a straight line.

One way to determine whether a function is linear or nonlinear is by looking at its graph.

Another way is by looking at the table of values for an equation! Linear functions have a
constant rate of change.

Find the rate of change between all the pairs of points in the table.
If the rates of change are all the same, the function is linear; otherwise it is a nonlinear
function.

x y

-2 -3

-1 0

3 8

6 11

Subtract to find the differences between the x-values and the differences between
y-values in row 2 and 1, and so on and so forth.

X: -1 - (-2 ) = 1
Y: 0 - (-3) = 3

Subtract the difference between the x values and the differences between y values
between rows 3 and 2.
X: 6 - 3 = 3
Y: 8 - 0 = 8

Repeat the same for 4 and 3.

X: 6 - 3 = 3
Y: 11 - 8 = 3

Find the rate of change between each pair of points, aka our previous answers:
-͢
Between (-2, -3) and (-1, 0): 3/1 = 3

Between (-1, 0) and (3, 8): 8/4 = 2/1 = 2

Between (3, 8) and (6, 11): 3/3 = 1

Because the rate of change is different between points, it's a nonlinear function!

REWRITING W/ NEGATIVE
EXPONENTS

Remember This?
You can rewrite expressions with negative exponents by using properties of
exponents.

There are three properties of exponents that you can use:

Simplify by rewriting the power with a positive exponent.

12^-1 look at the possible properties we can use and determine which one applies. In
this case, it's a^-1 = 1/a
12^-1= 1/12^1
= 1/12

Simplify by rewriting the power with a positive exponent.

1/x^-2

Use the property 1/a^-n = a^n.

Key Concept

Equations of linear functions are written in slope-intercept form, y = mx + b.

You can determine whether or not a function is linear or nonlinear by looking at the
equation. If it can be written in slope-intercept form, it's linear.

Another way is by looking at the exponent of the input variable x. In a linear equation
the exponent of x is always 1.

COMPARING LINEAR FUNCTIONS

Any function can be shown as an equation, a graph, or a table of values. To compare

the rates of change and the intercepts of different linear functions, you need to be able
to find the rate of change, or slope, and the intercepts in each model.

name formula slope y intercept

slope-intercept form y = mx + b m b

point-slope form y-y₁=m(x-x₁) m convert to

slope-intercept form
to find the
y-intercept

standard form ax + by = c -(a/b) substitute 0 for x in

the equation and
solve for y

graph n/a rise/run y-coordinate of the

point where the line
intersects the y-axis
 table n/a slope formula write an equation
(m = y2 - y1/x2 - and use it to find
x1) the intercept(s)

two points n/a slope formula write an equation

(m = y2 - y1/x2 - and use it to find
x1) the intercept(s)

For an equation in slope-intercept form y=mx+b, or in point-slope form y−y1=m(x−x1),

the rate of change, or slope, is m.

For a graph, the rate of change, or slope, is rise/run.

For a table of values or a pair of points, use any two points in the slope formula:
m=y2−y1/x2−x1.

For an equation in standard form, Ax+By=C, the rate of change, or slope, is −A/B.

Relative Frequency Tables

A ratio is a comparison between two numbers. A to B equals a/b equals a:b. As a

problem, it can be difficult to tell which number is the numerator and which is the
denominator. In a part of the whole problem, the rule is that the part goes in the
numerator and the whole in the denominator.
Two way table: a table used to compare two categorical variables.
Categorical variable: A variable that has two or more categories.
A two-way table is useful, but it can Be difficult to analyze the relationship between
variables. A relative frequency table allows you to study the relationship between
categorical variables.

Relative frequency is the ratio of how frequent a data value is to the total number of
data values. In other words, relative frequency is found by dividing a table variable by its
corresponding column or row total. Relative frequency tables can be created from any
two-way tables.

In order to know whether to divide by the column total or the row total, look at the
problem. When asked to create a relative frequency table, find the two categories that
follow the phrase "the proportion of." Use the totals of those two categories to find each
relative frequency.

Divide 8 by 12 to convert the fraction to a decimal.

Move the decimal two places to the left to convert the percent to a decimal.

clusterzazzz
Scatter plots often have clusters of data, and outliers. A cluster is a group of points that
are close together compared to other points. An outlier is a point that deviates from that
pattern. In clusters, data points have many neighbors. An outlier has few or none.

There can be multiple outliers and clusters in one scatter plot, or none of either. It
depends on the data.

GEOMETRY…… :(

This is an angle:
An angle is the figure formed by two rays, called the sides of the angle, sharing a
common endpoint, called the vertex of the angle.

There are three ways to name an angle:

1. Use three points: a point on one side, the vertex, and a point on the other side.
 2. Use just the vertex point.
3. Use the number that may appear near the vertex of the angle, between the sides.

This angle can be named as ∠GFH, ∠HFG, ∠F or, ∠1.

how to determine an unknown angle

The sum of the measures of the angles in a triangle is 180°.

Adjacent angles are two angles in the same plane that have a common side and
vertex, but no common interior points. ∠1 and ∠2 are adjacent angles.

Linear pairs are two angles that have a common side and the same vertex, with their
noncommon side forming a straight line. Linear pairs are always adjacent angles. ∠1
and ∠2 are a linear pair. The sum of the angle measures of a linear pair is 180°.
Vertical angles are a pair of nonadjacent angles formed by two intersecting lines. ∠1
and ∠3 are vertical angles. ∠2 and ∠4 are vertical angles.

15x − 1 = 12x + 8
15x − 1 [− 12x] = 12x + 8 [− 12x]
3x − 1 = 8
3x − 1 + 1 = 8 + 1
3x = 9
3x/3 = 9/3
x=3

Substitute and simplify.

m∠QPR = (12x+8)∘
 = (12⋅3+8)∘
 = (36+8)∘
 = 44∘

Complementary angles: Two angles whose measurements add up to 90°.

Supplementary angles: Two angles whose measurements add up to 180°.
A transversal is a line that intersects two or more lines in a plane. When two lines are
intersected by a transversal, eight angles are formed. These eight angles include
alternate exterior angles, alternate interior angles, and corresponding angles.

Alternate exterior angles: the outside angles on opposite diagonal sides of a transversal
crossing two lines. For example, angle 2 and 7 or angle 1 and 8.

Alternate interior angles: the inside angles on opposite diagonal sides of a transversal
crossing two lines. For example, angle 3 and 6 or angle 4 and 5.

Corresponding angles: angles that lie in the same position, or match up, with respect to
the transversal when the transversal intersects two lines. For example, angle 1 and 5 or
angle 2 and 6.

When a transversal intersects two nonparallel lines the sum of the adjacent angles
measures is 180°.

When a transversal intersects two parallel lines the sum of the adjacent angles
measures is 180°.

When a transversal intersects two parallel lines the special angle pairs have equal
measures equal.
 Determine triangle

If the sum of two side lengths is lesser than or equal to the greatest side length, aka the
horizontal line, then no triangle can be made.

The sum of the measures of a triangle's angles is always 180°. You can use this to
classify triangles or to find missing angle measures.
The measure of an acute angle is between 0° and 90°.
The measure of a right angle is 90°.
The measure of an obtuse angle is between 90° and 180°.

The sum of the measures of the angles of any triangle is 180˚

X is an exterior angle. An exterior angle is formed when you extend a side of a triangle.
The exterior angle can be determined using it's linear pair, and the sums of the
nonadjacent angles. The measure of an exterior angle of a triangle is equal to the sum
of the measures of the two nonadjacent interior angles

Polygons
Area of a triangle formula: A = base × height ÷ 2, or A = bh/2
Area of a rectangle formula: A = base × height, or A = bh

Polygons can also be classified by whether their sides and/or angles are all equal.
An equiangular polygon is a polygon whose angle measures are equal.
An equilateral polygon is a polygon whose side lengths are all equal.
A regular polygon is both equiangular and equilateral.

A triangle is a polygon with 3 sides. Equilateral means having all sides equal. An
equilateral triangle is a triangle in which all 3 sides have equal lengths.

Regular: side lengths all equal, angle measures all equal

The perimeter of a polygon is the sum of all its side lengths.

VOLUME
Cylinder: a three-dimensional figure with two congruent, parallel bases that are circles
and a curved lateral surface that joins them
Circumference: the perimeter of a circle or ellipse.
Height: The perpendicular distance between the bases
Base area: The total space covered by a flat surface of the base of the cylinder
Radius: a segment that connects the center of the circle to a point on the circle; the
length of that segment is also called the radius.
Diameter: Any straight line segment that passes through the center of the circle and
whose endpoints lie on the circle (𝑑 = 𝑟2)
Pi: The ratio of circumference over diameter.

The formula for the volume, V, of a cylinder, with radius = r and height = h is 𝑉 = π𝑟²ℎ𝑉
Since the area of a circle is equal to π𝑟², the volume of a cylinder can be thought of as
the product of its base area (B) and its height, or 𝑉 = 𝐵ℎ. The volume of a prism is also
the product of its base area and its height, or 𝑉 = 𝐵ℎ.

A cylinder has a diameter of 8 in. and a height of 12 in. What is the volume of the
cylinder?
𝑉 = π𝑟²ℎ
The problem states that the diameter of the cylinder is 8 and the height is 12.
So h = 12.
But don’t substitute 8 for r. The question states that the diameter, not the radius, is 8.
The radius is half the diameter, so r = 4.
𝑉 = π(4)²12
Follow the order of operations when simplifying. In this case, square 4 (Exponents)
before multiplying by 12 (Multiplication).
𝑉 = π(16)12
𝑉 = 192π
Substitute 3.14 for π and round if necessary.
𝑉≈(192)(3. 14)
To round to the nearest tenth, identify the digit in the tenths place: 8. Now look at the
digit to its right: 8. Since the digit to the right is greater than 5, increase the digit in the
tenths place by 1. Then drop all the digits to the right of the tenths place.
The answer is 602.9 in³.

Volume of a cone = ⅓ the volume of a cylinder or, 𝑣 = (1/3)π𝑟²ℎ

The area, A, of a circle is 𝐴 = π𝑟²

A city sands its roads in icy weather. At the end of winter, the remaining sand is in a pile
in the shape of a cone with a diameter of 50 ft and a height of 15 ft. What is its volume?
1
𝑉= 3
π𝑟²ℎ
1
𝑉= 3
π(25)²(15)
1
𝑉= 3
π(625)(15)
𝑉 = 3125π

4
The volume, V, of a of a sphere is 𝑉 = 3
π𝑟³
For the volume of a half-sphere, do the problem normally then divide the result by 2.