Given the phase diagram for ZrO2-CaO

a. From the phase diagram list the 3 allotropic forms of pure ZrO2

From the phase diagram, we can see that pure ZrO2 has 3 allootropic forms which are tetragonal,
monoclinic and cubic.

b. Define the transformation that involves a large increase in volume resulting in the formation of
cracks that render ceramic ware useless

From the phase diagram at T = 1150°C, we see that there is a transformation of pure ZrO2 from the
tetragonal to monoclinic phase. This transformation increases the volume which results in cracks
forming.

c. How is this problem of cracking ceramic ware overcome?

Now if we add 3-7 wt % of CaO, from the phase diagram we see that at this composition of CaO,
we will have both the cubic and tetragonal phases above 1000°C. As we cool to lower temperatures
from the phase diagram we see that the monoclinic and CaZr4O9 phases are not formed. Rather we
still have the cubic and tetragonal phases. Therefore we do not have a large volume difference and
crack formation is prevented.