Density - : University of Rizal System

Republic of the Philippines
UNIVERSITY OF RIZAL SYSTEM

Province of Rizal
www.urs.edu.ph
Email Address: ursmain@urs.edu.ph /urs.opmorong@gmail.com

Main Campus: URS Tanay Tel. (02) 401-4900; 401-4910; 401-4911; telefax 653-1735
ME 10 Fluid Machinery
Assignment 2
Properties of Fluids
Direction: Research for the definition, variations of units, equation with nomenclature of the
following properties of fluid, and sample problems (with inclusion picture if possible). Indicate
the reference use with proper footnoting.
Ex.
Density - is defined as mass per unit volume. Mass is a property and the SI unit for density is
[kg/m3].
Equation: ρ = m / V = 1 / ν

Nomenclature:
ρ = density [kg/m3], [slugs/ft3]
m = mass [kg], [slugs]
V = volume [m3], [ft3]
ν = specific volume [m3/kg], [ft3/slug]
Sample Problems:
Example 1: Density of a Golf ball
A golf ball has a diameter of 42 mm and a mass of 45 g. The volume of the golf ball can be
calculated as
V = (4/3) π (42 [mm] * 0.001 [m/mm]/2)3 = 3.8 10-5 [m3]
The density of the golf ball can then be calculated as
1
https://wiki.anton-paar.com/hr-hr/gustoca-i-mjerenje-gustoce/
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ρ = 45 [g] * 0.001 [kg/g] / 3.8 10-5 [m3] = 1184 [kg/m3]2
PROPERTIES OF FLUID
1. Specific Weight - is defined as weight per unit volume. Weight is a force. The SI unit
for specific weight is [N/m3]. The imperial unit is [lb/ft3].3
Equation: γ = ρ ag
Nomenclature:
SG = specific gravity of gas
ρgas = density of gas [kg/m3]
ρair = density of air (normally at NTP - 1.204 [kg/m3])
Sample Problems:
2
https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/density-specific-weight-gravity-d_290.html
3
https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/density-specific-weight-gravity-d_290.html#Spec_weight
4
https://rogermarjoribanks.info/measure-specific-gravity-rocks/#!wp-prettyPhoto [798]/0/
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Example 1: Specific Weight of Water
The density of water is 1000 kg/m3 at 4 °C (39 °F).
The specific weight in SI units is
γ = 1000 [kg/m3] * 9.81 [m/s2] = 9810 [N/m3] = 9.81 [kN/m3]
The density of water is 1.940 slugs/ft3 at 39 °F (4 °C).
The specific weight in Imperial units is
γ = 1.940 [slugs/ft3] * 32.174 [ft/s2] = 62.4 [lb/ft3]5
2. Density - is a measure of mass per volume. The average density of an object equals

its total mass divided by its total volume.
Equation: ρ=m/V or ρ = kg / m3
Nomenclature:
ρ = Density = kg/m3
m = Mass = kg
V = Volume = m3
Sample Problems:
Example 2. Density of a solid metal
5
https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/density-specific-weight-gravity-d_290.html#Ex5
6
https://theengineeringmindset.com/density-explained/
Province of Rizal
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You have a large solid metal block but are unsure if it is made from Aluminum or
Stainless steel. You measure it and find it has a volume of 2m3 and a total mass of
5400kg.
You calculate its density using the formula
ρ = m / V
So, drop the numbers of your measurements into the equation:
ρ = 5400kg ÷ 2m3
and the answer is
ρ = 2700 [kg/m3]7
3. Specific Volume - is defined as the number of cubic meters occupied by one kilogram
of matter. It is the ratio of a material's volume to its mass, which is the same as the
reciprocal of its density.
Equation: here are three common formulas used to calculate specific volume (ν):
1. ν = V / m
2. ν = 1 /ρ =
Nomenclature:
V is volume and m are mass
ρ where ρ is density
Sample Problems:
Example 3. The pressure of a sample of steam is known to be 2500 lbf/in2 at a
temperature of 1960 Rankine. If the gas constant is 0.596 what is the specific volume of
the steam?
7
https://theengineeringmindset.com/density-explained/
8
https://wps.prenhall.com/wps/media/objects/946/968731/ch09_08.htm
Province of Rizal
www.urs.edu.ph

ν = RT / P
ν = (0.596) (1960)/ (2500) = 0.467 in3/lb 9
4. Specific Gravity - is a dimensionless unit defined as the ratio of the density of a

substance to the density of water - at a specified temperature and can be expressed as
10
Equation: SG = substance / ρH2O
Nomenclature:
SG = Specific Gravity of the substance
substance = density of the fluid or substance [kg/m3]
ρH2O = density of water - normally at temperature 4 oC [kg/m3]
Sample Problems
Example 4. The density of iron is 7850 kg/m3. The specific gravity of iron related to water with
density 1000 kg/m3 is
SG (iron) = 7850 [kg/m3] / 1000 [kg/m3] = 7.85 11
5. Temperature – (sometimes called thermodynamic temperature) is a measure of the

average kinetic energy of the particles in a system. Temperature is the degree of
"hotness" (or "coldness") - a measure of the heat intensity. The most common symbol
or abbreviation for temperature is T.
9
https://www.thoughtco.com/specific-volume-definition-and-examples-4175807#:~:text=Specific%20volume
%20is%20defined%20as,is%20inversely%20proportional%20to%20density.
10
https://www.geoengineer.org/education/laboratory-testing/measurement-of-specific-gravity-of-soils
11
https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/density-specific-weight-gravity-d_290.html#Ex4
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12
Equation: T(°F) = 1.8 T(°C) + 32
T(°C) = (T(°F) - 32)/1.8

Nomenclature:
T(°C) = temperature (°C)
T(°F) = temperature (°F)
Sample Problems:
Example 5. Water is cooled from 100°C to 60°C. What is the temperature difference in °F?
Temperature difference in degrees Celsius:
ΔT(°C) = 100 °C - 60 °C = 40 C°
Note that °C is used for actual temperatures (temperature relative to 273.15 K) and C°
is used for temperature differences.
Temperature difference in degrees Fahrenheit calculated by using (1)
100 °C = 1.8 (100 °C) + 32 = 212 °F
12
https://www.weathernationtv.com/news/cuba-sets-all-time-hottest-temperature/
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60 °C = 1.8 (60 °C) + 32 = 140 °F
ΔT(°F) = 212°F - 140°F = 72 °F
Temperature difference in degrees Fahrenheit calculated by using (3)
ΔT(°F) = 1.8 (40 C°) = 72 °F13
6. Pressure - he normal force per unit area exerted on a imaginary or real plane surface
in a fluid or a gas
14
Equation: p = F / A
Nomenclature:
p = pressure (lb/in2 (psi), lb/ft2 (psf), N/m2, kg/ms2 (Pa))
F = force (N) 1)
A = area (in2, ft2, m2)
Sample Problem: The area of a foot of a person is 1 square meter and the force of his
one foot exerted to the ground is 3 Newtons, what is the pressure?
13
https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/temperature-d_291.html
14
http://www.aaronswansonpt.com/basic-biomechanics-pressure/
Province of Rizal
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P = F/A
= (3 N)/ (1.2 m2); P = 2.5 Pa15
Example 6.
a. Gauge pressure - is often used to measure the pressure difference between a
system and the surrounding atmosphere.
16
Equation: Pg = Pabs – Patm

Nomenclature:
Pg = Gauge Pressure
Pabs = Absolute Pressure
Patm = Atmospheric Pressure
Sample Problem:
Example 6.a: What is the gauge pressure of tire with an absolute pressure of 150kpa?
Pg =?
Pabs = 150kpa
Patm = 101.325kpa
Pg = 150 -101.325
Pg = 48.675kpa 17
b. Absolute pressure - is measured relative to the absolute zero pressure - the
pressure that would occur at absolute vacuum.
15
https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/pressure-d_587.html
16
https://blog.wika.com/knowhow/difference-between-gauge-pressure-and-absolute-pressure-measurement/
17
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/physics/chapter/11-6-gauge-pressure-absolute-pressure-and-pressure-
measurement/
Province of Rizal
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Equation: Pabs = Pg + Patm

Nomenclature:
Pg = Gauge Pressure
Pabs = Absolute Pressure
Patm = Atmospheric Pressure
Sample Problem:
Example 6.a: What is the absolute pressure of tire with a gauge pressure of 150kpa and
barometric pressure 95kpa?
Pabs =?
Pg = 150kpa
Patm = 95kpa
Pg = 150 + 95
Pg = 245kpa18
c. Fluid pressure - is a measurement of the force per unit area on an object in
the fluid or on the surface of a closed container.
18
https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/pressure-d_587.html
Province of Rizal
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19
Equation: p = ρ g h
Nomenclature:
p = pressure in liquid (N/m2, Pa, lbf/ft2, psf)
ρ = density of liquid (kg/m3, slugs/ft3)
g = acceleration of gravity (9.81 m/s2, 32.17405 ft/s2)
h = height of fluid column - or depth in the fluid where pressure is measured (m, ft)
Sample Problems:
Example 6.c - The density of water at 4oC is 1000 kg/m3. The pressure acting in water at 1 m.
p=ρgh
p=ρgh
= (1000 kg/m3) (9.81 m/s2) (1 m)
= 9810 Pa20
7. Surface Tension - The property of the surface of a liquid that allows it to resist an

external force, due to the cohesive nature of its molecules.
19
http://www.atmo.arizona.edu/students/courselinks/fall16/atmo336s2/lectures/sec1/Fluid_Pressure.html
20
https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/hydrostatic-pressure-water-d_1632.html
Province of Rizal
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21
Equation: σ = Fs / l

Nomenclature:
σ = surface tension (N/m)
Fs = stretching force (N)
l = unit length (m)
Sample Problems:
Example 7. Air is introduced through a nozzle into a tank of water to form a stream of bubbles.
If the bubbles are intended to have a diameter of 2 mm, calculate how much the pressure of the
air at the tip of the nozzle must exceed that of the surrounding water. Assume that the value of
surface tension between air and water as 72.7 x 10-3 N/m.
Data:
Surface tension (s) = 72.7 x 10-3 N/m
Radius of bubble (r) = 1
Formula:
Dp = 2s/r
Calculations:
Dp = 2 x 72.7 x 10-3 / 1 = 145.4 N/m2
21
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/surten.html
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That is, the pressure of the air at the tip of nozzle must exceed the pressure of
surrounding water by [145.4 N/m2]22
8. Bulk Modulus - is a material property characterizing the compressibility of a fluid - how easy
a unit volume of a fluid can be changed when changing the pressure working upon it.
23
Equation: K =V×ΔPΔV
Nomenclature:
K Bulk Modulus
δ P Change in pressure
δ V Change in volume
V Original volume
Sample Problems:
22
http://www.msubbu.in/ln/fm/Unit-I/SurfTensProblem.htm
23
https://atmos.eoas.fsu.edu/~odom/ESC1000/deformation/def.html
Province of Rizal
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Example 8. Find out the change in volume if the atmospheric pressure of 0.1 MPa of a metal block is
decreased to zero when this unit is put in a vacuum. The bulk modulus of the material of the object is
120000 MPa.
Solution: As given values in the problem:
Bulk modulus, K = 120000 MPa
Change in pressure, δP = 0.0 – 0.1
\Delta P = -0.1 MPa
As we know the formula for Bulk Modulus,
K =V×ΔPΔVV×ΔPΔV
ΔVV=−ΔPKΔVV=−ΔPK
ΔVV=−−0.1120000ΔVV=−−0.1120000
ΔVV=8.3×10−7ΔVV=8.3×10−7
i.e., Fractional change in volume = 8.3×10−78.3×10−7
Hence, the fractional change in volume is 8.3×10−7 24
24
https://www.toppr.com/guides/physics-formulas/bulk-modulus-formula/
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9. Viscosity - resistance of a fluid (liquid or gas) to a change in shape, or movement of
neighboring portions relative to one another.
25
Kinematic Viscosity
10. Reynolds Number

a. Laminar Flow
b. Turbulent Flow
c. Critical Flow
25
https://wiki.anton-paar.com/hu-hu/a-viszkozimetria-alapjai/
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Submitted by:
____________________________
Junrey R. Padrogado
(Signature over printed name)

Density - : University of Rizal System

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Republic of the Philippines

UNIVERSITY OF RIZAL SYSTEM

Email Address: ursmain@urs.edu.ph /urs.opmorong@gmail.com

Equation: ρ = m / V = 1 / ν

V = (4/3) π (42 [mm] * 0.001 [m/mm]/2)3 = 3.8 10-5 [m3]

The density of the golf ball can then be calculated as

Email Address: ursmain@urs.edu.ph /urs.opmorong@gmail.com

Email Address: ursmain@urs.edu.ph /urs.opmorong@gmail.com

The density of water is 1000 kg/m3 at 4 °C (39 °F).

The specific weight in SI units is

γ = 1000 [kg/m3] * 9.81 [m/s2] = 9810 [N/m3] = 9.81 [kN/m3]

The density of water is 1.940 slugs/ft3 at 39 °F (4 °C).

The specific weight in Imperial units is

γ = 1.940 [slugs/ft3] * 32.174 [ft/s2] = 62.4 [lb/ft3]5

2. Density - is a measure of mass per volume. The average density of an object equals

Email Address: ursmain@urs.edu.ph /urs.opmorong@gmail.com

Email Address: ursmain@urs.edu.ph /urs.opmorong@gmail.com

4. Specific Gravity - is a dimensionless unit defined as the ratio of the density of a

Equation: SG = substance / ρH2O

5. Temperature – (sometimes called thermodynamic temperature) is a measure of the

Email Address: ursmain@urs.edu.ph /urs.opmorong@gmail.com

Equation: T(°F) = 1.8 T(°C) + 32

T(°C) = (T(°F) - 32)/1.8

T(°C) = temperature (°C)

T(°F) = temperature (°F)

Email Address: ursmain@urs.edu.ph /urs.opmorong@gmail.com

A = area (in2, ft2, m2)

Email Address: ursmain@urs.edu.ph /urs.opmorong@gmail.com

Equation: Pg = Pabs – Patm

Email Address: ursmain@urs.edu.ph /urs.opmorong@gmail.com

Equation: Pabs = Pg + Patm

Email Address: ursmain@urs.edu.ph /urs.opmorong@gmail.com

7. Surface Tension - The property of the surface of a liquid that allows it to resist an

Email Address: ursmain@urs.edu.ph /urs.opmorong@gmail.com

Equation: σ = Fs / l

Email Address: ursmain@urs.edu.ph /urs.opmorong@gmail.com

δ P Change in pressure

δ V Change in volume

Email Address: ursmain@urs.edu.ph /urs.opmorong@gmail.com

Solution: As given values in the problem:

Bulk modulus, K = 120000 MPa

Change in pressure, δP = 0.0 – 0.1

\Delta P = -0.1 MPa

As we know the formula for Bulk Modulus,

i.e., Fractional change in volume = 8.3×10−78.3×10−7

Hence, the fractional change in volume is 8.3×10−7 24

Email Address: ursmain@urs.edu.ph /urs.opmorong@gmail.com

10. Reynolds Number

Email Address: ursmain@urs.edu.ph /urs.opmorong@gmail.com

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