=
GU PHAR
TIENG A
ect
=DLOI NOI DAU
uén "Ngit phap tiéng Anh" nay dugc bién soan nhim
muc dich phuc vu viée hoc tiéng Anh trong cdc trudng
Dai hoe va Trung hoc chuyén nghiép déng théi cing nhim déng
gop vao viéc hoc tiéng Anh ca hoc sinh cdc trudng phé théng,
cae lép tai chtte va cdc ban tu hoc. Né6 cé tinh chat cha mét cuén
Ngit phap tiéng Anh ca ban va thue hanh, noi dung cha yéu
nham gidi thiéu nhiing quy tac co ban va thong dung, kém theo
nhiéu bai tap dé gidp ngudi hoc van dung dude cdc quy tac trong
viéc rén luyén ky nang néi, nghe, doc, viét tiéng Anh. Do dé
sach nay chua dé cap dén nhiing van dé phic tap, ft gap va it
ding, cing khéng di s4u vao ng phap ly thuyét. Mat khac, dé
dam bdo “Tinh chat Viét Nam va hién dai", ching téi cing cha
y dua vao kinh nghiém thyc té day tiéng Anh cho ngudi Viét két
hgp véi nhitng thanh tuu cia ngén ngi hoc va phuong phap
gidng day ngoai ngit hién dai dé trinh bay cAc van dé ngit phap
mét cach don gian, ngin gon nhung ro rang, dé hiéu, dé nhd,
thich hop véi déi tugng ngudi Viét.
Vé mat thuat ngi, chting t6i cha truong ding nhiing thuat
ngit tiéng Viét va tiéng Anh cia ngit phap truyén théng, cé chon
lee va tinh gian trong sO nhiing thuat ngi da quen ding, dé
ngudi hoc khdi bd nga. ‘
Vé6i nhitng .dac diém nhu trén, chting téi hy vong cuén sach ~
sé dap ting duige yéu cdu cua déng dao cac ban hoc tiéng Anh. N66 thé ding lam gido trinh day ngit ph4p d trong lép, lam tai liéu
6n tap va tham khdo ngu phap cho hoe sinh va giao vién.
Sau day chung téi gidi thiéu bé cuc cuén sach va mét sé goi
y huéng d4n cach st dung.
1) Cuén sach gém 8 phan lén:
Phan I gém 11 chugng, 31 bai, gidi thiéu cha yéu cach phan
loai, hinh thai cdu tao, chtte nang va cach diing cac ti loai trong
tiéng Anh, c6 két hop giai quyét mot sé van dé ct php (cach
dat cAu) lién quan dén viéc st dung tix loai d6.
Phan II gém 5 chuong, 14 bai, gidi thiéu cha yéu c&c van dé
cu phap co ban, cé tinh ch&t nang cao va khai quat héa cach dat
cau tiéng Anh theo nhiing cau tric, céng thtic, mAu co ban.
Phan III 1a dap an cdc bai tap khé, nhdm gitp cdc ban tu
hoc c6 thé tu kiém tra, danh gia két qua hoc tap cha minh.
2) Méi bai gdm ph4n trinh bay nhiing quy tac va phan bai
tap ting dung, nham gidi thiéu gon va tap trung mét hay nhiéu
v&én dé ngit phap co lién quan, theo tiing buée tir d& dén kho.
Tuy nhién, cé nhiéu van dé khéng thé gidi quyét gon mét lan la
xong duge, vi cé nhiéu diém lién quan dén cae van dé kh4e, thi
chung t6i gidi thiéu tig phan, phan sau cé nhac lai, ciing cd, bd
sung va nang cao phan truéc. Cac ban hoc nén chi y diém nay:
hoc phan sau nén 6n lai va déi chiéu véi phan truéc, nhu vay
mdi hiéu duge van dé mot céch ddy di, su va chdc.
3) Phan trinh bay quy tde trong méi bai duce viét theo tinh
than tinh gidn, ngan gon, kém theo nhiéu thi dy minh hoa.
Chiing t6i st dung réng rai cach trinh bay tom tat duéi dang cc
bang téng hop, biéu dé, so dé va céng thie kém theo nhiing 131
ghi, nhiing cht thich can thiét.Cae ban hoe cén cha ¥ doc ky, hiéu chdc va hoc thude cdc
thi du trong bai vi chting khéng nhiing cé tac dung minh hoa,
gitip ngudi hoc ndém viing duge quy tac thay cho ldi gidi thfch
tritu tugng, ma con 1a nhiing cau tiéu biéu cho cach dién dat cha
ngudi Anh cé thé duoc sit dung trong nhiéu tinh huéng khac
nhau.
4) Cac bai tap trong méi bai khéng tap trung 6 cudi ma
dude bé tri rai ra trong titng muc nhé, theo phusng cham “hoc
dén dau luyén dén dé", nhim gitip ngudi hoc vita ndm duge quy
tc ngi phap via rén luyén dude ky nang stt dung ngén ngi.
Cac bai tap duge danh s6 tha ty lién tuc trong tiing bai dé dé
déi chiéu véi phan dap an.
C&c ban hoe cfn dic biét cht ¥ lam céc bai tap mét cach
ddy da, nghiém tic va luyén cho dén mite thudn thuc. Muén vay
khéng nén chi nhin bing mat va viét ra gidy ngay, ma cén
thong qua khau luyén miéng. Can doc to va nhac lai nhiéu lan
nhiing cau tap da lam ding. .
5) Nhtng cau thi du va cau cho trong bai tap duge chon
theo tiéu chudn tiéng Anh hién dai, pho thong, c6 néi dung thuc
tién va tu tuéng tét, déng théi chi ding mét sé von tit ngit don
gian (trudng hgp cé tit ngit khé thi chia nghia tiéng Viét). Cac
ban gido vién huéng din cé thé tay theo trinh dé va von tit cha
ngudi hgc ma cho thém thi dy hode bai tap thich hgp.
Cuén "Ngit phap tiéng Anh" nay duge bién soan ldn dau,
chdc chén khéng thé tranh khdi thiéu st. Mong cdc ban gép ¥
kién nhan xét dé ching téi hoan chinh cuén sach nhim pkac vu
t6t hon cho viée hoc tiéng Anh cia déng dao ban doc.
Cac tac gidPHAN MOTCHUONG MOT
TU VA CAU
(Words and Sentences)
TU LoAI VA CAU TRUC CAU
(Word Classes and Sentence Structures)
L GIGI THIEU
Cac khai niém vé tif loai va cau tric cdu trong tiéng Anh c6
nhiing diém gidng tiéng Viét, nhung do dic diém riéng cua ting
ngon ngit, nén tat nhién cing cé nhiéu diém khac. Thi dy nhiing
khai niém chung vé danh tit, déng ti, tinh ti, chi ngi, vi ngi...
thi giéng, nhung di vao chi tiét cdu tao, chic nang, vi tri v.v... thi
hae nhau nhiéu. Co nhiing khai niém chi tiéng Anh co ma tiéng
Viét khong cé nhu c4ch sé hitu cia danh ti, thi ca déng tir, dong
tinh tw, déng danh tw v.v...
Bai dau nay nham gidi thiéu tong quat vé tw loai va céu tric
cau tigng Anh dé ngudi hoe cé khai niém chung truéc khi di vao
cc chi tiét cy thé.
IL TU LOAI (Word Classes, hay cén ggi la Parts of Speech)
C6 nhiéu cach phan loai, nhung theo ngit phap truyén thong
Anh, ta cé thé chia 1am tam loai nhu sau:
11Tén tit logi
Céng dung |
Thi du
1. Danh tw (Noun)
Chi ngudi, vat, sw
iéc hay khai niém
Jooy, table, cat, freedom,
lhappiness.
2. Dai tw (Pronoun)
[Dung thay cho danh
ter
II, he, them, who, which,
Imine, this...
3. Tinh tu
(Adjective)
ps nghia (néi r6
jthém) cho danh tit.
|Gém nhiéu loai, ké cdi
lmao tix (article) va sé
ttt (numeral)
ja good worker, the
heroic Vietnamese
people, my first lesson,
some new books, those
two houses are large.
4. Dong tix (Verb)
‘Chi hanh déng hoac
'e are learning
tinh ti hode pho tit
khac
trang thai English.
{The enemy was
defeated,
‘5. Phé tix (Adverb) |Bé nghia cho déng tit, They work very hard.
|He came here
esterday.
II was too tired.
6. Gidi tir bi trudc danh tw hodell spoke to him.
\Preposition) {dai tir dé chi quan hé The desk of the
pa chting véi céc tit teacher is near the
Ikhae indow.
(7. Lién tix INGi cc tit, cum tit. You and I. He is poor
(Conjunction) hhoac cau véi nhau, put honest; he will _
me if you ask him.
“8. Than ty Dién ta cam xtc ih! Ah! Hello! Alas!
(Interjection)
12Ghi cha:
Can luw ¥ mét diém quan trong 1a viée phan chia tit loai
trong tiéng Anh chi yéu dua vao chic nang cac tir dé trong cau.
Do d6, mét tY cd thé khi 1A danh ti, khi 1a déng tw, hoac khi 1a
tinh ti, khi la dai tw v.v... Nhiing tit nhu vay tuong déi nhiéu, can
chu y hoc cach ding cu thé cua ching.
Thi du:
T have two hands - (Téi cé hai tay - hands 1a danh tit).
He hands me the paper (Anh 4y dua cho t6i ta gidy - hand la
dong ti).
Around table (Cai ban tron - round la tinh ti).
A round of beer. (Mét chau bia - round 1a danh tit).
The earth moves round the sun (Trai dat quay xung quanh
mat trdi - round 1a gidi tt).
The police rounded them up (Canh sat quay ho lai - round 1a
dong tw).
This is his hat (Day 1a cai mit cua anh y - This la dai tu, his
la tinh tiv sd hitu).
This hat is his (CAi mi nay 1A cha anh 4y - This 1a tinh tu,
his 1a dai tit sé hitu).
Bai tap
1. Doc to nhiing cdu sau, tim hiéu ¥ nghia va ni ré tit logi
cua nhitng tit in nghiéng. .
1. It is hard work, but I know you can work hard.
2. He éame by a very fast train. He can run very fast, but he
is running slowly.
133. I like to drink tea. Let us have another drink.
4. These oranges are bigger than those.
5. This is my book. It is not yours.
6. The room is quite dark. He is not sitting in the dark,
7. This lamp gives a poor light. Light the other lamp, please.
8. Cotton is not heavy, it is light.
9. Nam is sitting at the back of the class. He has come back
through the back door.
10. Let's go for a walk. We shall walk down the street.
11. CAU TRUC CAU (Sentence Structures)
Mét cau tiéng Anh don gidn c6 thé chia lam hai phan chinh
1a cha ngit (Subject) va vi ngit (Predicate). Phan vi ngit trong cau
tiéng Anh luén gém mét dong tit da chia vA néu cdn thi co thém
tan ngit (Odject) hodc bé ngit (Complement). Ngoai ra, cau con cé
nhiing thanh phan thit yéu 1a trang ngit (Adverbial Modifier) va
tinh ngit (Adjective Modifier). Nhiing van dé nay sé hoc ky trong
phan II ca sach nay, 6 day chi gidi thiéu so b6 dé cé khai niém
chung khi hoe cc tit loai.
C6 thé tom tat cau tric cu co ban nhat trong tigng Anh bing
hai biéu dé nhu sau:
A - Truéng hop cau chi cé nhiing thanh phan cha yéu (goi la
cau hat nhan hay cau téi thiéu)
14. Predicate
Subject Verb Object or Complement
1. The door is opened.
2. He is running.
3. The boy opened the door.
4, We speak English.
5. That man is my brother.
6. They will become __| workers.
Ja cdu mé réng)
B - Trudng hgp cau c6 thém nhiing thanh phan thi yéu (goi
Subject Predicate
Subject + Adjective Verb Object or Adverbial
Modifiers | Complement Modifier
1. The green door is opened lat once.
Chiéc ctta xanh mo Ingay lap tric.
2. A little boy jis running lin the street.
Mét cau bé \dang chay Itrén dudng pho.
3. The boy in the blue jopened the back dour |this morning.
hat
ICau bé déi mai xanh = |md Ictia sau hic sang nay
4. We all in this class |speak English irather well.
IPat c& chting ta trong |ndi tiéng Anh kha tot.
lép nay
5. That man there lis Imy big brother.
INgudi dan éng d6 ila lanh trai tdi. .
_ |6. These young men _|willbecome factory workers |next vear.
INhiing thanh nién nay |sé tré thanh|céng nhan lvao sang nam.
nha may
15Ghi cha:
Cau luu ¥ nhiing diém sau cé phan nao khac véi ng phap
tiéng Viét hoac khac véi cach ding thuat nga 6 mét vai tai liéu
ngit phap khac.
a) Tan ngif chi déi tugng cha hanh dong (cé tai liéu goi la bd
ngit déi tugng) tra 1éi cau héi: Gi? Cai gi? Ai? Tan ngit bé ng cho
ngoai dong ti. Trudng hop ndi déng ti thi khéng cé tan ngit. Thi
du 1 trong bang trén "The door opened", opened 14 ndi dong tix
kh6ng cé tan ngit, nhung trong thi du 3, néu cau diing lai sau
opened thi chua du nghia, vi opened day 1a ngoai dng tit ddi hdi
phai cé tan ngi.
b) Bo ngw (complement, cdn goi 1a predicative) 1A mét bd
phan khéng thé thiéu duge cha vi nga, nhung khong chi déi tong
nhv tan ngi. Bé ngit thudng 1a danh tw (nhu thf du 5 va 6 trong
cc bang trén), nhung cing cé thé 1a tinh tit hay phé tu, nhu:
Lam hungry. - Toi déi.
They are here. - Ho 6 day.
He looks different. ~ Anh ta tréng khac.
G day ta thay ché khdc nhau gitia tiéng Anh va tiéng Viét.
Téi déi (d6i 14 vi ngit)
lam hungry (hungry khéng ding m6t minh 1Am vi ngit dugc)
Vi ngii la: am (dong tw) + hungry (bé ngii).
Chung téi dang thuat ngit bd ng vdi nghia hep nhu vay,
khéng phai theo nghia rong 1a bat ctf tiv nao bé nghia cho déng tix
nhu m6t vai tai liéu khac. .
c) Trang ngw (adverbial modifier) thudng 1a phé tu hay cum
ti tuong duong véi pho ti lam nhiém vy bé nghia cho déng tif hay
cho ca cau dé néi 16 thém vé cach thiéc, thdi gian, noi chon vv...
cia hanh déng hay su viéc. Nhiing thi du trong bang B cho ta
16thay trang ngi la thanh phan phy, thém vao thi ré y hon, nhung
khdng c6 né céu van di nghia.
d) Tinh ti (adjective modifier) cin goi la dink ngit
(attributive) 1A mét ty hay cum tit bé nghia cho danh ti. N6 1a
thanh phan phu di kém véi danh ti, dd danh tir dé la cha ngi,
tan ngii, bé ngit hay nim trong trang ngit cla cau cing thé.
Bai tap
2. Ding nhitng tit trong cét 2 dién vao nhitng cdu trong cét 1
lam tan ngit cho dé nghia. Méi tit cé thé dién vao nhiéu céu néu
nghia thich hop.
1 2
1. They are looking at... him, the house
2.1 don't know... >| your name, English
3. The student is doing... his work, that
4. She can see... the new factory, that river
5. My friend likes... this exercise, those books
3. Ding nhitng tit trong cot 2 dién vao nhitng céu trong cét 1
lam trang ngit. Céch lam nhu trén.
1 2
1, My brother is... an engineer, happy
2. The boys were... students, there
3. He seems to be... a good teacher, quite well
4. These girls will become... factory workers
5. They look... strong, tired
174. Ding nhitng tit trong cét 2 dién vao nhitng cau trong cét 1
lam trang ngi?. Céch lam nhut trén.
1 2
1. He is running... fast, now
2. They walked... to the station, yesterday
3. My father is working... today, in the garden
4, 1 saw many children... in the street, last week
5. You cannot play football... here, everyday
18
Cha ¥: Co thé thém mét hay nhiéu trang ngit vao cau.
Thi du:
He is running fast. He is running to the station.
N6 dang chay nhanh. N6é dang chay tdi ga.
He is running fast to the station.
Nb dang chay nhanh tdi ga.CHUONG HAIL
DANH TU
(Nouns)
DANH TU: DANG VA CHUC NANG
(Nouns: Forms and Functions)
1. CAC LOAI DANH TU
A- C6 nam loai danh tix
1. Danh tw chung (common noun): dog, table, man...
2. Danh tw riéng (proper noun): London, England, Fred...
8. Danh ti chi chat liéu (material noun): water, rice, ink...
4. Danh tt triu tugng (abstract noun): beauty, happiness,
courage...
5. Danh tw tap hgp (collective noun): team, crowd, flock...
Ghi nhé: Trong thuc tién, vé mat ng phap cdn phan biét
trong tiéng Anh:
1. Nhing danh ti dém duge (countable noun): boy, chair,
hou
1. Nhing danh tit khéng dém duoe (uncountable noun): -
water, milk, ink, beauty, happiness, courage...
B- Quy tc cau tao danh tw
Nhiing quy tac chinh
1920
1) Danh tu dém duge
Verb + er: to teach — teacher
Verb + or: to direct + director
to govern -> governor
Verb + ing:
to build -> building
to write > writing
2) Danh tw tritu tugng
a) adjective + ness
kind — kindness
happy — happiness
lazy — laziness
(Chu ¥: Khi chuyén sang danh tw: y > i)
b) noun + ship
friend — friendship
workman -> workmanship
c) noun adj + dom
king > kingdom
wise > wisdom
free — freedom
@) adjective + th
wide > width
true > truth
(Cha y: Khi chuyén thanh danh tit: bd e thém th).
3) Danh ti ghép
a) adjective + noun
black + board — blackboard
grand + parent > grandparent6) noun + noun
bed + room — bedroom
shop + keeper — shopkeeper
c) gerund + noun
looking + glass -» looking-glass
writing + paper — writing-paper
Chu y: Trong nhiing danh tw ghép trén, tit diing trudc cé gia
tri mét dinh ngit lam ré nghia tit ding sau.
d) Dang khdac
Mother-in-law, passer-by, commander-in-chief
Bai tap
1. Phan loai nhiing danh tit dui day:
dog, cat, man, woman, country, crowd, team, happiness,
beauty, health, patience, army, flock, desk, door. Paris, window,
kindness, courage, house, building, poverty. France, pleasure,
wood, paper, air, steam, family, sand, bread, ink, truth. Henry,
chair, table, rice, salt. George, tree, flower, water, honey, grass,
fame.
2. Tim trong sé danh tit d bai tap trén nhitng danh tit dém
duge va nhitng danh tit khéng dém duoc.
3. Cau tao danh tit tudng ing cho nhitng tit dudi day:
scholar, friend, boy, man, woman, long, wide, strong, warm,
deep, true, to wash, to manage, to sing, neat, good, tender, dark,
soft, sweet, neighbour, young.
4. Tao nhitng danh tit ghép dé dién ta:
A knife for cutting paper. A glass for holding wine.
A box for holding matches. A desk for writing at.
21A needle used to darn socks with. A driver of taxi.
A floor made of stone. A machine for washing clothes.
A wall made of brick. A room where you have meals.
A room in which you sleep. A brush with which we brush our
teeth.
Il. GIONG :
Danh ti tiéng Anh rat dé xac dinh gidng cin cu theo y nghia
cha ti.
Gidng duc Nhiing danh ti chi| boy, man, father,
(masculine gender) | vat giéng duc ram
Gidng cai (feminine.| Nhiing danh tit chi| girl, woman,
gender) vat ging cdi mother, ewe...
Gidng trung Nhiing danh_ ti| child, person,
(common gender) | chung cho ca duc, | parent, sheep...
cai
Trung tinh (neutral | Nhiing danh tir vé| table, chair, house...
gender) tinh
Ghi nhée:
1. Cé.rat nhiéu danh ti chung thudc trung tinh
desk, lamp, stool, door, window...
2. Nhiing danh tw tritu tudng, chi chat liéu, tap hop bao gid
cing thuéc loai trung tinh
patience, kindness, water, rice, crowd, team...
3. C6 3 cach chinh dé phan biét mot danh ti thude gidng dye
hay gidéng cai.
a) Khéec han vé hinh thie: boy, girl, man, woman...b) Céng thém mét danh tix hay dai tiv (thude gidng duc hay
giéng cai) vao mét danh ti gidng trung:
boy-cousin, girl-cousin, he-wolf, she-wolf
c) Thém vao mét danh tiv gidng duc (dé chuyén thanh danh tix
gidéng cAi):
poet - poetess
host - hostess
actor - actress
Bai tap
5. Phan biét giéng ctia cdc danh tit dudi day:
husband, wife, artist, cook, lady, gentleman, neighbour,
doctor, writer, visitor, musician, school-boy, school-girl, school,
uncle, aunt, cousin, bird, father, mother, parent, friend, enemy,
pen, pencil, book, son, daughter, courage, poverty, health,
friendship, kindness, love, truth.
6. Tim nhitng danh tit ging cdi cua nhiéng danh tit dudi day:
boy, husband, brother, bull, father, gentleman, uncle-son,
nephew, king, cock-sparrow, he-goat, man, school, master, prince,
lion, tiger, cock, waiter.
UL. SO NHIEU CUA DANH TU
Quy tac chung
1. Muén chuyén mét danh tiv sé it sang sé nhiéu thi thém s
va ding sau:
book - books
dog - dogs
2. Chi nhiing danh tiv dém duc (countable noun) mdi cé dang
sé nhiéu "thém s". Nhiing danh tiv khéng dém duge (non-
23countable) khéng cé dang sé nhiéu, (trit nhitng trudng hep ghi cha
6 cudi bai 4).
Ghi nhé:
a) - Nhiing danh ti tan ctng bang s, x, ch, sh, thém es (va
doc 1a fiz]).
glass - glasses; box - boxes; branch - branches; brush -
brushes. .
- Nhiing danh ti tan clung bang o thém es:
hero - heroes, potato - potatoes, tomato - tomatoes
Mét sé danh tif nguén géec nude ngoai khéng theo quy tic nay:
piano - pianos; dynamo - dynamos; photo - photos.
- Nhiing danh tw tan cing bang y ding sau mét phu 4m,
truéc khi thém s, déi y thanh ie:
lady - ladies, fly - flies, country - countries; (néu y ding sau
m6t nguyén dm, chi cén thém s: boy-boys; toy-toys; day-days).
- Nhiing danh tix tan cling bang f hoi fe, bé f hoac fe, thém
ves:
wife - wives; life - lives; wolf - wolves; self - selves;
leaf - leaves; thief - thieves.
Tuy nhién, c6 mét sé danh ti tan cing f hoac fe vin theo quy
tac chung:
cliff - cliffs; handkerchief - handkerchiefs; roof - roofs.
C6 mét sé viét duge ca hai cAch:
scarf - scarfs hoae scarves
wharf - wharfs hodc wharves
b) Cé mét sé danh tix khong theo quy tac chung
man - men; woman - women; child- children; tooth - teeth;
24foot - feet; mouse - mice; louse - lice; goose - geese; basis - bases;
crisis - crises; sheep - sheep (khéng thay déi), memorandum -
memorandums va memoranda (hai dang) v.v...
c) Déi véi danh ti ghép
- Thudng 1a chi thém s vao tit dting sau.
armchair - armchairs; school-boy — school-boys.
- Nhung néu dung truéc 1A man hay woman, thi ca hai tw déu
chuyén sang sé nhiéu.
manservant - menservants.
- C6 mét sé danh tit ghép véi gidi tu hoac pho tw thi chi thém
s vao tit ding trudc.
sister-in-law — sisters-in-law.
looker-on - lookers-on.
d) Cach doc Am cuéi 6 danh ti sé nhiéu
(Cha ¥ cach phat 4m theo phién 4m quéc té, khéng theo
chinh ta).
Danh ti tan cing bang! Doc la Thi du
cac Am:
Phu 4m v6 thanh, [f], [s] | roofs, books, lakes, shops,
(kl, (pl, [4] hopes, hats.
Nguyén 4m va phu 4m [z] days, birds, dogs, pens,
hitu thanh walls, years, rows
Phu 4m [iz] | horses, boxes, roses,
(sl, [2], Ul, (tl, [dz] brushes, watches, villages.
Bai tap
7. Viét sang sé nhiéu nhitng ti trong ngode dun.
1. Study the next three (chapter).
2526
2. Can you recommend some good (book)?
3. Lhad two (tooth) pulled out the other day.
4, You can always hear (echo) in these mountains.
5. They are proud of their (son-in-law).
6. Did you raise these (tomato) in your garden?
7. I think we need two (radio).
8. My (foot) really hurt.
9. The (roof) of these houses are tiled.
10. How many (day) are there in this month?
11. Get me two (loaf) of bread. ,
12. The (mouse) were running all over the empty house.
8. Chita nhitng ché sai (néu cd) 6 nhitng cdu dudi day:
1. He had a bag of rices.
2. There are many dirts on the wall.
3. We want more fuels than that.
4. He drank two milks.
5. Ten inks are needed for our class.
6. He gave me a great deal of troubles.
7. He learnt three poetries by heart.
8. He sent me many foods.
9. Many golds were found there.
10. Cows eat grasses,
11. The rain has left many waters.cACH SO HUU
(Possessive Case)
1. GIGI THIEU
- Cau "edi vudn cia cha toi" cé thé dién dat bang hai cach:
Ding gidi tit "of" Ding cach sd hitu
The garden of my father. My father's garden.
Quy tie:
- Dat “my father" (danh t& chi ngudi cé quyén sé hitu) lén trén.
- Thém "s" vao ngay dang sau danh tir do.
- Danh tit chi vat thude quyén sé hitu ditng sau "s" va bd mao
tt "the".
- Chi ¥: Déi véi danh tit sé nhiéu da cé s réi,-chi thé. dau’,
nhung déi véi danh tit riéng tan cing bang s, thudng cing van
thém 's (triy mét vai truéng hgp dac biét).
The desk of the pupils ~- The pupils' desks.
The clothes of the boys ~ The boys' clothes.
The poems of Keats — Keats's poems.
(Chit y khi doc: Keats's [ki:tsiz]).
Léi ghi: Theo quy tae cd ban, cach sé hitu chi 4p dung cho
nhiing danh tit chi déng vat, chtt khéng 4p dung cho nhiing danh
tu chi vat dung.
Thi du: Ngudi ta khéng viét
The room's window.
Ma viét:
The window of the room.
27(Tuy nhién trong thuc té, tiéng Anh, My hién dai ngudi ta
dan dan cé khuynh huéng 4p dung cach sd hitu mét cach rong rai
cho ca danh ttt chi vat dung).
Bai tap
1. Ding cach sd hitu viét lai nhiing cau dudi day (theo quy tac
co ban).
1. This is the book of Nam.
2. The tool of the mason was heavy.
3. She prepared the outfit of her children.
4. The coat of the boy was torn.
5. Mr. Van is the friend of Mr. Dong.
6. The windows of the house are green.
7. The caps of the boys are on the shelves.
8. The desks of the pupils are always clean.
9. He likes to read the poems of John Keats.
10. The house of my mother-in-law is in the country.
Léi ghi: Cach sd hitu cé thé ap dung cho nhitng danh tit vé
khéng gian va thdi gian.
28
Thidu: an hour's walk
a year's absence
today's lesson
a mile's distance
2, Ding cach sé hitu viét lai nhiing cau dudi day khi c6 thé dude.
1. Tell me if the work of yesterday was well done.
2. It is a distance of two miles from the village to the town.
3. A drive of 500 miles in a small car is very tiring.4. This is the lesson of today.
5. The exercises of yesterday were very difficult for him.
6. We have a splendid morning after the heavy rain of last night.
7. Will you attend the meeting of tonight?
8. He returned home after a holiday of two weeks at the sea side.
9. She has done the work of a whole day.
10. He had a talk of fifteen minutes.
Léi ghi: Co nhiéu danh tw (house, home, office, shop, church,
cathedral) cé thé hiéu ngdm sau 's duge néu trong cau c6 ngu y 3
nhiing nai dé hode dén nhitng noi do.
Thi du:
I live at the house of my uncle,
- live at my uncle's.
I go to the shop of the baker.
- I go to the baker's.
So sénh véi nhiing cau dudi day:
My uncle's house is in the country.
My baker's shop is at the end of the street.
(house va shop khéng hiéu ngim duge vi trong cdu khéng ngu y
ta 6 hode dén ndi dé).
3. Ding cach sé hitu viét lai nhiing cdu dudi day khi co thé dugc.
1. [have my hair cut at the shop of the barber.
2. We had dinner at the house of Comrade Nam.
3. Van is going to the office of his father.
4,1 stayed at the house of my aunt.
5. He bought his clothes at the shop of the outfitter.
6. The office of his father is in the center of the city.
297. T saw him at the house of my friend.
8. I got these cakes at the shop of the pastry-cook.
Loi ghi: Ding cach sé hitu dé tranh su nhac di nhac lai mét
ti (dat trude hay sau).
- I have read some of Shakespeare's plays but none of Shaw's
(plays).
- Nam's is the only homework that is never badly done.
4,Ap dung quy tac trén viét lai cau didi day:
1. This is not my book, it is the book of Van.
2. The voice of my sister is the sweetest voice I have ever
heard.
3. Whose book is this? It is the book of Nam.
4. He has no bicycle of his own and must. use the bicycle of
his brother.
5. She put her arm through the arm of her mother.
6. His task is always better than the task of his friend.
7. The house of Doctor Ban is the sort of house I should like.
8. This is the room of my father, the room of my uncle is on
the second floor.
Il. MOT VAI CHI TIET CAN NHG THEM VE CACH SO HUU
1. Nam and Van's books (sch chung cua Nam va Van)
ho&c Nam's and Van's books .
hoac Nam's books and Van's (sch cua Nam va sach cia Van,
cua riéng ting ngudi)
2. He is a friend of Nam's = he is one of Nam's friends. (Anh
ay lA mét trong nhiing ngudi ban cua Nam).
303. We saw a play of Shakespeare's = We saw one of the plays
of Shakespeare. (Chung t6i xem mét trong nhiing vd kich cia
Shakespeare).
3. Trong mét vai thanh ngw
Out of harm's way. At his wit's end.
For mercy's sake. To his heart's content.
In my mind's cye. At his fingers's ends.
For pity's sake.
31CHUONG BA
MAO TU
(Articles)
BAI4
MAO TU BAT DINH (Indefinit
e Articles) VA
MAO TU XAC DINH (Definite Articles)
1. GIGI THIEU
1. Mao tit bat dinh va mao tw xac dinh
Mao ti bat] a |[@] trwéc Am phy 4m
dinh (Indefinite
Articles) an |[@y] trudéc 4m nguyén
am
la boy, a girl, al
university
lan egg, an apple, an|
hour
IMao ti xe| the |[3é] trudc Am phy am|
dinh (Definite
Articles) {oi} trude am nguyén
am
the boy, the girl, the;
university
the egg, the apple,|
the hour
Loi ghi:
a) Mao tii bat dinh khéng thay ddi
chung): a boy, a girl, a table.
b) Mao tit x4c dinh khéng thay déi theo
the boy the boys
the girl the girls
the table the tables
32
theo gidng (duc, cdi,
gidng va sé2. Danh tit dém duge (countable noun) va danh tit khéng
dém duge (none-countable noun).
Mudén dang mao ti cho dting phai ph4n biét hai loai danh tu
nay.
a) "Countable noun" chi nhiing ci dém dude nhu: boy, girl,
book, chair...
Nhing danh tv nay cé thé c6 sé nhiéu: boys, girls, books,
chairs...
b) "non-countable noun" chi nhiing cai khéng dém dugc (danh
ti chi chat liéu, triu tugng...):
water, milk, air, oil, tea...
liberty, freedom, science...
Nhiing danh ti nay thuéng khong ding sé nhiéu (xem ghi
chit cudi bai).
I. QUY TAC CHUNG VE CACH DUNG
A. Mao ti ding voi danh ti chi cai dém dugc
Sé it Sé nhiéu
1. Néu noi chung, ding Néu noi chung, khong c6 mao tit
a,an
la dog is an animal. Dogs are animals.
la chair is a thing. Chairs are things.
ia child must obey his parents.|Children must obey their parents.
2. Néu chi mot edi, mét don vi\Thudng ding vdi tinh tit chi sd
ding a, an lwong: some, many, a few, three...
(Xem bai 8)
| havea pen I have three (many, some...) pens
There isan English book in |There are many (some...
my bookcase. books in my bookcase.
English
33|3. Néw da xdc dinh dung the
I want the book on your desk.
The picture on the wall is|
beautiful.
\Néu da xde dinh ding the
i want the books on your desk.
wall
The pictures on the are|
beautiful.
B. Mao tit ding véi dan!
h ti’ chi céi khong dém duge
Sé it
S6 nhiéu
1. Néu noi chung:
- Khéng c6 mao ti.
I like coffee.
(Téi thich uéng ca phé)
Water is composed of hydrogen|
and oxygen.
(Nude gém hidré va éxy)
Honesty is the best policy.
(Trung thyc 1a chinh sch tét|
nhat)
Néu néi chung
- Khong ding sé nhiéu
- Muon chi mét 6 lung nao dé cé
thé ding tink ti chi sé luong:
Isome, much, a little... (xem bai
tinh tix chi sé lugng).
‘There is some milk in that bottle.
(C6 mét it sta trong chai dé)
I drink a little coffee.
(Téi udng mét it cd phé)
2. Néu da xdc dinh: ding the
I can't drink the coffee in this|
icup.
(Tdi khong thé udng thit ca
phé trong tach nay)
The water in this basin is
very dirty.
[Khong ding sé nhiéu (xem ghi chi
Io cudi bai)
34(Nuée 6 chau nay rat ban)
The honesty of these people is}
admirable.
Su chan that cia nhiing
ngudi nay that dang than!
phuc)
Bai tap
1. Déi sang sé’ nhiéu
1. A chair is made of wood.
2. A cow gives milk.
3. A buffalo eats grass.
4. A fly is an insect.
5. A writer writes a book.
6. We fill our pen with ink.
7. We drink tea out of a cup.
8. We can make a cake with flour, milk and sugar.
9. A boy likes to play football.
10. A pen is necessary for a pupil.
2. Déi sang sé it
1. Horses are animals.
2. Balls are toys.
3. Tables are pieces of furniture.
4, Roses are beautiful flowers.
5. Cities are big towns.
6. Oranges are good to eat.
7. Children must go to school.
358. Grammar exercises are not always easy for beginners.
9, Knives are made of metal.
10. Houses have roofs.
3. Dién vao ché tréng bang a, an, the, hotic some khi can thiét.
milk come from... cow.
2. ... window is made of... glass.
3. ... table is made of ... wood.
4. We can write... letter on... paper.
5. We eat... soup with ... spoon.
6. I can write ... letter in... ink or with... pencil.
7. There is... dirts on this plate and... dirty mark on the
tablecloth.
8. I want... glass of lemonade with... sugar in it.
9. like... music very much.
10. .
il
12. I received ... letter this morning, ... letter was from my
brother.
doors of our room are broken.
man standing at the door is my brother.
13. ... meat that we bought yesterday has spoiled.
14. ... birds can fly very high in... sky.
Ghi nhé:
a) Nhiéu khi mét "danh tit khong dém duge" cé thé duge dung
nhu mét "danh tix dém duge" (thudng 1a véi nghia dac biét). Trong
nhting truéng hop Ay c6 thé ding mao tiv a, vA khi 6 sO nhiéu 06
thé thém s.
Nghién citu so s4nh nhiing c4u sau day:
1. I like to drink tea.
36The teas of India arc of several varieties.
(ngu ¥ néi cde loai tra cha An Dé)
2. What is democracy?
What is the difference between a republic and a democracy?
(Ngu y mét nude theo ché dé dan chi)
3. Science has contributed much to human progress.
(khoa hoc néi chung)
Would you call psychology a science?
(mét b6 mén khoa hoc)
4. There isn't much water in this basin.
‘The territorial waters of Vietnam are defended by our navy.
(ving bién cada Viét Nam)
b) Ngoai céch dang chung, mao ti bat dinh @ cén duge ding
trong nhiéu thanh ngi, dic ngi va cu trie dic biét cua tiéng
Anh, c4n hoc cu thé qua bai khéa, khong néu hét trong bai nay
duge.
Thi du:
as a rule, in a hurry, all of a sudden.
with a view to, have a drink, go for a walk.
what a pity, such a busy day, many a ship.
quite a lot of people, a Mr. Brown (mét dng Brown nao dé)...
37CACH DUNG MAO TU XAC DINH "THE"
(Uses of Definite Article "THE"
I. DUNG "the"
Quy tde
Thi dy
1. Véi danh tu di dude
xdc dinh ré rang; bat cit
trong truéng hdp nao
The clock on the wall is keeping very
good time.
The man that came here yesterday is
a doctor.
Nam is the most diligent of all the
boys in my class.
I can't bear the heat of summer. This
is the book that I promised to lend you.
He was born on the 10 th of January.
Once upon a time there was an old
man who lived in a cottage.
The cottage was on the border of a
river and the old man had lived there
all his life.
2. Véi nhiing danh ti chi
vat 6 tinh chat "duy
nhat"
The sun rises in the East and sets in
the West.
The Earth moves round the sun.
3.V6i nhéing danh ti sé
nhiéu chi tén nude (va
mt vai trudng hop sé it)
The US.S.R; The United Kingdom;
The United States; The Congo; The
Netherlands.
384, Véi tan séng, day nti,| The Mekong; the Alps; the Black Sea;
dai duong, vinh, eo bién,|the Atlantic; the West Indies, the
quan dao. Hebrides, the Straits of Gibraltar
5, Véi danh ti chi nhac|She learnt to play the flute.
cu. She can play the piano well.
6. Véi mét tinh tit hodc| Braille is a system of printing and
dong tinh ti dung lam| writing for the blind.
danh tit (chi mét tap thé,| We should help the sick and the poor.
mét loai ngudi). The wounded were carried away.
Il. KHONG DUNG MAO TU the
Nhiing van dé dung
the (néu da xac dinh)
1. Véi mét danh ti/Mr. Nam went toll don't want the Mr.
riéng (proper noun)|Haiphong yesterday. |Nam who works at
tén ngudi, tén nude,|Hanoi is the capitallyour office. I want the!
tén thanh pho. lof Vietnam lother one (the other
(Vietnam is a rich and|Mr. Nam)
beautiful country
2. Véi nhiing danh|Brave men never|The independence and
Quy tac Thi du
tx tritu tugng|fear death. freedom of every country
(abstract noun) cé|Nothing is more must be respected.
nghia chung. precious than
independence,
freedom!
3. Véi danh tix chi|Rice is grown every[You may drink the
chat liéu (material}where in our country. |milk in this cup.
noun) co nghialMilk is necessary for|
chung. children.
394. Véi nhiing danh
tty chi tude hiéu,
theo sau 1a tén
ngudi.
President Ho Chi Minh
Professor John Bernal
The President of the}
Democratic
lof Vietnam.
Republic}
5. Vdi nhiing danh
tit chi hé, ngon nui,
nui, khi dat lién)
truée tén riéng.
Lake Leman
\Mount Everest
Cape Cod
The lake of Lucern.
The
Hope.
Cape of Good’
6. Véi nhiing danh|
tt? chi thang val
ngay trong tuan
She was born onl
[March 14th, 1963;
‘Sunday is my day-off.
[Do you remember the'
‘Sunday I spent with
lyou?
‘7. Véi nhitng danh
ttt chi cAc mén hoe,
ngon ngi, mau sdc.
We learn history.
She can speak English!
well.
1
I like green.
We learn the history ol
Greece.
dress.
like the green of your
8. Vdi nhiing danh
tit cu thé sé nhiéul
ngu y chung
‘Books are my best|
friends,
The books on the table
are mine.
9. Trong mét sé)
thanh ngit
To go to church, to go to school, to go to bed,
to go to market, to stay at home, to be in|
debt, to be in trouble, at dawn, at daybreak,
at sunset, by land, by sea, by air, on foot...
Bai tap
1. Dién vao ché trong bing a, an, the khi cdn thiét.
1. ... Mekong is the longest river in Indo-china.
2. Tomorrow, there will be... lecture on ... history of China.
3. ... Washington is ... capital of... United States of America.
40